Bio Notes - General Information PDF
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These are notes on general biological information including cell theory and the work of Robert Hooke. The document covers cells, their structures, and the basic functions involved.
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â€Bio‬â€notes‬ ----------------------------------------------------------------------‬ †General‬††information‬ Cell‬††theory‬ †‬†All‬†living‬†beings‬†are‬†made‬â€...
â€Bio‬â€notes‬ ----------------------------------------------------------------------‬ †General‬††information‬ Cell‬††theory‬ †‬†All‬†living‬†beings‬†are‬†made‬†up‬†of‬†one‬†or‬†more‬†cells‬ ‬††Cells‬†are‬†the‬†building‬†blocks‬†of‬†life‬ ‬††Every‬†cell‬†comes‬†from‬†another‬†cell‬†(cell‬†reproduction)‬ ‬††There‬†are‬†different‬†cells‬†with‬†different‬†functions‬ ‬††The‬†cell‬†contains‬†the‬†information‬†(DNA)‬†necessary‬†for‬†its‬ functioning‬††and‬†reproduction‬ Robert‬††Hooke‬†and‬†his‬†relation‬†to‬†cells‬ ‬††Robert‬†Hooke‬†carried‬†out‬†experiments‬†using‬†microscopes‬†he‬†had‬ built.‬††It‬†is‬†because‬†of‬†Hooke's‬†descriptions‬†that‬†we‬†use‬†the‬†word‬ cell‬††today‬ ‬††The‬†word‬†cell‬†comes‬†from‬†the‬†Latin‬†word‬†cellulae‬†which‬†means‬ small‬††rooms‬ ‬††The‬†cell‬†is‬†the‬†basic‬†structural‬†and‬†functional‬†unit‬†of‬†all‬ living‬††things‬ Cells‬††of‬†animals‬†and‬†plants‬ ‬††Plant‬†and‬†animal‬†cells‬†are‬†composed‬†of‬†a‬†number‬†of‬†small‬ structures.‬††The‬†small‬†structures‬†are‬†called‬†Organites‬†(organelles‬ in‬††english)‬ ‬††Organelles‬†have‬†individual‬†functions‬†but‬†they‬†cooperate‬†to‬ contribute‬††to‬†the‬†cell's‬†vital‬†processes‬ ‬††Some‬†of‬†these‬†structures‬†may‬†look‬†slightly‬†different‬†(e.g.,‬ vacuole‬††size‬†may‬†vary)‬†depending‬†on‬†the‬†cell‬ Parts‬††of‬†a‬†cell‬ Cell‬††membranes‬ â€raps‬†W the‬†contents‬†of‬†the‬†cell.‬†The‬†cell‬†membrane‬†acts‬†as‬†a‬ gatekeeper,‬††controlling‬†the‬†passage‬†of‬†materials,‬†such‬†as‬†nutrients‬ and‬††wastes,‬†into‬†and‬†out‬†of‬†the‬†cell.‬†(eg:‬†walls‬†of‬†a‬†house)‬ Cytoplasm‬ †â€onstitutes‬†C the‬†majority‬†of‬†the‬†volume‬†of‬†the‬†cell‬†volume.‬†The‬ organelles‬††are‬†suspended‬†in‬†the‬†cytoplasm‬†and‬†the‬†materials‬†circulate‬ through‬††it‬†(similar‬†to‬†jello)‬ Nucleus‬ †â€ontrol‬†C center‬†of‬†the‬†cell.‬†The‬†nucleus‬†stores‬†the‬†genetic‬†information‬ that‬††regulates‬†all‬†functions‬†of‬†a‬†cell‬ Vacuole‬ †â€sed‬†U as‬†reservoirs.‬†Water‬†and‬†nutrients,‬†such‬†as‬†sugar‬†are‬†stored‬†in‬ the‬††vacuole.‬†Vacuoles‬†are‬†also‬†used‬†to‬†store‬†waste‬†which‬†is‬†then‬ eliminated‬††with‬†excess‬†water.‬ Endoplasmic‬††Reticulum‬ â€orms‬†F a‬†network‬†of‬†channels.‬†It‬†is‬†not‬†these‬†channels‬†that‬†substances‬ reach‬††the‬†parts‬†of‬†the‬†cell‬†or‬†leave‬†the‬†cell‬†(similar‬†to‬†roads)‬ The‬††Mitochondria‬ â€reak‬†B down‬†nutrients‬†to‬†provide‬†energy‬†to‬†the‬†cell‬†through‬†chemical‬ reactions‬ †Cells‬††only‬†found‬†in‬†plants‬ The‬††cell‬†wall‬ â€tructure‬†S that‬†envelops‬†plant‬†cells‬†and‬†provides‬†them‬†with‬†support‬†and‬ protection‬††(similar‬†to‬†the‬†fence‬†of‬†a‬†house)‬ Chloroplasts‬ †â€reen‬†G organelles‬†found‬†only‬†in‬†plant‬†cells.‬†It‬†is‬†in‬†the‬†chloroplasts‬ that‬††photosynthesis‬†takes‬†place.‬ Miscellaneous‬ †Analogies‬††for‬†every‬†part‬†of‬†the‬†cell‬ â€â€¬ †Nucleus‬†-‬†The‬†brain‬ â€â€¬ †Mitochondria‬†-‬†The‬†furnace‬ â€â€¬ †Cytoplasm‬†-‬†Interior‬†of‬†a‬†house‬ â€â€¬ †Cell‬†membrane‬†-‬†Doors‬†and‬†windows‬†of‬†a‬†house‬ â€â€¬ †Vacuole‬†-‬†The‬†warehouse‬ â€â€¬ †The‬†cell‬†wall‬†-‬†The‬†fence‬†around‬†the‬†house‬ â€â€¬ †The‬†chloroplast‬†-‬†The‬†kitchen‬
