The First Philippine Mass Debate: Butuan or Limasawa? (2024) PDF

Brainwaves & Cognition ABOUT BLOG POSTS The First Philippine Mass Debate: Butuan or Limasawa? / Bryan V. Catama, Dev Ed.D Published by Bryan Catama on OCTOBER 17, 2024...

Brainwaves & Cognition ABOUT BLOG POSTS The First Philippine Mass Debate: Butuan or Limasawa? / Bryan V. Catama, Dev Ed.D Published by Bryan Catama on OCTOBER 17, 2024 Search... RECENT POSTS OCTOBER 23, 2024 Photo Source: Google Arts & Culture. (n.d.). Diorama 9: The first mass in the Philippines, 1521. Google Arts & :  Culture. https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/EwEXoruO6kh José Rizal and the Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. lBw?hl=es To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy Women Who Shaped His Legacy: Synopsis: This article explores the long-standing debate over Love, Sacrifice, and the true site of the first Catholic Mass in the Philippines, Reform / Bryan V. focusing on the competing claims of Butuan and Limasawa. Through historical accounts, archaeological findings, and Catama, Dev Ed.D geographic evidence, the article examines the merits of both locations. It highlights the significance of Pigafetta’s and Albo’s OCTOBER 19, 2024 narratives and the broader implications for Philippine history IEP and Christianity. Accommodations and Modifications Prefer to listen? Click the play button to tune in to the Explained: Real podcast instead. Cases and Solutions / BVCatama chapsbryan Butuan Vs Limasawa Debate P… Share OCTOBER 17, 2024 Play another track The Cavite Incident chapsbryan Jose Rizal's On … chapsbryan IEP Overview of 1872: Mutiny or   Revolution? Privacy policy Understanding its Role in Philippine chapsbryan · Butuan Vs Limasawa Debate Philippine 1st Mass Nationalism / Bryan V. Catama, Dev Ed.D I. Introduction QUOTE OF THE The debate over the site of the first Catholic Mass in WEEK the Philippines has long sparked interest among historians, scholars, and local communities. Was it “Spread love held in Butuan or Limasawa? This question touches wherever you go. :  on not only the roots of Christianity in the Let no one ever Philippines but also the start of its colonial history come to you under Spain, with the Magellan expedition marking a without leaving significant turning point. happier. Be the living expression of According to Antonio Pigafetta and Francisco Albo, God’s kindness; key chroniclers of the event, the mass took place on kindness in your an island called Mazaua in 1521. However, the actual face, kindness in identity and location of Mazaua remain disputed, with your eyes, kindness scholars divided between two potential sites: in your smile.” – Limasawa in Leyte and Masao in Butuan. Both Mother Teresa places hold cultural and spiritual importance in the Philippines, but only one can be the true site. Butuan boasts of historical markers, like the Agusan River and the famed Balanghai boats, supporting its claim. On the other hand, Limasawa has been declared a National Shrine through Republic Act No. 2733, cementing its position in official Philippine history. Each side presents compelling arguments rooted in historical texts, geographic markers, and even archaeological findings. Why is this debate important? :  Cultural Significance: The site symbolizes the birth of Christianity in the country. Historical Relevance: Determining the exact site of the first mass provides clarity on early Philippine-Spanish encounters. Tourism Impact: Both Limasawa and Butuan attract visitors interested in their historical and religious heritage. Criteria Limasawa Butuan Legal Republic Act None Recognition No. 2733 Archaeological Balanghai Minimal Relics boats, gold Primary Pigafetta, Albo Pigafetta, Albo Sources This debate is more than just a question of geography—it is a reflection of the Philippines’ complex historical narrative and the significance of the first Catholic mass as a pivotal moment in the country’s spiritual and colonial legacy. II. The Historical Accounts: Pigafetta and Albo :  At the heart of the debate over the site of the first Catholic Mass in the Philippines are two key primary sources: the accounts of Antonio Pigafetta and Francisco Albo, both of whom were part of Ferdinand Magellan’s expedition. These accounts serve as the foundation for arguments surrounding whether the mass was held in Butuan or Limasawa. Antonio Pigafetta’s Account Antonio Pigafetta, a Venetian scholar and chronicler, was one of the few survivors of Magellan’s first voyage around the world. His detailed journal, “The First Voyage Around the World,” provides one of the most comprehensive descriptions of the events that transpired during Magellan’s journey, including the celebration of the first Catholic Mass in the Philippines. Pigafetta writes that on March 31, 1521, the expedition landed on an island called Mazaua to celebrate Easter Sunday Mass. According to his narrative, Mazaua was a small island that served as a stopover before the crew continued their journey to Cebu. The mass, attended by two local kings, marked the formal introduction of Christianity to the Philippines. Pigafetta’s account includes several critical details that have been used by historians to attempt to locate Mazaua, including: :  Geographic Clues: Pigafetta mentions that the mass took place on an island south of Leyte, near Cebu, which proponents of the Limasawa claim argue matches the location of the present-day Limasawa Island. Cultural Observations: Pigafetta notes that the local inhabitants lived in stilt houses and participated in trading gold, offering gifts to Magellan and his men. Pigafetta’s detailed geographic markers and descriptions of the local customs have been cited as key evidence by those who support Limasawa as the site of the first mass. However, despite his meticulous reporting, the name “Limasawa” does not appear in his journal. Instead, Pigafetta refers to the island as Mazaua, leaving room for interpretation. Francisco Albo’s Log Francisco Albo, the boatswain of the ship Trinidad, kept a navigational log during Magellan’s voyage. Although Albo’s log is much less detailed than Pigafetta’s account, it is still considered an important primary source for determining the location of the first mass. Albo’s log includes key geographic information, particularly about the latitude and longitude of the places visited by the expedition. Albo’s description of Mazaua places it at 9° 2/3 N latitude, which aligns more closely with the Butuan claim, as Masao in Butuan is located at a similar :  latitude. Albo writes that the expedition departed from an island called Seilani (now Homonhon), sailed westward, and eventually reached Mazaua, where they placed a cross on a mountain and celebrated mass. Comparison of Pigafetta and Albo’s Accounts While both Pigafetta and Albo describe the same events, there are notable differences in their accounts, particularly regarding geographic details: Antonio Aspect Francisco Albo Pigafetta Name of the Mazaua Mazaua Island South of Leyte, 9° 2/3 N Latitude/Locat near Cebu latitude (closer ion (implied) to Butuan) Limasawa Cultural and Focuses on Detailed geographical navigational Descriptions details about routes and the island coordinates Frequently Cited by those Historical cited in favor of supporting the Influence Limasawa Butuan claim :  Implications of the Accounts Both Pigafetta and Albo’s writings have been heavily scrutinized by historians on both sides of the debate. Supporters of Limasawa argue that Pigafetta’s detailed account points to an island near Leyte, which aligns with the present-day Limasawa Island. The Republic Act No. 2733, which declares Limasawa as the site of the first mass, further bolsters this claim. On the other hand, proponents of Butuan rely on Albo’s navigational data and the fact that Butuan was a significant trading hub during this period, with evidence of Balanghai boats and gold in the region. They assert that Masao was the true site of the mass, arguing that the geographic descriptions in Pigafetta’s and Albo’s accounts better fit Butuan than Limasawa. The accounts of Pigafetta and Albo remain the cornerstone of the debate over the site of the first Catholic Mass in the Philippines. While both accounts refer to Mazaua, the differing interpretations of its geographic location have fueled the ongoing controversy. Limasawa and Butuan both have compelling arguments, and these two historical accounts provide the foundation for both claims. Ultimately, the first mass debate underscores the complexity of interpreting historical documents and the importance of geographic markers in historical research. :  III. The Case for Limasawa The argument for Limasawa as the site of the first Catholic Mass in the Philippines is rooted in historical, legal, and cultural evidence. Over the years, Limasawa Island, located in Leyte, has been officially recognized by the Philippine government and various scholars as the place where Ferdinand Magellan and his crew celebrated the Easter Sunday Mass on March 31, 1521. This recognition is not without opposition, but the case for Limasawa remains strong based on several key factors, including historical accounts, legal declarations, and geographic markers. 1. Legal and Historical Recognition One of the most compelling arguments for Limasawa is its formal recognition as the site of the first Catholic :  Mass through Republic Act No. 2733, also known as the Limasawa Law. This law, passed in 1960, officially declared the island of Limasawa in Southern Leyte as a national shrine, commemorating the introduction of Christianity in the Philippines. The law states: “The site in Magallanes, Limasawa Island in the Province of Leyte, where the first Mass in the Philippines was held is hereby declared a national shrine to commemorate the birth of Christianity in the Philippines.” This legal recognition provides a strong foundation for Limasawa’s claim, as it has been enshrined in the national consciousness and Philippine history textbooks. Additionally, the island has become a significant site for religious tourism, attracting visitors who wish to witness the place where the first Catholic mass was supposedly held. 2. Pigafetta’s Account and Geographic Evidence Antonio Pigafetta’s detailed account of the Magellan expedition is one of the strongest pieces of evidence supporting Limasawa’s claim. Pigafetta describes the island where the mass was held as Mazaua, and though the name Limasawa is never mentioned, supporters argue that the island Pigafetta referred to as Mazaua matches the geographic location of :  modern-day Limasawa Island. Key details in Pigafetta’s account that support the Limasawa claim include: Proximity to Leyte and Cebu: Pigafetta describes Mazaua as being south of Leyte and near Cebu, which aligns geographically with Limasawa. Geographic Markers: According to Pigafetta, the island where the first mass was held had rice fields, livestock, and enough space for Magellan and his crew to anchor their ships safely. These descriptions fit Limasawa’s characteristics more closely than they do Masao in Butuan. Cross Planting: Pigafetta also notes that after the mass, Magellan ordered a cross to be planted on the highest hill on the island. The island of Limasawa has a strategic location, with its elevated areas providing a suitable site for this symbolic act. 3. Alignment with Albo’s Navigation Log While Francisco Albo’s navigational log is often cited by Butuan proponents, it also provides support for the Limasawa claim. Albo’s log places the island of Mazaua at 9° 2/3 N latitude, which matches the location of Limasawa Island more closely than that of Masao in Butuan. Furthermore, the distances recorded by Albo between Homonhon, Mazaua, and Cebu are consistent with the distances between Homonhon, Limasawa, and Cebu. :  4. Archaeological Findings and Historical Reenactments Though Limasawa lacks the wealth of archaeological relics found in Butuan, its historical significance has been bolstered by cultural practices and religious reenactments. Each year, Limasawa hosts celebrations and reenactments of the first Catholic mass, solidifying its place in Philippine religious history. These celebrations draw both tourists and scholars, further strengthening the island’s claim. In addition, Limasawa has been recognized by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) and the Catholic Church as the site of the first mass. These institutions have played a vital role in promoting Limasawa’s historical importance, reinforcing its recognition both locally and nationally. 5. Strategic Importance During the Spanish Period Limasawa also held strategic importance during the early period of Spanish colonization. Its location made it an ideal stopover for explorers and missionaries traveling between Homonhon, Cebu, and other key islands in the Visayas. This logistical advantage, combined with the evidence from Pigafetta and Albo, strengthens the argument that Limasawa was the site of the first mass. :  6. Criticisms of the Butuan Claim Proponents of Limasawa often point to the weaknesses in the Butuan claim to further support their argument. Some key criticisms include: Geographic Discrepancies: The Butuan claim places the first mass in Masao, near the mouth of the Agusan River. However, critics argue that this location does not align with the distances and navigational details provided by Pigafetta and Albo. For example, the distance between Homonhon and Masao does not match the distance described in the historical accounts. Absence of Religious Markers: Unlike Limasawa, which has a long-standing tradition of celebrating the first mass, Butuan lacks significant religious markers commemorating the event, aside from archaeological relics related to the Balanghai boats. Criteria Limasawa Butuan Republic Act Legal No. 2733 No legal Recognition (National recognition Shrine) Matches Inconsistent Pigafetta and with Geographic Fit Albo’s navigational accounts details :  Significant Archaeological (Balanghai Minimal Relics boats, gold artifacts) Celebrations Lacks annual and Cultural religious reenactments Importance commemoratio of the first ns mass Strong Based on 17th- Historical alignment with century Evidence Pigafetta’s interpretations descriptions The case for Limasawa as the site of the first Catholic mass in the Philippines is supported by legal recognition, historical accounts, and geographic evidence. While the debate continues, Limasawa’s strong alignment with Pigafetta’s descriptions, its strategic importance, and its status as a national shrine have made it the favored location in Philippine history. The celebration of Christianity’s birth in the Philippines, marked by the annual reenactments of IV. The Case for :  Butuan While Limasawa has gained official recognition as the site of the first Catholic Mass in the Philippines, a strong case remains for Butuan, particularly the area around Masao in Agusan del Norte. Advocates for Butuan assert that the historical and geographic evidence, as well as archaeological findings, point to Masao as the true location of the mass celebrated by Ferdinand Magellan and his crew in 1521. Several key points support the Butuan claim, including historical accounts, geographic markers, archaeological relics, and traditions that predate the recognition of Limasawa. 1. The Butuan Tradition The belief that the first Catholic Mass took place in Butuan dates back to the 17th century, with several early historians, including Fr. Francisco Colin, S.J., and Fr. Francisco Combés, identifying Butuan as the :  site of the mass. These historians relied on their interpretations of Antonio Pigafetta’s accounts, which describe the island of Mazaua where the mass was held. Both Colin and Combés believed that Butuan was the location referenced in Pigafetta’s narrative. Butuan’s claim was further solidified in 1872, when a monument commemorating the first mass was erected near the mouth of the Agusan River. This marker, though now contested, represents the long- standing tradition in Butuan of celebrating the first mass in the area. Even today, the city of Butuan continues to hold Easter Sunday Mass events that reinforce its claim as the birthplace of Christianity in the Philippines. 2. Geographic Evidence from Albo’s Log Francisco Albo’s navigational log provides critical support for Butuan. Albo, the boatswain of the ship Trinidad, recorded detailed navigational routes during the Magellan expedition. In his log, Albo places Mazaua at 9° 2/3 N latitude, a position that corresponds more closely with Masao, Butuan, than with Limasawa. Albo’s measurements indicate that the first mass occurred on an island located within the vicinity of Butuan, strengthening the geographic argument for Masao. Furthermore, Albo’s description of the journey from Homonhon to Mazaua and from Mazaua to Cebu fits :  more accurately with the distances between Butuan and Cebu than between Limasawa and Cebu. Proponents of Butuan argue that this alignment of navigational distances supports their claim. Navigational Distance from Distance to Details Homonhon Cebu Limasawa 14.6 leagues 80 miles Masao 24.54 leagues 150 miles (Butuan) 3. Archaeological Discoveries in Butuan A major strength of the Butuan claim lies in its wealth of archaeological evidence. Excavations in Butuan have uncovered relics such as the famous Balanghai boats, which are among the oldest and largest seafaring vessels found in Southeast Asia. These boats provide compelling proof that Butuan was a major trading hub during the early 16th century, a fact corroborated by Pigafetta, who described Mazaua as a prosperous trading center. Other archaeological findings in Butuan include gold artifacts, further supporting Pigafetta’s description of the island being rich in gold. Pigafetta noted that Magellan’s crew observed pieces of gold “the size of walnuts and eggs” being traded in Mazaua. This wealth of gold is consistent with the discoveries in Butuan, where large quantities of gold artifacts have :  been unearthed. Moreover, geologists and archaeologists have argued that the island of Mazaua may have been a deltaic island that has since fused with the mainland due to siltation and seismic activity. This claim is supported by the discovery of a graben (a valley-like depression) near Pinamanculan Hills in Butuan, which suggests that Mazaua could have existed as an island in 1521 but was later absorbed into the land. 4. Cultural and Historical Context Butuan has long been a significant center of culture and trade in the region, even before the arrival of the Spanish. It is known that Butuan was an established kingdom during the early 16th century, and Pigafetta himself referred to the two kings who attended the first mass—Raia Colambu and Raia Siaui—as rulers of the Butuan area. The Butuanon people continue to honor this tradition, holding annual commemorations of the first mass and maintaining the belief that their city was the true site of the event. In contrast to Limasawa, which only became a parish in 1994, Butuan has a much longer tradition of Christianity and was home to the first Christian settlement in Mindanao in 1596. This deep-rooted historical connection to Christianity strengthens Butuan’s cultural claim as the birthplace of the faith in the Philippines. :  5. Criticisms of the Limasawa Claim Supporters of the Butuan claim often point out several weaknesses in the Limasawa argument: Geographic Inconsistencies: Critics argue that the navigational details in Pigafetta’s and Albo’s accounts do not align with the location of Limasawa. For instance, the distance between Homonhon and Limasawa is significantly shorter than what Pigafetta recorded. Absence of Archaeological Relics: Unlike Butuan, Limasawa has few archaeological findings to support its claim. There are no major relics such as Balanghai boats or gold artifacts, which are central to Butuan’s argument. Butuan Criteria Limasawa (Masao) Republic Act Legal No. 2733 None Recognition (National Shrine) Matches Albo’s Inconsistent latitude and with Geographic Fit Pigafetta’s navigational gold-rich island details Balanghai Minimal Archaeological boats, gold archaeological :  Relics artifacts, evidence graben findings Annual Long-standing Cultural reenactments tradition of the Importance since legal first mass recognition Supported by Based on Historical 17th-century Pigafetta’s Evidence historians descriptions The case for Butuan as the site of the first Catholic Mass rests on a combination of geographic evidence, archaeological findings, and a long- standing historical tradition. While Limasawa has the advantage of official recognition, the evidence for Butuan, particularly the match with Albo’s navigational log and the wealth of archaeological relics, presents a compelling argument. Ultimately, the d V. The Geographic Puzzle: Mazaua and its Variants The name Mazaua, as recorded by Antonio Pigafetta and Francisco Albo, is central to the debate about the :  first Catholic Mass in the Philippines. The challenge lies in identifying where exactly Mazaua was located, as the name does not correspond to any island on modern maps. Over the centuries, scholars have debated whether Mazaua refers to Limasawa in Leyte or Masao in Butuan, leading to considerable geographic confusion. This section explores the different interpretations of Mazaua, how historical and modern cartography have influenced these interpretations, and the implications of geographic discrepancies. 1. The Name “Mazaua” and Its Variants The name Mazaua first appeared in the writings of Pigafetta, who chronicled Magellan’s expedition. He referred to Mazaua as the island where the first mass was held on March 31, 1521. However, as scholars examined Pigafetta’s writings, they noticed that the name Mazaua had several variations in different manuscripts and translations, including Massana, Mazagua, and Messana. These variations have added to the confusion over the exact location of the island. Some scholars argue that the name Limasawa sounds phonetically similar to Mazaua, leading to the identification of Limasawa Island as the location of the mass. Others contend that Masao in Butuan is the real Mazaua, as historical maps and navigational records point to an island in the vicinity of Butuan. This debate is not merely about a name but about the geographic and cultural significance of the site where :  Christianity was first introduced to the Philippines. 2. Navigational Clues and Geographic Markers Both Pigafetta and Albo provide navigational details about Mazaua that have been used to locate the island. According to Albo’s log, Mazaua was situated at 9° 2/3 N latitude, which aligns closely with the location of Masao in Butuan. Albo’s description of the island’s location between Homonhon and Cebu also fits more accurately with Butuan than Limasawa. However, proponents of Limasawa argue that Pigafetta’s geographic clues point to an island south of Leyte, which corresponds to the modern-day Limasawa Island. Pigafetta describes Mazaua as being near Leyte, close to Cebu, and a strategic location for Magellan’s crew to anchor their ships. These descriptions, they claim, match the topography of Limasawa better than Masao in Butuan. Geographic Butuan Limasawa Clue (Masao) Matches Albo’s Inconsistent Latitude 9° 2/3 N with Albo’s latitude coordinates Farther from Proximity to Cebu (150 Closer to Cebu Cebu (80 miles) :  miles) Rich in Rocky farmland and shoreline, less Topography gold, fits suitable for Pigafetta’s trade description Elevated areas Elevated but Cross Planting for planting the smaller area cross for planting 3. Historical Maps and Cartography One of the key elements fueling the Mazaua debate is the interpretation of historical maps. Early cartographers, such as Giacomo Gastaldi and Giovanni Battista Ramusio, created maps in the 16th century that depicted an island near Butuan labeled as Mazagua or Massana. In contrast, later maps, such as those by Abraham Ortelius in the 1570s, show Butuan and Messana as distinct but nearby locations. These maps suggest that Mazaua could have been an island in Butuan Bay that later merged with the mainland due to siltation and seismic activity. Modern geologists have supported this theory by identifying a graben near Pinamanculan Hills in Butuan, a valley-like depression caused by subsidence. This suggests that Mazaua could have been a deltaic island that no longer exists as a :  separate entity. On the other hand, supporters of Limasawa argue that early cartographers may have conflated different islands, and that Limasawa Island is the true location despite the absence of Mazaua on modern maps. 4. Siltation and Seismic Activity in Butuan Geologists have provided further evidence to support the Butuan claim by studying the geological history of the region. Over the centuries, the Butuan Delta has undergone significant changes due to siltation from the Agusan River and seismic activity. This has led some experts to hypothesize that Mazaua was an island that eventually became part of the mainland due to natural processes. The presence of gold artifacts and Balanghai boats found in the area reinforces the idea that Butuan was a major center of trade and culture during Magellan’s time. Key Butuan Geographic Limasawa (Masao) Changes Extensive Siltation siltation in the Minimal Butuan Delta Graben No significant Seismic discovered, seismic Activity indicating land changes fusion recorded :  Gold artifacts, Minimal Archaeological Balanghai archaeological Evidence boats findings The geographic puzzle of Mazaua remains unresolved, with compelling arguments on both sides. The differences in navigational details, historical maps, and geological changes have fueled the debate between Butuan and Limasawa for centuries. While Limasawa has the advantage of official recognition through Republic Act No. 2733, the geographic and archaeological evidence supporting Butuan is substantial. Ultimately, the true location of Mazaua may never be definitively proven, but the debate continues to shape our understanding of early Philippine history and the introduction of Christianity to the archipelago. VI. Archaeological and Cultural Evidence The debate over the site of the first Catholic Mass in the Philippines between Butuan and Limasawa extends beyond historical texts and navigational logs. Archaeological findings and cultural traditions play :  a crucial role in shaping the arguments for both locations. While Limasawa has limited archaeological evidence but boasts a strong cultural legacy, Butuan is rich in archaeological relics that support its claim as a key center of trade and culture during the early 16th century. This section explores the key archaeological discoveries and cultural practices that have contributed to the claims of both Butuan and Limasawa as the site of the first mass. 1. Archaeological Findings in Butuan Butuan has long been considered a treasure trove of archaeological relics, many of which support its claim as the true site of the first Catholic Mass. Among the most significant discoveries in Butuan are the Balanghai boats, which are believed to date back to around the time of Magellan’s expedition. These ancient seafaring vessels, known for their size and craftsmanship, indicate that Butuan was a major :  center of maritime trade and culture. The Balanghai boats were used for long-distance trade, connecting Butuan to other parts of Southeast Asia, and their discovery suggests that Butuan had the capacity to host an event as significant as the first mass. In addition to the Balanghai boats, Butuan has yielded numerous gold artifacts, further supporting Pigafetta’s description of Mazaua as a wealthy island where Magellan and his crew encountered rulers adorned with gold. Pigafetta wrote that the islanders presented Magellan with pieces of gold “the size of walnuts and eggs.” These descriptions align with the archaeological finds in Butuan, where large quantities of gold artifacts, including jewelry and ceremonial objects, have been uncovered. Geologists have also contributed to the Butuan claim by studying the region’s geological history. They have found evidence of a graben near Pinamanculan Hills, which suggests that an island in the area may have been absorbed into the mainland due to siltation and seismic activity. This theory supports the idea that Mazaua was once a deltaic island in Butuan Bay, adding further weight to Butuan’s claim. Archaeological Butuan Limasawa Discoveries Balanghai Yes, significant None Boats relics :  Gold Artifacts Yes, large None quantities Graben Geological indicating None Evidence siltation and fusion Extensive (e.g., Trade Relics Minimal gold, ceramics) 2. Cultural Legacy of Limasawa Although Limasawa lacks the extensive archaeological evidence found in Butuan, it holds a strong cultural legacy that has shaped its recognition as the site of the first Catholic Mass. In 1960, the Philippine government passed Republic Act No. 2733, officially declaring Limasawa Island as the site of the first mass and designating it as a national shrine. This recognition has cemented Limasawa’s place in Philippine history, and the island has become a popular destination for religious pilgrims and tourists alike. Every year, Limasawa hosts a reenactment of the first mass, drawing visitors from across the country to witness the celebration. These reenactments, combined with the island’s religious significance, have reinforced Limasawa’s status as the birthplace of Christianity in the Philippines. The island’s strategic location—close to Leyte and Cebu—further :  supports the argument that it was a convenient site for Magellan’s crew to celebrate the mass before continuing their journey. While Limasawa may not have the same level of archaeological relics as Butuan, its cultural importance cannot be understated. The annual celebrations and religious commemorations provide a living connection to the island’s historical claim. Additionally, Limasawa’s designation as a national shrine has ensured that it remains an important part of the country’s Christian heritage. Cultural and Religious Limasawa Butuan Practices Reenactments Annual of the First religious None Mass celebrations Designation as Yes, Republic National None Act No. 2733 Shrine Significant Religious draw for Limited Tourism pilgrims and tourists Recognized as Long-standing Cultural birthplace of tradition of first Importance Christianity mass :  3. Limitations of Archaeological Evidence in Limasawa Unlike Butuan, Limasawa has not yielded significant archaeological finds to support its claim as the site of the first Catholic Mass. While the island is recognized for its historical and cultural significance, there is little physical evidence to confirm that it was the location of the mass described by Pigafetta and Albo. Some critics argue that the absence of major relics, such as Balanghai boats or gold artifacts, weakens Limasawa’s claim. However, proponents of Limasawa argue that the island’s official recognition as a national shrine and its continued importance in Philippine religious history compensate for the lack of archaeological evidence. They contend that historical documents, particularly Pigafetta’s account, provide enough evidence to support Limasawa’s claim. The debate over the site of the first Catholic Mass involves not only historical and geographic evidence but also significant archaeological discoveries and cultural practices. Butuan boasts a wealth of archaeological relics, including Balanghai boats and gold artifacts, which support its claim as a major center of trade and culture. On the other hand, Limasawa’s recognition as a national shrine and its annual reenactments of the first mass have solidified its :  place in Philippine religious history. While both locations have their strengths and limitations, the combination of archaeological findings and cultural practices continues to fuel the debate over the true site of the first mass. VII. Conclusion: Settling the Debate? The debate over whether Butuan or Limasawa is the true site of the first Catholic Mass in the Philippines remains unresolved, with compelling arguments on both sides. Limasawa has the advantage of official recognition through Republic Act No. 2733, designating it as a national shrine and the official birthplace of Christianity in the Philippines. The island’s proximity to Leyte and Cebu, coupled with Pigafetta’s account, strengthens its claim for many historians. On the other hand, Butuan presents a strong case :  with its wealth of archaeological findings, such as the Balanghai boats and gold artifacts, which align with Pigafetta’s description of a prosperous island where Magellan and his crew celebrated mass. Additionally, Albo’s navigational log places Mazaua closer to Butuan, supporting the theory that the site of the first mass may have been in Masao. Butuan Criteria Limasawa (Masao) Republic Act Legal No. 2733 No official Recognition (National recognition Shrine) Significant Archaeological (Balanghai Minimal Evidence boats, gold artifacts) Annual Long-standing Cultural reenactments Butuan Legacy of the first tradition of the mass first mass Matches Albo’s Proximity to Geographic Fit navigational Leyte and Cebu details Despite the official recognition of Limasawa, the lack of substantial archaeological evidence leaves room for continued discussion. Butuan’s rich :  archaeological record, geographic fit, and historical importance as a trading hub add weight to its claim. In the end, the true site of the first mass may never be definitively proven, but both Limasawa and Butuan play significant roles in the story of Christianity in the Philippines. The debate underscores the complexity of interpreting historical sources and the importance of archaeological and cultural evidence in shaping our understanding of the past. FAQ Section 1. Why is the site of the first mass in the Philippines disputed? The site of the first Catholic Mass in the Philippines is disputed because of conflicting historical accounts and interpretations of key documents. Antonio Pigafetta and Francisco Albo provided differing geographic details about the island of Mazaua, leading to debates about whether the mass was held in Limasawa or Butuan. Additionally, the name Mazaua does not correspond to any modern island, adding further complexity to the debate. :  2. What were Pigafetta’s and Albo’s accounts of the first mass, and how do they di!er? Pigafetta’s account describes Mazaua as a small island near Leyte and Cebu, where Magellan celebrated the first mass. He includes details about local culture, trade, and geography, which some believe point to Limasawa. Albo’s log, however, places Mazaua at 9° 2/3 N latitude, which aligns more closely with Butuan. Albo’s description focuses on navigational routes rather than cultural details, leading to different interpretations of the island’s location. 3. What is Republic Act No. 2733, and why is it relevant to the Limasawa claim? Republic Act No. 2733 is a law passed in 1960 that officially designates Limasawa Island in Leyte as the site of the first Catholic Mass in the Philippines. The law declares Limasawa a national shrine to commemorate the introduction of Christianity to the country. This legal recognition is a key argument in favor of Limasawa, as it has been enshrined in Philippine history. 4. How do the archaeological findings in Butuan support its claim as the first mass :  site? Butuan has yielded significant archaeological evidence that supports its claim, including the discovery of the ancient Balanghai boats and numerous gold artifacts. These findings align with Pigafetta’s descriptions of Mazaua as a prosperous island rich in gold. The Balanghai boats indicate that Butuan was a major trading hub, further strengthening its case as the site of the first mass. 5. What geographic clues in Pigafetta’s account point to Limasawa or Butuan? Pigafetta describes Mazaua as an island located near Leyte and Cebu, which has led many scholars to identify it as Limasawa. He also mentions rice fields, livestock, and local rulers, which supporters of Limasawa argue fit its geography. However, Butuan proponents point to Albo’s navigational details, which place Mazaua at a latitude closer to Masao in Butuan. Geographic Butuan Limasawa Detail (Masao) Further from Proximity to Closer to Cebu Cebu, but Leyte/Cebu and Leyte aligns with Albo :  Rich in gold, Fits Pigafetta’s matches Topography Pigafetta’s description wealth descriptions 6. Why is the name “Mazaua” important in the first mass debate? The name Mazaua is crucial because it is the name both Pigafetta and Albo used to describe the island where the first Catholic Mass was held. However, Mazaua does not correspond to any modern island, leading to different interpretations of where it was located. Some scholars believe Mazaua refers to Limasawa, while others argue it is a variant of Masao in Butuan. 7. What role did the Balanghai boats play in Butuan’s historical claim? The discovery of the Balanghai boats in Butuan is a central part of its claim to being the site of the first mass. These boats are among the oldest and largest seafaring vessels in Southeast Asia, indicating that Butuan was a major trading hub during Magellan’s time. The Balanghai boats support the idea that Butuan was the prosperous island of Mazaua described by Pigafetta. :  8. What legal and historical documents support Limasawa as the site of the first mass? The most significant document supporting Limasawa is Republic Act No. 2733, which legally designates the island as the site of the first Catholic Mass in the Philippines. Additionally, many Philippine history textbooks and religious institutions recognize Limasawa based on Pigafetta’s account, which aligns geographically with the island’s location near Leyte and Cebu. 9. How does the Butuan Delta’s geological history factor into the debate? Geologists have discovered a graben near Pinamanculan Hills in Butuan, suggesting that Mazaua may have been a deltaic island in Butuan Bay that was later absorbed into the mainland due to siltation and seismic activity. This theory supports the idea that Mazaua could have existed in Butuan during Magellan’s expedition, adding weight to the Butuan claim. 10. What are the broader implications of determining the first mass site in Philippine history? :  Determining the true site of the first Catholic Mass has significant implications for Philippine history, particularly in shaping the country’s narrative of the introduction of Christianity. It also affects the cultural heritage of the communities involved, with both Butuan and Limasawa competing for recognition. The debate underscores the importance of historical accuracy and the role of archaeological evidence in shaping national identity. To Cite Catama, B.V. (2024). The first Philippine mass debate: Butuan or Limasawa? https://tinyurl.com/bvcatama16 Author’s Bionote Dr. Bryan V. Catama, a Doctor of Development Education, is a College Supervisor at Saint Louis University’s School of Teacher Education and Liberal Arts, Professional Education Department. He teaches a variety of courses, mentors research projects, and :  serves as an advisory and panel member. A trainer both nationally and internationally, Dr. Catama specializes in teaching pedagogies, special education, social sciences, and performing arts. Outside of academia, he is a theater enthusiast and dedicates time to community extension programs and youth leadership roles. References : When Did Catholicism Start In The Philippines – Christian.net : A look at 500 years of Christianity in the Philippines – Catholic Review : Bibliographic Essay: Animist Religion In Pre- Colonial Philippines : Interpreting The First Mass | PDF | Historiography | Historian – Scribd : Precolonial Period in the Philippines: 18 Facts You Need To Know : Catholicism in the Philippines: A Legacy of Spanish Colonization : Indigenous Voices: Exploring Pre-Colonial Spiritual Practices in … : Limasawa Island: A Place of the First Mass in the Philippines : Come and Visit Butuan City: Caraga’s Historical Sanctuary :  : First Catholic Mass In The Philippines: A History – Pinay Wise : Evidences of The First Mass in The Philippines in Masao, Butuan – Scribd : Indigenous Religions of the Philippines: Preserving Ancient Beliefs … : Pre-Colonial Philippines: A Rich Tapestry of Indigenous Cultures : The Influence of Catholicism on Filipino Values : Limasawa vs. Butuan: the first Easter Mass – UP Diliman Leave a comment Previous Post Next Post El Filibusterismo: The The Cry of Balintawak or Reign of Greed and Pugadlawin: Unraveling a Revolution in Colonial Historic Controversy in Philippines / Bryan V. 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