The Diversity of Life PDF

Go back! We f*#ked everything up “We exist in a bizarre combination of Stone Age emotions, medieval beliefs, and god-like technology” -E. O. Wilson The Diversity of Life...

Go back! We f*#ked everything up “We exist in a bizarre combination of Stone Age emotions, medieval beliefs, and god-like technology” -E. O. Wilson The Diversity of Life Chapters 21-24  Role of Biodiversity Biodiversity is essential: Ecosystem resilience Economic resources (e.g., agriculture and medicine), Vital services like clean air and water. Enriches cultures, supports recreation Advances scientific knowledge, and acknowledges the intrinsic value of all species.  Domains and Kingdoms of Life Earth – 4.6 BYA Prokaryotes – 3.8 BYA Eukaryotes – 2.0 BYA First Animals – 635 MYA  What is a plant? ? Multicellular eukaryote that produces its own food through photosynthesis ? Mostly terrestrial (land dwelling) ? Sessile (stay in one place) ? Range from 1 millimeter to 380ft tall!  Evolutionary History of Plants Phylogenetic tree: diagram showing evolutionary __________ among organisms ? Groups organized by their Flowers shared characteristics ? Common ___________ Seeds Vascular tissue Evolutionary History of Plants Variation in Flowers  Domain How Do Taxonomists Know Where to Put a Plant? More Specific King Phillip Came Over For Great Spaghetti  Traits That Unite Phrymaceae (Monkeyflower Family) Bilateral Petals Fused Petal Tube, Fused Sepals Simple, opposite leaves  What is an Animal? Multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotes Lack cell walls ○ Collagen Contain muscle and nervous tissue ○ Allow for movement and nerve impulses Most reproduce sexually  Animal Symmetry Asymmetrical: no symmetry Radial symmetry: body parts distributed evenly around a central point Bilateral symmetry: opposite sides of sagittal plane are mirror images of one another Asymmetry Radial symmetry Bilateral symmetry  Sponges CHARACTERISTICS ? No tissues or organs ? Intracellular digestion ? Asymmetrical ? Free-swimming larvae ? Sessile as adults Image modified from What is Life? A Guide to Biology, Third Edition ©2015 W.H. Freeman and Company  Arthropods Includes barnacles, spiders, insects, millipedes and crustaceans CHARACTERISTICS ? Protostome development ? Bilateral symmetry ? Alimentary canal ? Exoskeleton ? Molt exoskeleton to grow ? Jointed appendages ? Segmented bodies ? Head, thorax, abdomen  Chordates Includes fish, reptile, birds, and mammals CHARACTERISTICS ? Deuterostome development ? Bilateral symmetry ? Alimentary canal ? Endoskeleton ? Dorsal hollow nerve cord ? Notochord ? Pharyngeal gill slits ? Post anal tail Vertebrate Phylogeny  Fishes ? Ectothermic ? Two-chambered heart ? Jawless fish ? Hagfish ? Cartilaginous fish ? Sharks, skates and rays ? Bony fishes ? Ray finned fish ◻ Teleosts ? Lobe finned fish ◻ Lungfish  Vertebrates Move onto Land Early Tetrapods Amphibians Reptiles Dinosaurs Birds Mammals  Adaptations to Terrestrial Environments ? Jaws: Allowed organism to grasp food ? Diversification of diets ? Lungs: Allowed organisms to breath air outside of water ? Limbs and modified vertebrae: Allowed organisms to move around on land and support their weight against gravity ? Amniotic egg: Allowed for organisms to reproduce away from water ? Internal fertilization  Amphibians Frogs and Salamanders ? Approximately 6,150 species ? Most go through metamorphosis (“two lives”) ? Aquatic, gill breathing larvae ? Terrestrial, lung breathing adults ? Thin, highly vascularized skin ? Three-chambered heart ? Ectothermic  Reptiles Snakes, lizards, tortoises, crocodiles and birds ? Ectothermic ? Except birds (endothermic) ? Three-chambered hearts ? Except crocodiles and birds (4 chambers) ? Scales and scutes ? Lungs ? No embryonic stage with gills  Birds Ostrich, penguins, kiwi, sparrows, eagles, and albatross ? Endothermic ? Four-chambered heart ? Feathers ? Wings ? Bill with no teeth ? Strong, lightweight skeleton  Mammals Monkeys, giraffes, rats, tigers, whales, elk, and humans ? Endothermic ? Four-chambered heart ? Hairat some point of their development ? Mammary glands produce milk ? Three inner ear bones ? Differentiated teeth Primates  Primates Lemurs, lorises, monkeys, apes, humans ? Nails instead of claws ? Clavicle ? Two lower limb bones ? Opposable thumb ? Reduced snout ? Reduced olfactory region of brain and increased cerebrum ? Binocular vision ? Depth perception  Humans and Apes Homo sapiens characteristics ? Bipedal ? Larger brains ? Language ? Symbolic thought ? Artistic expression ? Use complex tools ? Reduced jaw bones and jaw muscles ? Differ from chimpanzees in 19 regulatory genes