تفريغ المحاضرة الأولى في علم الأحياء الدقيقة: PDF

Here is the converted text from the image into a structured markdown format: ### Lecture 1 (Microbiology) * **Microbiology:** The science that studies microorganisms and immunology. * **Microorganisms:** Small organisms can't be seen by the naked eye, except by using a microscope. * **Taxono...

Here is the converted text from the image into a structured markdown format: ### Lecture 1 (Microbiology) * **Microbiology:** The science that studies microorganisms and immunology. * **Microorganisms:** Small organisms can't be seen by the naked eye, except by using a microscope. * **Taxonomy:** The science that helps us give names to the microorganisms, in addition to putting them in groups. * **Taxonomic ranks:** The ranks where we group the microrganisms. * species & genus لما أسمي ال microorganisms بأسماء يستخدم غالباً * بحطهم في groups بيكونوا شبه بعض في الخواص وبنفرتهم بحاجات هنعرفها كمان شوية * **Why do we study microbiology?** 1. It causes diseases, so we should study it to know how to treat them. 2. It is important in maintaining the balance of nature. 3. It is involved in many human activities, e.g. (making yoghurt, releasing antibiotics...) 4. They are living organisms can be used in our experiments as we can produce a large number of them --> microorganisms. * What are the microbes that cause infections and diseases? * Bacteria (which are prokaryotic cells). * Viruses (Not a true cell: Genetic material enclosed within a cover). **Topic:** * and cannot do any activity until it invades a living cell and use it to do its activities * Fungi II which are eukaryotic cells * Parasites which we study in parasitology * What are the general properties of microorganisms? 1. Can't be seen by the naked eye, only by microscope. 2. Mostly unicellular 3. Simple structure (compared to plants and animals) 4. Rapid adaptability تتكيف مع الظروف المحيطة بسرعة. 5. High rate of reproduction بتتكاثر بأعداد كثير في فترة قليلة 6. Rapid biochemical activity 7. Have total capacity for self-sufficiency and reproduction * Compare between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. The image also includes a table comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells: | | Prokaryotic cell | Eukaryotic cell | | :----------------- | :---------------------- | :---------------------------------------------------- | | **Example** | -Bacteria | -Fungi | | | -Rickettsia | -Protozoa. | | | -Chlamydia | | | **Cell wall** | -Usually based on peptidoglycan on | -When present, based on cellulose or chitin | | **Cytoplasm** | -No Membrane-bound organelles | -Several membrane-bound organelles e.g. mitochondria, Golgi body,Endoplasmic reticulum and (in plants & algae) chloroplasts. | | **Nucleus** | -Single chromosome (Haploid) | -More than one chromosome (Diploid) | | | -No nucleoli. | -Nucleoli are present. | | | -No nuclear membrane | -Nuclear membrane is present | | **Division** | Simple binary fission (SBF) | Mitosis | | **Ribosome** | Smaller (70S) | Larger (80S) | * مهم أعرف الفرق عشان لما أعوز أقضي على بكتيريا (prokaryotic cell) * دولت جسمي ,أعمل targeting لحاجة بميزة فيها مش موجودة عندي في فلا يا يا * عشان مفرش نفسي (eukaryotic cells) * The bacteria are widely distributed in nature. So they are classified according to their habitat (المكان اللي بتعيش فيه) into: 1. Saprophytic bacteria:(مترممة) * They live on inanimate materials(أجسام ساكنة ) like sol water * They do not cause diseases 2. Man-animal symbiotic bacteriaاللي بتعيش في الانسان والحيوان * Three types: * a) Commensalism: Where one organism benefits from the other and the other is not affected. * زي البكتيريا اللي بتعيش على جلدنا, هي بتتغذي وعيشي بتفرزنا في حاجة لها مفيدة في إنها واحدة مكان بدل ما تيجي بكتيرية مصرة تقعد مكانها * But under some certain conditions commensal bacteria may cause diseases and they are called here: opportunistic or potential pathogens (ممكنني سبب مرضي) * In case of: * الجهاز المناعي ضعيف عن اللازم Low host defense mechanisms * فالبكتيريا بتتهز الفرصة. وتكوين ممرضة * Change in the natural habitat of the organism. * يعني مثلا لومي في العالي موجودة على جدار ال intestine ومش مسببة أي مشاكل هناك, بس يختلف مكانها مثلا تروح ال renal system هتبقى ممرضة * Ex: Changes( tissueاللي عايشة عليهtissue) alternation in host * Bacteria * مثلا بكتيريا عاليشيه على الجلد الهادي أمتى عامل ايه, أما يحصل جرح في الجلد تسبب مشكلة * في بكتيري يا موجود في الصومال الشخص الطبيعي مش عامل لها مشكلة, حتى لو دخلت الدمومات القب تليفون سموه يا معيدي في الليل * لو أحمد. * Mutualism: Both organisms benefit from each other e.g. The bacteria living in our GIT take nutrition from us and release vitamins to us --> (they are metabolic products) * Parasitism: One organism benefits from the other and causes harm to it. * Not all bacteria are harmful * Some can be useful or not affecting زي بكتريا هستخدمها أنتي يوتوب أول استخدامية و صنع الزبادي * The bacteria are different in shape morphology *Size * Measure D by Macron's Shape- * Cox spherical o, bacillus - vibe your career comma shaped * Spico key spiral 11 - standing normally the bacteria are transparent, When staying with Graham stain they apper *Vile color five ground *read caller ground Capsule, President or Not *spool: Present or note في الظروف الغير مناسبة البكتيريا بتعوضها مهما كانت فيها داخل حلملة ولما تقول موجود يعلي البكتيريا أسهل عشان تقدر تقاوم الظروف صعبة *Motility الحرية * Arrangement * Classification of bacteria 1. True bacteria: * Cocci * Bacilli 2. Filamentous bacteria: streptomyces 3. Mycoplasma:( We say that nearly all bacteria have cell walls but mycoplasma natural. exceptions of a sentence of cell well. 4. - Spirochetes: smillar to bacteria has some differences 5. - Rickelisiae and chalamudiae: simillar to true bacteria but Share characters with viruses ( genetic material of bacteria but behaviors of viruses Prokaryotic cell structures Generally all bacteria have:- Cell wall - Cytoplasmic membrane:- Ribosomes -Nucleoid Some bacteria may have accessory nonessential structure It' 1 absence doesnt affect * Capsule * Fagella organ af matility Cell wall: and outer most comparsent of hawtiria . Hate I.F captive he igerin, my culla ainde captive fuquedch It is multo leveled compost of layer of peptiology. An which gives Rigidity. Campari between cell world of groom. The image include a diagram of gram negative vs gram positive bacterial cell walls: The key distinctions are: * Gram-negative: Thin peptidoglycan layer, outer membrane present, Teichoic acid absent, Periplasmic space present. * Gram positive: Thick Perptidoglycan layer,outer membrane absent,Teichoic acid present,Periplasmic space absent Funcation of Calwall: It maintains the shade of the bacteria: Protection of Bacteria, Cell againist high osmotic pressure and outer Surroundings. It is antigenix help in identification and stimulate the production of protextile. Antibodies a.D tewchoid Acid in ground, tive Bacteria is mature surface antiges polusaccharides o antigens in lippoties - bacteria is also Major surface antigen * Since pentilogrican is present in bacteria but not in human cells It is good target for antibacterial drugs such as the persilins And Cephalosporins , Lipid. * * I love us a is responsible for staining properties of bacteria * Abnormalities of cell wall * protoplast removal of cell wall cannot revert to normal more comments * So that cell wall. * bacterium with division tell what Mycoplasma: Naturale bacteria with deficient cell wall. Cell membrane- Functions of cell membrane 1- Selective permeability to different molecules. 2- Altive transport of ions and nutrients to achieve Osmetic balance and all of nutrints 3- I'1 also suppliers the cell with energy. 4- and it has receptors and other proteins . In the I 2 of one *Mycoplasma is the same when can you use Somer is the bacteria with definition what Somer in the back. * Glycocalyx Thin code composed of poly saccharide. Functions: adhesion and colonization *Flagella the origin or motility that is designed when has bodies arise basal There will be no date. in the area 33 bacteria is what I was in 0520. The end