SDGs in Bahrain PDF

 CONTENT Main topics……..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….2 4. Module IV. AN OVERVIEW OF THE SDGS, THEIR PROGRESS AND IMPLEMENTATION IN BAHRAIN……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...…4 4.1. Means for SDGS implementation and testing in Bahrain………………………………….4 4.2. Current...

 CONTENT Main topics……..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….2 4. Module IV. AN OVERVIEW OF THE SDGS, THEIR PROGRESS AND IMPLEMENTATION IN BAHRAIN……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...…4 4.1. Means for SDGS implementation and testing in Bahrain………………………………….4 4.2. Current progress, achievements and challenges for the SDGS in Bahrain……..5  Main Topics Means for SDGs implementation and testing in Bahrain Current progress, achievements and challenges for the SDGs in Bahrain 2 3  Module IV. An overview of the SDGs, their progress and implementation in Bahrain 4.1. Means for SDGs implementation and testing in Bahrain Bahrain, like many other countries, is committed to achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). → Policy Alignment: Bahrain aligned its national development plans, policies, and strategies with the SDGs. This alignment is crucial for ensuring that the country's domestic policies are in sync with the global goals. → Institutional Framework: Bahrain established institutional mechanisms to coordinate and monitor the progress of SDGs. This includes the creation of specific government departments or units responsible for overseeing SDG implementation. → Data Collection and Monitoring: Accurate and timely data is essential for tracking progress. Bahrain invested in data collection and statistical capabilities to monitor various indicators related to the SDGs. This data helps in identifying areas that need attention and resources. → Partnerships and Collaboration: Collaboration between government agencies, private sector, civil society, and international organizations is vital. Bahrain fostered partnerships to leverage resources, expertise, and innovative solutions for achieving the SDGs. → Education and Awareness: Raising awareness about the SDGs among the public, especially youth, is crucial. Bahrain conducted educational campaigns and integrated SDGs into the school curriculum to promote awareness and understanding. → Environmental Sustainability: Bahrain, being a small island nation, focused on environmental sustainability, including renewable energy projects, water conservation, and efforts to combat climate change, in line with SDG 13 (Climate Action). 4  → Economic Diversification: Economic diversification is essential for long-term sustainable development. Bahrain worked on diversifying its economy, reducing its dependency on oil, and promoting sectors like tourism, technology, and finance. → Social Inclusion and Gender Equality: Bahrain implemented policies to promote social inclusion and gender equality, ensuring that marginalized groups are not left behind. This includes efforts to improve healthcare, education, and employment opportunities for all citizens. → Health and Well-being: Bahrain invested in healthcare infrastructure and services to improve the overall health and well-being of its population, in alignment with SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being). 4.2. Current progress, achievements, and challenges for the SDGs in Bahrain In 2018, Bahrain published its first Kingdom of Bahrain Voluntary National Review (VNR) on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the SDGs which is the result of a participatory process of government agencies with a wide range of stakeholders, including community groups, community organizations, civil society, the public and private sectors, academics and those interested in development issues. The second Voluntary National Review of the Kingdom of Bahrain was recently issued this year (2023). As indicated in the 2018 VNR, the key challenge facing the Kingdom of Bahrain in the pursuit of sustainable development is that it is a small island with a steadily increasing population, urbanization problems and the consequent demand for land, as well as increasing demands on its limited natural resources. Population density and associated infrastructure and development facilities in coastal areas, and the potential for sea level rise due to climate change pose a threat to the sustainability of Bahrain's rich coastal ecosystems, along with the consequent effects: economic, social and environmental. Moreover, the environmental challenge, in its most comprehensive form, is of paramount importance to the Kingdom of Bahrain. Bahrain consists of a group of small deserted islands that suffer from water shortages and insufficient agricultural land. As a result, Bahrain's Economic Vision 2030 focuses on issues such as the environment, sustainable resource management, urban development, water and energy, transport, urban growth, waste management, as well as marine conservation and biodiversity, recognizing them as serious and existing problems. Sustainability is one of the three guiding principles of Bahrain's Vision 2030 government programs. The Kingdom of Bahrain has participated in the negotiations to formulate the SDGs at the regional, national, and international levels. It hosted the second session of the Arab Forum for Sustainable Development in May 2015, which adopted the Bahrain Document, and which included 19 recommendations on the key issues related to sustainable development in Arab States. 5 The Kingdom of Bahrain also established the necessary institutional arrangements through the National Information Committee. This Committee was established by a decree of H.R.H. the Prime Minister, and chaired by the Minister of Cabinet Affairs. It is composed of all relevant departments involved in the delivery of the SDGs, with multi-sectoral task forces linked to it, to undertake the process of localizing, implementing and realizing the SDGs, through the Government Action Plan, in partnership with the private sector, civil society and academia. Bahrain is therefore advancing rapidly in its economic and social development. The country has succeeded in achieving the first Sustainable Development Goal in terms of the eradication of poverty in all its forms through economic growth, which already in 2018, has raised the average income of families by 47% over the last 10 years; and through social protection networks covering 8% families. Below you can see some key aspects of the current state on the implementation of the SDGs in the country: Figure 8 Current State of the SDGs progress in Bahrain (2023) SDG CURRENT STATE 0% No one lives under the international poverty line ($1.25 per day) 100% of the population is living in households with access to basic services 29% Total government spending allocated to essential services (education, health and social protection) 1.9% Prevalence of population with food insecurity 1.8 Agriculture orientation index for government expenditures 21.5 Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births) 9.3 Rate of kids under five mortality (per 1,000 live births) 5 Rate of death due to road traffic injuries (per 100,000 population) 70.1% Participation rate in organized learning (one year before the official primary entry age) 97.5% Literacy rate 100.0% Proportion of teacher who have received at least the minimum organized teacher training 15.0% Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments 46% of Bahraini women in public sector 6 100% of the population has access to improved drinking water sources 100% of the population has access to improved sanitation facilities 100% of collected wastewater is safely treated 100% of the population has access to electricity 99.9% of the population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies Bahrain will cover 5% of its electricity demand with renewable energy, and improve energy efficiency by 6% by 2025 14.6 Number of commercial bank branch (per 100,000 adults) 4.3% unemployment rate 7.0 Number of fatal occupational injuries 14.3% Manufacturing value added as a proportion of GDP 30,324,825 Arrivals and departures in air and sea ports and causeway 100.0% Proportion of population covered by a mobile network 30.6% Labour share of GDP, comprising wages and social protection transfers 0.0 Total deaths and disappearances recorded during migration 0% - no one lives in slums. 100% of solid waste is regularly collected and with adequate final discharge. National disaster risk reduction strategies have been implemented. Road networks have been developed, public transport has been modernized, and public facilities built, such as schools, education facilities, and health and social centres. The Supreme Council for the Environment has developed a practical road map to highlight how programs for sustainable production and consumption will be implemented. Bahrain became one of the first countries in the region to issue special legislation related to the management of E-Waste. The new legislation was issued in 2021 and aims to regulate the process of managing 7 electronic waste in a sound, safe and sustainable manner to protect public health and the environment. Ratification of the Paris Agreement in December 2016. Climate change awareness programs delivered in schools. Integrated climate change concerns into national policies for all sectors, enabling them to raise their capacities to meet climate change adaptation and mitigation requirements. Adoption and implementation of national disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 12% of fish stocks are within biologically sustainable levels. 21% of the marine environment are protected areas. First in the region to adopt the ecosystem-based approach in managing some of its coastal areas. The country has implemented various measures to protect its marine biodiversity, combat pollution, and promote responsible fishing practices. It has established marine protected areas, enforced regulations to prevent overfishing, and conducted research and monitoring programs to better understand and address the challenges faced by its seas. Additionally, Bahrain actively participates in international collaborations and initiatives aimed at promoting ocean conservation and sustainable use of marine resources. Balancing pressures from urbanization, climate change, and industrialization with sustainable land management, restoration of terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems, and conservation strategies is the key behind Bahrain’s SDG 15 progress. The Kingdom’s dedication to counter wildlife trafficking and maintain sustainable natural reserves underlines its intent to protect its unique natural heritage, contributing to the global sustainability goals. The King Hamad Global Centre for Interfaith Dialogue and Peaceful Coexistence, covered in more detail under SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities), stands as a testament to Bahrain’s centuries old tradition of welcoming people of different religious groups, who have lived side-by-side in harmony in Bahrain and practiced their faiths in peace. 100% of births of children under five years of age have been registered with a civil authority Independent National Human Rights Institutions in compliance with the Paris Principles. 0.2 Number of victims of intentional homicide (per 100,000 population). 8  7.85581% Volume of remittances (USD) as a proportion of total GDP 99.7% Proportion of individuals using the Internet Bahrain has been strengthening partnerships between the private, public, and academic sectors as a means of promoting innovation and education, research and development, as well as supporting economic growth. Source: SDGs Bahrain and 2018 & 2023 Voluntary National Reports 9 globalcad.org  CONTENT Main topics……..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….2 3. Module III. INTRODUCTION TO THE SDG ECOSYSTEM FRAMEWORKS AND THE ROLE OF DIFFERENT STAKEHOLDERS PROMOTING THE SDGS……..……………………………………………….4 3.1. The institutional framework for the SDGS…………………..…………………………………….4 3.2. SDGS implementation and local action……………………..…………………………………….11 3.3. Engaging relevant stakeholders in SDGS promotion..……………………………………..15  Main Topics The institutional framework for the SDGs SDGs implementation and local action Engaging relevant stakeholders in SDGs promotion 2 3  Module III. Introduction to the SDG ecosystem frameworks and the role of different stakeholders promoting the SDGs 3.1. The institutional framework for the SDGs The institutional framework for the implementation of the SDGs in each UN member country is based on the centrality of the implementation of a national policy, adapted and designed according to the reality and priorities of each country, and that is the framework of action for local governments. The 2030 Agenda understands each of its goals and targets as completely interrelated with the other goals and targets. For this reason, the SDGs have an integration policy, which are processes that take into account the interdependencies between dimensions and sectors. Policy integration is necessary to bridge the gap between the current institutional structures at the local, national, regional and international levels and the reality where the different dimensions and sectors are interconnected. Sustainable development will require balancing different objectives by systematically recognizing and addressing all the key linkages. Actions in one sector often have positive or negative implications for one or more sectors. Lessons learned on policy integration Some of the key lessons learned identified in European policymaking on sustainable development include the need for: → operationalizing long-term vision with short-term planning, SMART goals, and sectoral priorities. → moving from focus on coordination to building capacity. → creating a normative basis to go beyond voluntary commitments. → not overcoming but embracing sectoral policymaking. → reframing integrated strategies as communication tools to articulate a common interest across sectors and help rally support. Source: Division for Public Administration and Development Management, UN-DESA, 2015 Building on the experience of the MDGs, the UN has developed the following policy recommendations for the achievement of the SDGs: 4  POLICIES RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE SDG’S ACHIEVEMENT Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for Stable economic growth concentrated in sectors improved nutrition, and promote sustainable all at all ages creating jobs and providing livelihoods for the agriculture Accelerating efforts to address the remaining poor Addressing both hunger and nutrition health MDGs National leadership to introduce governance Introducing nutrition-sensitive social Leaving no one behind and promoting equity in reforms and redistributive policies protection policies access to health services Addressing pro-actively the specific constraints Keeping a specific focus on first 1’000 days of Strengthening health systems through “universal faced by the most vulnerable population groups children’s life health coverage” (UHC) (defined under challenges) Ensuring women’s access to productive Addressing emerging non-communicable Eliminating policies that accentuate or capacities, income opportunities, education, diseases perpetuate poverty and exclusion (eg., regressive etc. as gender equality is associated with Improving the quality of physical environment tax systems; poorly designed subsidies, etc.) improved nutrition Individual lifestyles (reducing tobacco and Bringing the three dimensions of sustainable Ensuring access to health care, sanitation, alcohol use, reducing road accidents, etc.) development together in mutually supportive clean water and education for all MDGs highlighted the importance of political ways when addressing poverty issues Ensuring land and assets access for and support, strategic investments and successful support to smallholder farmers people-centered policies, programmes and Supporting sustainable agriculture, rural interventions that need to be leveraged and infrastructure investments, research, replicated technology development to enhance agricultural productivity, particularly in LDCs Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education Goal 5. Achieve gender equality Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management and promote life-long learning opportunities for all Adopting a more strategic approach by of water and sanitation for all Promoting access to education for all at all levels addressing structural causes of inequality Increasing access to improved sanitation and to Ensuring equity by reaching out to disadvantaged located within the family, community, markets safe drinking water, including hygiene children, youth and adults through innovative and governance systems through Eliminating inequalities and improving service approaches transformative changes in laws, social norms, levels in access to WASH Promoting gender equality and placing a social institutions, and public policies Going beyond the household and ensuring access renewed focus on enhanced access to secondary to WASH in key public institutions 5  and tertiary education for girls and women in Increasing women’s economic capabilities Addressing the sustainability of services, and the safe through access to decent work, education, and broader water agenda Promoting more focus on skills and training for social protection, ending discrimination in Integrated approaches to water management for youth ownership, income, productive resources, and WASH and productive purposes Strengthening the provision of enabling learning ensuring greater control over time use, incl. Improving wastewater management, preventing environments the redistribution of burden of unpaid care water pollution Ensuring sustainable financing through work between public/household and within Protecting, restoring water ecosystems: commitment by governments and donors household mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and Using innovative partnerships with NGO service Ending all forms of violence against women lakes provider, private sector, communities and Achieving universal access to sexual and Promoting water cooperation parents reproductive health and rights Supporting the participation of local Ensuring voice in decision-making and communities in water management participation at all levels, including at the Building sustainable mechanisms to fund and household level and in public life maintain water supply and infrastructure Closing gender gaps in access to quality education at all levels Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and modern energy for all economic growth, full and productive employment and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation Major transformations of current energy systems and decent work for all Industrial policies should be designed to require robust policy and regulatory reforms, Strengthening the role of State to promote encourage economic diversification, institutional capacity, skills, effective business inclusive, sustainable growth technological development and shift to higher models, financing for investments from all Ensuring macroeconomic stability through productivity activities within and between sources prices, external balances stabilization, sectors In terms of energy access, a clear focus on low countercyclical fiscal and monetary policies, Technology and innovation policies can include income, vulnerable people and communities is appropriate investment and exchange rate support and finance for R&D, public funding and needed regimes, financial sector regulation tax support for technological entrepreneurship, Addressing energy challenges in connection with Building and regulating medium to large businesses with new products, promoting eco- other areas, using an integrated resource enterprises in developing countries innovation, investments in professional and planning approach at regional, national and local Promoting non-farm rural employment, technical education, IP protection, and levels agricultural R&D, rural infrastructure, promoting technology transfer Decarbonizing and increasing the efficiency of education services, access to credit, Industrial and innovation policies should existing and new energy infrastructures, insurance, land promote increased resource efficiency in increasing energy efficiency – can lead to 70% of production 6  the reduction in projected global energy Providing countries with fiscal space through Infrastructure development requires incentives demands in 2035 sufficient tax base, progressive taxation to for significant long-term investment flows Investing in energy efficiency, renewable energy implement social investments African countries, LDCs, LLDCs, SIDS will technologies easier accessible in remote Strengthening domestic financial particularly need financing, technological and communities institutions, conducting trade policies that technical support Increasing support for R&D to reduce clean allow farmers and domestic firms to expand, New policies to crowd in productive investments, energy technologies costs, ensure effective integrate global value chains and increase capital formation, infrastructure and innovation technology transfer, institutional capacity in labour demand are needed (Discussed under Means of developing countries, particularly LDCs and Decoupling economic growth from Implementation) energy-poor countries environmental degradation through Successful industrial policies require Promoting different business models, such as enhanced resource and energy efficiency and investments in human capital development decentralized energy systems for rural remote reduced environmental impact according to areas and city locations, through sustainability national circumstances criteria, reduction of costs for the sustainability Promoting policy coherence in a mix of trade, certification finance, investment, labour market and Ensuring a more systematic involvement of social policies various stakeholders to improve energy security, governance at global, regional, national, local levels, increase transparency in related decision- making Promoting more predictable and competitive energy markets, cross-border agreements, ensuring access to mainstream financial products, services for clean energy investments in developing countries Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production Applying redistributive and social protection measures safe, resilient and sustainable patterns and creating a solid tax base at the national level, incl. Integrated urban and territorial planning Sustainable consumption and production (SCP) is progressive taxation and gender responsive design can help about promoting resource and energy efficiency, Creating enabling environment to increase pre- produce compact, mixed-use cities that sustainable infrastructure, and providing access transfer incomes offer a higher quality of life at lower rates to basic services, green and decent jobs and a Using macroeconomic policies conducive to of environmental degradation and greater better quality of life for all and requires an inclusive growth and employment levels of social cohesion, particularly via integrated approach 7  Ensuring resources for infrastructure, effective public space, lower transport and Policies that integrate economic, social and governance for inclusive catch-up in LICs/LDCs infrastructure costs environmental objectives can help to address the More labour-friendly policies (increasing In addition to sustainable transport and drivers of unsustainable consumption and minimum wages, strengthening collective sustainable consumption and production, production patterns such as lack of knowledge bargaining, using employment guarantee integrated urban and territorial planning and know-how, investment or technologies, schemes) should cover resource efficiency and limited product life spans, product prices not Promoting labour market access to vulnerable management, material flows analysis, the reflecting true resource, environmental and groups through equal employment laws, ecosystem approach, climate diagnostics social costs, greater emphasis on resource affirmative action and planning, energy inventories, and risk productivity, high consumer demand, limited Greater inclusion of informal markets, rural management incentives for recycling/reuse, and the absence development (eg., renewable electrification) Since most of the future urban area is still of reliable consumer information and education Recognizing the increasingly globalized nature of to be built, guiding its design proactively SCP policies address resource efficiency by world economy and of environmental challenges using the above principles to making sure adopting a product life-cycle approach, they and improving international policy coherence, future cities are sustainable, inclusive and require an active engagement with all including cooperation to avoid wage resilient stakeholders, notably the private sector, small- compression (other elements are discussed Infrastructure in existing cities in scale producers, researchers, and consumers under Means of Implementation) developed countries needs to be SCP can be mainstreamed in decision-making Improving the international financial retrofitted to better promote resource through national plans on SCP, or integration into governance, the representation of developing efficiency, more sustainable consumption relevant national strategies, sectoral policies; countries in decision-making in international and production, and better waste tailored policies and legal frameworks are economic and financial governance institutions management required to take into account different national Facilitating orderly, safe and responsible Such planning and governance needs to realities, capacities and migration and substantially decrease high apply multi-level approach across the priorities transaction costs of remittances, using among rural-urban continuum and at multiple Public procurement could be leveraged to build other the potential of mobile telephony and levels of governance, involving different scale and drive down prices of sustainable internet-based technologies stakeholders (private sector, civil society, products local authorities, foundations, cities networks, national and regional authorities, etc.) Urban development policies should contribute to poverty eradication, promote inclusion, ensure social protection and access to quality services 8  and favour people-centred enterprise development Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and Goal 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, Goal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of its impacts seas and marine resources for sustainable terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, Climate change and DRR needs should be development combat desertification, and halt and reverse land reflected in development mechanisms, such The ecosystem approach and the degradation and halt biodiversity loss as public investment planning systems, precautionary management should be Integrated natural resource planning and sectoral plans, social protection and applied to ensure conservation and management, and the reflection of biodiversity infrastructure investments sustainable use of the oceans and seas considerations and ecosystem services in Strengthening resilience, decreasing the and of their resources policies on food security and nutrition, water number of persons affected by disasters, Reduce the incidence of marine and health are required economic losses require investments in pollution from land-based and marine Biodiversity needs to be integrated into ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction, sources: debris (plastic), POPs, heavy national accounting systems, and national and strengthened governance at national, metals, nitrogen-based compounds, local development strategies regional and global levels, and participation prevent the introduction of alien Improved governance is needed at local and of relevant stakeholders invasive species, and manage adverse national levels to promote sustainable Improving preparedness, national environmental impacts management of ecosystems, involving all the coordination for multi-hazard early warning Address ocean acidification and stakeholders systems, disaster response, rehabilitation, impacts of climate change, increase Policies need to include the promotion of reconstruction to “Build Back Better” benefits from oceans to SIDS and LDCs behavioural change, encouraging voluntary supported by international cooperation and most vulnerable population groups codes of conduct, certification schemes, and Strengthening individual and institutional that depend directly on oceans and building capabilities through access to capacity on climate change mitigation, fishing education and healthcare adaptation and Strengthen capacity building in areas related to the law of the seas, sustainable planning, management and monitoring and promote the transfer of marine technologies, scientific capacities Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for Goal 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and Leave No One Behind sustainable development, provide access to justice for revitalize the global partnership for sustainable In launching the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable all and build effective, accountable and inclusive development Development, Member States recognized that the institutions at all levels dignity of the individual is fundamental and that 9  National and local capacities have to be built to enhance global macroeconomic stability the Agenda’s Goals and targets should be met for ensure early warning, conflict analysis, dispute including through policy coordination and all nations and people and for all segments of resolution, dialogue and mediation, as well as policy coherence society. Furthermore, they will endeavour to to prevent other forms of violence respect each country’s policy space and reach first those who are furthest behind. It is important to address international drivers leadership to establish and implement Leaving no one behind is the overarching of conflict and violence, including irresponsible policies for poverty eradication and principle of the 2030 Agenda. However, without trade in arms and conflict commodities, and sustainable development data and indicators that address specific groups the violent impact of drugs trafficking enhance the global partnership for within a population, including the most One can address various drivers of conflict and sustainable development complemented by vulnerable, full implementation of the violence by promoting social cohesion through multi-stakeholder partnerships commitments made in the SDGs will not be education policies, inclusive participation and encourage and promote effective public, possible. A global effort to improve data free and pluralistic media public-private, and civil society partnerships availability and use, including through It is necessary to promote the rule of law at by 2020, enhance capacity building support to improvements in the integration of data sources, national and international levels so that “all developing countries, including for LDCs and is required. persons, institutions and entities are SIDS, to increase significantly the availability accountable to just, fair and equitable laws and of high-quality, timely and reliable data are entitled to equal protection of the law” disaggregated by income, gender, age, race, It will be necessary to ensure responsive, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, inclusive, participatory and representative geographic location and other characteristics decision-making at all levels, as well as relevant in national contexts inclusive, transparent and accountable by 2030, build on existing initiatives to institutions to address corruption develop measurements of progress on sustainable development that complement GDP, and support statistical capacity building in developing countries Source: Module 3. Introduction of the SDGs, UNITAR 10 3.2. SDGs implementation and local action – The Theory of Change The Theory of Change In the context of sustainable development, a theory of change is a method that explains how an intervention, or set of interventions looking to achieve sustainable development, is expected to lead to specific development change, drawing on a causal analysis based on available evidence. Likewise, a theory of change must be guided by deep analyses, consultation with key stakeholders and learning on what works and what does not in diverse contexts drawn from the experiences of the stakeholders involved in sustainable development interventions. A theory of change helps to identify solutions to effectively address the causes of problems that hinder progress and guide decisions on which approach should be taken. It also helps to identify the underlying assumptions and risks that will be vital to understand and revisit throughout the process to ensure the approach will contribute to the desired change. How does a theory of change help to achieve sustainable development? A theory of change approach helps to achieve sustainable development by addressing the following issues: → The challenges that bring sustainable development are complex and typically difficult to address due to the diversity of factors interacting and producing such challenges. → Provides a framework for learning both within and between programming cycles. → The theory of change is increasingly being utilized as a means for developing and managing partnerships and partnership strategies. → A theory of change is the basis for more effective and unified communication. Key principles for developing a theory of change: → It should be developed consultatively to reflect the understanding of all relevant stakeholders. → It should be grounded in, tested with, and revised based on robust evidence at all stages; and → It should support continuous learning and improvement from intervention / programme design to closure. Key steps for developing a theory of change: Focus on the high-level change the programme or intervention intends to contribute to Identify what is needed for the desired development change to happen, informed by the problem tree analysis and how partners are contributing to this change. 11  Establish and make explicit the related key assumptions underpinning the theory of how change happens, and major risks that may affect it. Identify partners and actors who will be most relevant for achieving each result, taking into account the related risks and assumptions. Figure 1 Four steps to develop a theory of change. Source: THEORY OF CHANGE UNDAF CAMPANION GUIDANCE, United Nations Sustainable Development Group Example of social impact initiative in Bahrain: SDG addressed: Clever Play is a creative learning hub in Bah rain designed to nurture the natural curiosity and entrepreneurial spirit among children and encourage a free-spirited paradigm for learning that promotes a culture of exploration. In 2019, Clever Play reached over 13,000 children inside and outside Bahrain, contributing to the achievement of the SDG 4 in the country. In addition, the initiative contributes to SDG 5, as it maintains a strong and dedicated focus on girls and young women in view of promoting a broader STEAM ecosystem that supports gender equality. 12 The systems change Systems change is about addressing the root causes of social problems, which are often intractable and embedded in networks of cause and effect. It is an intentional process designed to fundamentally alter the components and structures that cause the system to behave in a certain way. In the context of SDGs achievement, rather than aiming to check off the 17 goals separately, a systems-based approach focuses on how SDGs must be achieved as a whole. A systems- based approach recognizes that progress on one goal, in one place, could either undermine or enhance progress on other goals. Interactions and feedbacks among the SDGs can be both negative (producing trade-offs or diminishing efforts) and positive (producing synergies or reinforcing efforts). In summary, systems change is created by changing patterns within the system. In order to change patterns, is needed to: Figure 2 Aspects to be considered to change patterns A system change mentality can help to create change through an intervention or program in the following aspects: → Structures: changes in the physical structures of a system → Flows: changes in how flows of information, finance or value are distributed, configured or relate to each other → Rules: changes in the rules that dictate how the system is organised; if they change, they will have an impact on the flows and structures of the system → Power to evolve: changes in the power to add, change, evolve, or self-organize system structure; if the system is self-organising it has the power to keep evolving (innovating and learning) and thus can keep addressing the complex challenges it addresses → Goal: changes to the purpose and function of the system, ultimately determining how the rest of the system operates → Paradigm: changes in the set of assumptions, perspectives or views about how the world works; paradigms are the patterns with which we organize our thoughts and make sense of the world, which informs how we act and how structures, flows, rules, goals arise. This is the most significant system change - a paradigm shift from one underpinning model to another. 13 Overview of the Arab Region Since 2011, the Arab region has been experiencing political problems that are expected to have far-reaching implications for sustainable development and the transition to a green economy. The region shows diverse results in terms of sustainable development. SDG 5 (Gender equality) continues to be the most important challenge across the region, followed by SDG 2 (Zero hunger) and SDG 8 (Decent work and economic growth). Challenges also remain in relation to SDG 3 (Good health and well-being), SDG 6 (Clean water and sanitation), SDG 9 (Industry, innovation and infrastructure), SDG 14 (Life below water) and SDG 16 (Peace, Justice and Solid Institutions). Other SDGs show more variation, which in turn requires country-specific solutions to address such challenges. Despite Jordan, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Morocco and Oman having completed two-thirds of the way towards achieving the SDGs, 19 Arab countries have not yet achieved a single SDG. Five least developed countries (LDCs), plus two other countries experiencing internal conflicts (Syria and Libya) have 10 or more SDGs in "red" on the SDG Dashboard, indicating that they are far from achieving these targets. These countries will require tremendous efforts both at the national level and by their regional and international partners to ensure that they are not left behind. Across the region, there are positive trends in three important areas related to education, clean energy, and climate change. Several countries are on track to achieve SDG 4 (Quality Education), SDG 7 (Affordable Clean Energy) and SDG 13 (Climate Action). So far, only two Arab countries (UAE and Lebanon) have achieved SDG 1 (No poverty). Meanwhile, Palestine is the only country to have achieved SGD 14 (Life Under Water). Significant gaps remain in the data needed to measure sustainable development performance in the region, particularly in relation to income and wealth distribution and clean energy in LDCs. The most significant data gaps are currently in SDG 1 (No poverty) and SDG 10 (Reduced inequalities). In both areas, the gaps are the result of the lack of data on the distribution of income and wealth. There are also data gaps for SDG 7 (Affordable and clean energy) in LDCs. The Arab region must urgently prioritize and invest more resources to generate and make available data in the areas outlined above. This will be essential not only to track the performance of the SDGs, but also to enable impactful policies at the regional and national levels that help overcome challenges and accelerate development efforts. There are also some other challenges such as: → Scarcity and Volatility of Natural Resources → Climate Change and Extreme Weather Events → Food Security Threats → Unsustainable Consumption and Production → Heavy Subsidies of Energy, Water, and Food 14 3.3. Engaging relevant stakeholders in SDGs promotion During the Earth Summit (The United Nations Environment Conference) celebrated in 1992, the UN recognized nine main groups of the society that plays a key role in achieving sustainable development. The Agenda 21, adopted at the Earth Summit, drew upon this sentiment and formalized nine sectors of society as the main channels through which broad participation would be facilitated in UN activities related to sustainable development. These are officially called "Major Groups". To implement the Major Groups structure, the Major Groups Programme was set up within the UN DESA (Division for Sustainable Development) with the objective of incorporating the views of these sectors of society into intergovernmental processes. The sectors represented by the “Major Groups” are the following (see figure 7): Figure 3 Major Groups for Sustainable Development Source: GlobalCAD (based on the Major groups and other stakeholders recognized by the United Nations) Given that the 2030 Agenda adopts a bottom-up approach and recognizes the importance of adapting the SDGs and the targets to the context and reality of the countries, in addition to these nine groups, governments also identified other important actors to adequately implement the SDGs. locally. 15  Local and regional governments The 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals offer an unprecedented opportunity for local and regional governments (LRGs) to contribute to global sustainability. LRGs are recognized as a Major Group within the United Nations in the implementation of the SDGs. National and regional governments are in charge of formulating laws and regulations to define policies for sustainable development. While local authorities are the main drivers of the localization of the SDGs in their territories, they are in charge of investments in basic services, urban and territorial infrastructures and play an important role in emerging economies, where decentralization processes are more advanced. Together with local representatives in regional and national parliaments, who represent local needs and support the allocation of funds for development projects in their territories. Business & Industry The 2030 Agenda calls for the participation of companies and industries (the private sector) in the implementation of the SDGs through responsible business practices, such as those promoted by the United Nations Global Compact. Stakeholders in this group include local and multinational corporations, businesses, industries and manufacturers, CEOs and other business leaders, cooperatives and unions. The private sector, business and industry have a critical role to play in advancing the global development agenda. According to the OECD, in developing countries, private sector operations constitute, on average, 60% of GDP, while generating 90% of jobs and 80% of capital inflows. The private sector further contributes to development by providing goods and services, financing social and economic investments through taxes, and creating innovative solutions to help meet development challenges. Innovation in the private sector around the world is a prerequisite for achieving the 169 ambitious goals, which together make up the 17 SDGs. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) As recognized in the 2030 Agenda, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and civil society organizations (CSOs) play a critical role in the implementation of the SDGs. NGOs and CSOs raise awareness and mobilize; build capacity; design and implement projects; monitor and review policies; collect data; provide technical expertise; and support and hold governments accountable for their commitments. They do this by closely following and participating in policy processes in relation to the SDGs. Through their advocacy activities, they can drive the integration of the SDGs into national and external policies. They can also act as gatekeepers by monitoring the progress made by the government and highlighting problem areas. In addition, they can directly contribute to the SDGs through their own projects. At the project level, NGOs could collaborate with new actors, for example, companies and/or local administrations. Additionally, NGOs can disseminate information on any progress made by governments and make political processes more transparent. 16  International Agencies / UN system International agencies (international development cooperation organizations) provide technical support, knowledge and experience, legitimization of processes as well as open access to global networks and better contact with the political sector. In addition, they can help provide scientific information to support the policy-making process. Many international agencies, including those of the United Nations system, can assist in mobilizing funds by promoting investment in sustainable development. These include the United Nations system and other international organizations (OIs), which lead development processes worldwide, providing great technical capacity and support for localizing the SDGs in the most vulnerable territories. Universities, higher education institutions and the academia sector The added value of the academy for the implementation of the SDGs lies in the facilitation of long-term independent technical assistance, whose key areas of contribution are: Learning and teaching: Provide students with the knowledge, skills and motivation to understand and address the SDGs; provide in-depth academic or vocational experience to implement SDG solutions; provide accessible, affordable and inclusive education for all; and provide capacity building for students and professionals from developing countries Research: Provide the knowledge, evidence base, solutions, technologies, pathways and innovations needed to sustain and support the implementation of the SDGs by the global community. Organizational governance, culture and operations of the university: Implementing the principles of the SDGs through governance structures and policy and operational decisions. External leadership: Strengthening public engagement and participation to address the SDGs; initiate and facilitate intersectoral dialogue and action; ensure representation of the higher education sector in national implementation; and help design policies based on the SDGs. 17 globalcad.org  POLICIES RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE SDG’S ACHIEVEMENT End hunger, achieve food security and Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being 1 End poverty in all its forms everywhere 2 improved nutrition, and promote sustainable 3 agricultura for all at all ages Stable economic growth concentrated in sectors creating jobs and Addressing both hunger and nutrition Accelerating efforts to address the remaining health MDGs providing livelihoods for the poor Introducing nutrition-sensitive social protection policies Leaving no one behind and promoting equity in access to health National leadership to introduce governance reforms and Keeping a specific focus on first 1’000 days of children’s life services redistributive policies Ensuring women’s access to productive capacities, income opportunities, Strengthening health systems through “universal health coverage” Addressing pro-actively the specific constraints faced by the most education, etc. as gender equality is associated with improved nutrition (UHC) vulnerable population groups (defined under challenges) Ensuring access to health care, sanitation, clean water and education for Addressing emerging non-communicable diseases Eliminating policies that accentuate or perpetuate poverty and all Improving the quality of physical environment exclusion (eg., regressive tax systems; poorly designed subsidies, etc.) Ensuring land and assets access for and support to smallholder farmers Individual lifestyles (reducing tobacco and alcohol use, reducing road Bringing the three dimensions of sustainable development together in Supporting sustainable agriculture, rural infrastructure investments, accidents, etc.) mutually supportive ways when addressing poverty issues research, technology development to enhance agricultural productivity, MDGs highlighted the importance of political support, strategic particularly in LDCs investments and successful people-centered policies, programmes and interventions that need to be leveraged and replicated Ensure inclusive and equitable quality 4 5 Achieve gender equality and empower all 6 Ensure availability and sustainable education and promote life-long learning women and girls management of water and sanitation for all opportunities for all Promoting access to education for all at all levels Adopting a more strategic approach by addressing structural causes of Increasing access to improved sanitation and to safe drinking water, Ensuring equity by reaching out to disadvantaged children, youth and inequality located within the family, community, markets and governance including hygiene adults through innovative approaches systems through transformative changes in laws, social norms, social Eliminating inequalities and improving service levels in access to WASH Promoting gender equality and placing a renewed focus on enhanced institutions, and public policies Going beyond the household and ensuring access to WASH in key public access to secondary and tertiary education for girls and women in safe Increasing women’s economic capabilities through access to decent work, institutions Promoting more focus on skills and training for youth education, and social protection, ending discrimination in ownership, Addressing the sustainability of services, and the broader water agenda Strengthening the provision of enabling learning environments income, productive resources, and ensuring greater control over time use, Integrated approaches to water management for WASH and productive Ensuring sustainable financing through commitment by governments incl. the redistribution of burden of unpaid care work between purposes and donors public/household and within household Improving wastewater management, preventing water pollution Using innovative partnerships with NGO service provider, private Ending all forms of violence against women Protecting, restoring water ecosystems: mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, sector, communities and parents Achieving universal access to sexual and reproductive health and rights aquifers and lakes Ensuring voice in decision-making and participation at all levels, including Promoting water cooperation at the household level and in public life Supporting the participation of local communities in water management Closing gender gaps in access to quality education at all levels Building sustainable mechanisms to fund and maintain water supply and infrastructure  POLICIES RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE SDG’S ACHIEVEMENT Ensure access to affordable, reliable, Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and 7 8 economic growth, full and productive employment 9 sustainable, and modern energy for all and decent work for all sustainable industrialization and foster innovation Major transformations of current energy systems require robust Strengthening the role of State to promote inclusive, sustainable Industrial policies should be designed to encourage economic policy and regulatory reforms, institutional capacity, skills, growth diversification, technological development and shift to higher effective business models, financing for investments from all Ensuring macroeconomic stability through prices, external balances productivity activities within and between sectors sources stabilization, countercyclical fiscal and monetary policies, Technology and innovation policies can include support and In terms of energy access, a clear focus on low income, appropriate investment and exchange rate regimes, financial sector finance for R&D, public funding and tax support for technological vulnerable people and communities is needed regulation entrepreneurship, businesses with new products, promoting eco- Addressing energy challenges in connection with other areas, Building and regulating medium to large enterprises in developing innovation, investments in professional and technical education, IP using an integrated resource planning approach at regional, countries protection, and promoting technology transfer national and local levels Promoting non-farm rural employment, agricultural R&D, rural Industrial and innovation policies should promote increased Decarbonizing and increasing the efficiency of existing and new infrastructure, education services, access to credit, insurance, land resource efficiency in production energy infrastructures, increasing energy efficiency – can lead to Providing countries with fiscal space through sufficient tax base, Infrastructure development requires incentives for significant 70% of the reduction in projected global energy demands in 2035 progressive taxation to implement social investments long-term investment flows Investing in energy efficiency, renewable energy technologies Strengthening domestic financial institutions, conducting trade African countries, LDCs, LLDCs, SIDS will particularly need financing, easier accessible in remote communities policies that allow farmers and domestic firms to expand, integrate technological and technical support Increasing support for R&D to reduce clean energy technologies global value chains and increase labour demand New policies to crowd in productive investments, capital costs, ensure effective technology transfer, institutional capacity Decoupling economic growth from environmental degradation formation, infrastructure and innovation are needed (Discussed in developing countries, particularly LDCs and energy-poor through enhanced resource and energy efficiency and reduced under Means of Implementation) countries environmental impact according to national circumstances Successful industrial policies require investments in human capital Promoting different business models, such as decentralized Promoting policy coherence in a mix of trade, finance, investment, development energy systems for rural remote areas and city locations, through labour market and social policies sustainability criteria, reduction of costs for the sustainability certification Ensuring a more systematic involvement of various stakeholders to improve energy security, governance at global, regional, national, local levels, increase transparency in related decision- making Promoting more predictable and competitive energy markets, cross-border agreements, ensuring access to mainstream financial products, services for clean energy investments in developing countries  POLICIES RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE SDG’S ACHIEVEMENT Reduce inequality within and among countries. Applying redistributive and social protection Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and 10 measures and creating a solid tax base at the 11 resilient and sustainable 12 sustainable industrialization and foster innovation national level, incl. progressive taxation Creating enabling environment to increase pre-transfer incomes Integrated urban and territorial planning and gender responsive Sustainable consumption and production (SCP) is about promoting Using macroeconomic policies conducive to inclusive growth and design can help produce compact, mixed-use cities that offer a resource and energy efficiency, sustainable infrastructure, and employment higher quality of life at lower rates of environmental degradation providing access to basic services, green and decent jobs and a Ensuring resources for infrastructure, effective governance for and greater levels of social cohesion, particularly via public space, better quality of life for all and requires an integrated approach inclusive catch-up in LICs/LDCs lower transport and infrastructure costs Policies that integrate economic, social and environmental More labour-friendly policies (increasing minimum wages, In addition to sustainable transport and sustainable consumption objectives can help to address the drivers of unsustainable strengthening collective bargaining, using employment guarantee and production, integrated urban and territorial planning should consumption and production patterns such as lack of knowledge schemes) cover resource efficiency and management, material flows analysis, and know-how, investment or technologies, limited product life Promoting labour market access to vulnerable groups through the ecosystem approach, climate diagnostics and planning, energy spans, product prices not reflecting true resource, environmental equal employment laws, affirmative action inventories, and risk management and social costs, greater emphasis on resource productivity, high Greater inclusion of informal markets, rural development (eg., Since most of the future urban area is still to be built, guiding its consumer demand, limited incentives for recycling/reuse, and the renewable electrification) design proactively using the above principles to making sure future absence of reliable consumer information and education Recognizing the increasingly globalized nature of world economy cities are sustainable, inclusive and resilient SCP policies address resource efficiency by adopting a product life- and of environmental challenges and improving international Infrastructure in existing cities in developed countries needs to be cycle approach, they require an active engagement with all policy coherence, including cooperation to avoid wage retrofitted to better promote resource efficiency, more sustainable stakeholders, notably the private sector, small-scale producers, compression (other elements are discussed under Means of consumption and production, and better waste management researchers, and consumers Implementation) Such planning and governance needs to apply multi-level approach SCP can be mainstreamed in decision-making through national Improving the international financial governance, the across the rural-urban continuum and at multiple levels of plans on SCP, or integration into relevant national strategies, representation of developing countries in decision-making in governance, involving different stakeholders (private sector, civil sectoral policies; tailored policies and legal frameworks are international economic and financial governance institutions society, local authorities, foundations, cities networks, national and required to take into account different national realities, capacities Facilitating orderly, safe and responsible migration and regional authorities, etc.) and priorities substantially decrease high transaction costs of remittances, Urban development policies should contribute to poverty Public procurement could be leveraged to build scale and drive using among other the potential of mobile telephony and eradication, promote inclusion, ensure social protection and access down prices of sustainable products internet-based technologies to quality services and favour people-centred enterprise development  POLICIES RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE SDG’S ACHIEVEMENT Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of Take urgent action to combat climate change Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, 13 14 and marine resources for sustainable 15 combat desertification, and halt and reverse land and its impacts development degradation and halt biodiversity loss Climate change and DRR needs should be reflected in development The ecosystem approach and the precautionary management should be Integrated natural resource planning and management, and the mechanisms, such as public investment planning systems, sectoral applied to ensure conservation and sustainable use of the oceans and reflection of biodiversity considerations and ecosystem services in plans, social protection and infrastructure investments seas and of their resources policies on food security and nutrition, water and health are required Strengthening resilience, decreasing the number of persons affected Reduce the incidence of marine pollution from land-based and marine Biodiversity needs to be integrated into national accounting systems, by disasters, economic losses require investments in ecosystem-based sources: debris (plastic), POPs, heavy metals, nitrogen-based compounds, and national and local development strategies disaster risk reduction, strengthened governance at national, regional prevent the introduction of alien invasive species, and manage adverse Improved governance is needed at local and national levels to and global levels, and participation of relevant stakeholders environmental impacts promote sustainable management of ecosystems, involving all the Improving preparedness, national coordination for multi-hazard early Address ocean acidification and impacts of climate change, increase stakeholders warning systems, disaster response, rehabilitation, reconstruction to benefits from oceans to SIDS and LDCs and most vulnerable population Policies need to include the promotion of behavioural change, “Build Back Better” supported by international cooperation groups that depend directly on oceans and fishing encouraging voluntary codes of conduct, certification schemes, and Strengthening individual and institutional capacity on climate change Strengthen capacity building in areas related to the law of the seas, building capabilities through access to education and healthcare mitigation and adaptation sustainable planning, management and monitoring and promote the transfer of marine technologies, scientific capacities Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to Strengthen the means of implementation and 16 justice for all and build effective, accountable 17 revitalize the global partnership for Leave No One Behind and inclusive institutions at all levels sustainable development ·National and local capacities have to be built to ensure early warning, enhance global macroeconomic stability including through policy In launching the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, Member conflict analysis, dispute resolution, dialogue and mediation, as well as coordination and policy coherence States recognized that the dignity of the individual is fundamental and to prevent other forms of violence respect each country’s policy space and leadership to establish and that the Agenda’s Goals and targets should be met for all nations and ·It is important to address international drivers of conflict and implement policies for poverty eradication and sustainable development people and for all segments of society. Furthermore, they will endeavour violence, including irresponsible trade in arms and conflict enhance the global partnership for sustainable development to reach first those who are furthest behind. commodities, and the violent impact of drugs trafficking complemented by multi-stakeholder partnerships Leaving no one behind is the overarching principle of the 2030 Agenda. ·One can address various drivers of conflict and violence by promoting encourage and promote effective public, public-private, and civil society However, without data and indicators that address specific groups within social cohesion through education policies, inclusive participation and partnerships a population, including the most vulnerable, full implementation of the free and pluralistic media by 2020, enhance capacity building support to developing countries, commitments made in the SDGs will not be possible. A global effort to ·It is necessary to promote the rule of law at national and international including for LDCs and SIDS, to increase significantly the availability of improve data availability and use, including through improvements in levels so that “all persons, institutions and entities are accountable to high-quality, timely and reliable data disaggregated by income, gender, the integration of data sources, is required. just, fair and equitable laws and are entitled to equal protection of the age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability, geographic location and law” other characteristics relevant in national contexts ·It will be necessary to ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and by 2030, build on existing initiatives to develop measurements of representative decision-making at all levels, as well as inclusive, progress on sustainable development that complement GDP, and support transparent and accountable institutions to address corruption statistical capacity building in developing countries SDG’s CURRENT STATUS AROUND THE WORLD Due to COVID-19 pandemic, UN Stats Rising food prices and the broader impacts of suggests that the global poverty rate the war in Ukraine could push that number even increased sharply from 2019 to 2020, from 8.3 higher, to 95 million, leaving the world even per cent to 9.2 per cent, the first rise in further from meeting the target of ending extreme poverty since 1998 and the largest extreme poverty by 2030. In Sub-Saharan Africa, since 1990. Forecasts for 2022 estimate that in 2021, 37% of employees live without sufficient 75 million more people than expected prior to income, followed by Oceania (18%) and Central the pandemic will be living in extreme poverty. and Southern Asia (6%). The world is on the verge of a global food crisis, with a rising number of people experiencing hunger and food insecurity even before the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, as many as 828 million people may have suffered from hunger in 2021. Regarding to SDG 1 status, the Oceania and the Sub-Saharan, Central and Southern Arica are the most affected regions by the starving in children COVID-19 continues to pose challenges to derailed progress towards ending HIV, people’s health and wellbeing globally and is tuberculosis (TB) and malaria, and halted two impeding progress in meeting Goal 3 targets. decades of work towards making health As of mid-2022, COVID-19 had infected more coverage universal. As a result, immunization than 500 million people worldwide. The coverage dropped for the first time in 10 years, pandemic has severely disrupted essential and deaths from TB and malaria increased. health services, triggered an increase in the Urgent and concerted action is needed to set the prevalence of anxiety and depression, lowered world back on a trajectory towards achieving global life expectancy, Goal 3 The COVID-19 pandemic has deepened a crisis in education, with severe disruptions in education systems worldwide. School closures have had worrisome consequences for children’s learning and well-being, particularly for girls and those who are disadvantaged, including children with disabilities, rural dwellers and ethnic minorities. An estimated 147 million children missed more than half of their in-person instruction over the past two years The world is not on track to achieve gender Commitment and bold action are needed to equality by 2030. Progress in many areas, accelerate progress, including through the including time spent on unpaid care and promotion of laws, policies, budgets and domestic work, decision-making regarding institutions that advance gender equality. Only sexual and reproductive health, and gender- 12% of women in Northern and Western and responsive budgeting, is falling behind. Central and Southern Asia in 2020 occupied a Violence against women remains endemic. management position in their works As the COVID-19 pandemic drags on, it becomes increasingly clear that safely managed drinking water, sanitation and hygiene services are vital to human health. But unless progress picks up speed – dramatically – billions of people will still lack these essential services in 2030. Water is fundamental to many other aspects of sustainable development and is under threat. Demand for water is rising due to rapid population growth, urbanization and increasing pressure from agriculture, industry and the energy sector. Urgent action is needed to shift the current trend. Northern and Western Africa and Central Asia were the most regions affected by the lack of access to clean water and sanitation in 2019. SDG’s CURRENT STATUS AROUND THE WORLD The world continues to advance towards cooking solutions means that the health of 2.4 sustainable energy targets. Nevertheless, the billion people is at risk. Huge disparities in current pace of progress is insufficient to access to modern sustainable energy persist, achieve Goal 7 by 2030. Improvements in leaving the most vulnerable even further behind. energy efficiency, for example, will need to Achieving energy and climate goals will require accelerate to reach the climate goal of continued policy support and a massive reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Hundreds mobilization of public and private capital for of millions of people still lack access to clean and renewable energy, especially in electricity, and slow progress towards clean developing countries. The COVID-19 pandemic precipitated the worst economic crisis in decades and reversed progress towards decent work for all. Although the global economy began to rebound in 2021, bringing some improvement in unemployment, recovery remains elusive and fragile. Developed economies are experiencing a more robust recovery. Many small firms, particularly those in low- and lower-middle-income countries, are especially disadvantaged, with limited capacity to remain viable. The conflict in Ukraine is expected to seriously set back global economic growth in 2022. In 2021, global manufacturing rebounded from the pandemic, although the recovery remains incomplete and uneven. In LDCs, recovery has been sluggish and remains uncertain; almost one in three manufacturing jobs was negatively impacted by the crisis. Women, youth and low- and middle- skilled workers suffered the most losses. Overall, higher technology industries performed better and recovered faster, providing a strong example of how important technological innovation is to achieving Goal 9. Before the COVID-19 crisis, encouraging signs recoveries, widening disparities in income across a number of indicators suggested that between countries. The number of refugees income inequality was narrowing. Now, the worldwide reached the highest absolute number effects of the pandemic appear to be on record in 2021; sadly, that year also saw a reversing any positive trends. The pandemic record number of migrant deaths. Meanwhile, has also intensified structural and systemic the war in Ukraine rages on, forcing even more discrimination. Emerging markets and people from their homes and creating one of the developing economies are experiencing slow largest refugee crises in recent memory. Today, more than half the world’s population live in cities. By 2050, an estimated 7 out of 10 people will likely live in urban areas. However, rapid and poorly planned urbanization leads to many challenges, including a shortage of affordable housing, insufficient infrastructure (such as public transportation and basic services), limited open spaces, unsafe levels of air pollution, and increased climate and disaster risk. The deep inequalities exposed by the COVID-19 pandemic and other cascading crises further highlight the importance of sustainable urban development. Unsustainable patterns of consumption and As the world develops strategies for sustainable production are root causes of the triple recovery from the pandemic, governments and planetary crises of climate change, all citizens should seize the opportunity to work biodiversity loss and pollution. These crises, together to improve resource efficiency, reduce and related environmental degradation, waste and pollution, and shape a new circular threaten human well-being and achievement economy. Only the 4% of the waste are managed of the SDGs. Transforming our relationship by a sustainable Central and Southern Asia and with nature is key to a sustainable future. 0% in Oceania. SDG’s CURRENT STATUS AROUND THE WORLD The world is on the brink of a climate global greenhouse gas emissions will need to peak catastrophe, and the window to avert it is before 2025. In response, countries are articulating closing rapidly. Increased heatwaves, climate action plans to cut emissions and adapt to droughts and floods caused by climate change climate impacts through nationally determined are already affecting billions of people around contributions. However, current national the world and causing potentially irreversible commitments are not sufficient to meet the 1.5 °C changes in global ecosystems. To limit target. Under these commitments, greenhouse gas warming to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels, emissions are projected to increase by almost 14 per as set out in the Paris Agreement, cent over the next decade. Human activity is endangering the planet’s largest ecosystem – its oceans and seas – and affecting the livelihoods of billions of people. Continuing ocean acidification and rising ocean temperatures are threatening marine species and negatively affecting marine ecosystem services. The rapidly growing consumption of fish (an increase of 122 per cent between 1990 and 2018), along with inadequate public policies for managing the sector, have led to depleting fish stocks. Combating the decline in ocean health requires intensified protection efforts and the adoption of solutions for a sustainable blue economy. Healthy ecosystems and the biological are documented to be at risk of extinction over the diversity they support are a source of food, coming decades, 10 million hectares of forest (an water, medicine, shelter and other material area the size of Iceland) are being destroyed each goods. They also provide ecosystem services – year, and more than half of key biodiversity areas the cleaning of air and water, for example – remain unprotected. In an effort to prevent and halt which sustain life and increase resiliency in the degradation of such ecosystems, many the face of mounting pressures. Nevertheless, countries are sustainably managing their forests, human activities have profoundly altered most protecting sites critical to biodiversity, and enacting terrestrial ecosystems: around 40,000 species national conservation legislation and policies Please for global peace are growing louder as the world witnesses the largest number of violent conflicts since 1946, with one quarter of the global population living in conflict-affected countries at the end of 2020. As of May 2022, a record 100 million people had been forcibly displaced worldwide. This staggering number will increase along with the widening repercussions of the war in Ukraine. Ending armed conflicts, strengthening institutions and enacting inclusive and equitable legislation that protects the human rights of all persons are necessary preconditions for sustainable development. Many developing countries are struggling to rising interest rates and looming debt burdens. recover from the pandemic despite a record- With competing priorities and limited fiscal high level of official development assistance space, many are finding it harder than ever to (ODA) and a strong rebound in global foreign recover economically. To build back better from direct investment (FDI) and remittance flows. the pandemic and rescue the SDGs, a full-scale Among other challenges, developing countries transformation of the international financial and are battling record inflation, debt architecture will be required  CONTENT Main topics……..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….2 2. Module II. FORMULATION, CREATION AND STATUS OF THE 17 SDGS…………………………….4 2.1. After 2015: the agenda 2030 and the SDGS are born…?