Test Bank 1 PDF

Exam \#1 Test Bank ================== True/False (Circle the correct answer) -------------------------------------- ### Questions Pertaining to the Notes 1\. True / False The term philosophy literally means "love of brother." 2\. True / False Philosophy can be defined as "the study of fundamenta...

Exam \#1 Test Bank ================== True/False (Circle the correct answer) -------------------------------------- ### Questions Pertaining to the Notes 1\. True / False The term philosophy literally means "love of brother." 2\. True / False Philosophy can be defined as "the study of fundamental issues." 3\. True / False The Socratic Method is one of dialogue and questioning. 4\. True / False Aristotle was the first to claim that "the unexamined life is not worth living." 5\. True / False "Ontology" is a term sometimes used interchangeably with epistemology. 6\. True / False Metaphysics is the study of knowledge. 7\. True / False Axiology is the study of value. 8\. True / False Oftentimes a metaphysical issue will have consequences for issues in epistemology. 9\. True / False Plato, Aquinas, and Descartes were all speculative philosophers. 10\. True / False Analytic philosophers assert that most philosophical problems/issues are linguistic in nature. 11\. True / False Ancient philosophers would include thinkers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. 12\. True / False Modern philosophers are also known as contemporary philosophers. 13\. True / False Plato was the founder of logic. 14\. True / False The Law of the Excluded Middle claims that "a thing cannot both be and not be at the same time and from the same perspective." 15\. True / False The command "shut the door" is a proposition. 16\. True / False \"The sun is made of ice\" is a proposition. 17\. True / False A tautology may or may not be true. 18\. True / False A self-contradictory proposition is necessarily false. 19\. True / False An argument is any statement that can be either true or false. 20\. True / False The link between the premises and conclusion is inference or entailment. 21\. True / False The three elements in an argument are deductive, inductive, and abductive. 22\. True / False Some valid arguments are composed entirely of false propositions. 23\. True / False All sound arguments are valid. 24\. True / False Sometimes sound arguments have false conclusions. 25\. True / False Inductive arguments typically progress from universal to particular propositions. 26\. True / False Cogent arguments always have true conclusions. 27\. True / False Some strong arguments are uncogent. 28\. True / False Abductive arguments are also known as complex inductive arguments. 29\. True / False An abductive argument has a necessary conclusion if it is properly constructed and composed of true premises. 30\. True / False Detectives, doctors, and meteorologists all reason abductively. 31\. True / False An informal fallacy is a mistake in reasoning due to the form of an argument. 32\. True / False Self-contradictory propositions are irrational because they are contrary to reason itself. 33\. True / False That which is rational can either form to general experience or reason itself. 34\. True / False The non-rational is best described as that which is different from reason (and possibly superior to reason). 35\. True / False The non-rational is contrary to reason. ### Questions Pertaining to the Primary Source Material 36\. True / False In his apology, Socrates declared himself an atheist. 37\. True / False Socrates declared that it was his goal to persuade everyone that their primary concern should be with the improvement of their soul. 38\. True / False At one point in his life, Socrates was a senator. 39\. True / False Socrates stated that he had no children other than the citizens of Athens. 40\. True / False Socrates claimed to be led by an inner divine voice, sign, or oracle. 41\. True / False According to Socrates, the greatest evil is death. 42\. True / False According to Aristotle, it is possible to give a demonstration for everything. 43\. True / False According to Aristotle, one can demonstrate negatively that it is impossible for a thing to both be and not be. 44\. True / False According to Russell, non-human animals are incapable of forming expectations based on past experiences. 45\. True / False According to Russell, if two things are often found together and are never apart this proves that they will be found together in the next examined case. 46\. True / False According to Russell, the inductive principle is incapable of being proved by appealing to experience. 47\. True / False According to Russell, if one used experience to prove the inductive principle one would be begging the question. 48\. True / False According to Russell, experience can neither confirm nor confute the inductive principle. Multiple Choice --------------- (Give the response that BEST answers the question) ### Questions Pertaining to the Notes 1\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ "The beard does not the philosopher make" implies (A) women cannot be philosophers (except possibly those in circus freak shows), (B) philosophers are not determined by looks, credentials, or education---all are philosophers to some degree, (C) philosophy is often irrelevant or trivial, (D) none of the above. 2\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ Metaphysics (A) is the study of knowledge, (B) has ethics, aesthetics, and social/political philosophy as subfields, (C) is the study of right reasoning, (D) none of the above. 3\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ Discussions of God's existence and nature would belong primarily to which standard branch of philosophy? (A) Metaphysics, (B) Axiology, (C) Epistemology, (D) None of the above. 4\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ Metaphysics discusses the existence and nature of (A) God, (B) the universe, (C) humanity, (D) all of the above. 5\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ Epistemology (A) is the study of beauty and art, (B) is the study of reality, (C) is the study of knowledge, (D) none of the above. 6\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ Aesthetics belongs to which standard branch of philosophy? (A) Metaphysics, (B) Axiology, (C) Epistemology, (D) None of the above. 7\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ Which of the following is not a subfield of axiology? (A) Ethics, (B) Second-order studies, (C) Aesthetics, (D) All of the above. 8\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ The four standard branches of philosophy are (A) metaphysics, ontology, epistemology, and axiology, (B) metaphysics, ontology, epistemology, and ethics, (C) metaphysics, epistemology, axiology, and ethics, (D) none of the above. 9\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ Second-order studies (A) are studies about studies, (B) involve meta questions, (C) would include examples like "philosophy of science," (D) all of the above. 10\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ The modern period in philosophy (A) is also known as the classical period, (B) runs from the 19th century to the present, (C) dealt largely with issues in epistemology, (D) all of the above. 11\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ Which historical period is distinguished by emphasizing issues in epistemology? (A) Ancient, (B) Classical, (C) Medieval, (D) None of the above. 12\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ Which of the following is not one of the Three Laws of Thought? (A) Law of Non-Contradiction, (B) Law of Identity, (C) Law of Equivocation, (D) None of the above. 13\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ The claim "This is a four-sided triangle" is (A) a tautology, (B) a contingent proposition, (C) necessarily true, (D) none of the above. 14\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ Deductive arguments (A) are made up of premises, a conclusion, and inference, (B) are either valid or invalid, (C) often begin with universal claims and conclude with a specific claim, (D) all of the above. 15\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ The conclusion of a sound argument is (A) necessary, (B) impossible, (C) contingent, (D) none of the above. 16\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ A valid argument (A) always has a true conclusion, (B) is true, (C) always has at least one true premise, (D) none of the above. 17\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ Inductive arguments (A) generally move from universal to particular claims, (B) have necessary conclusions, (C) are often used by scientists, (D) none of the above. 18\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ Cogent arguments (A) are all strong arguments, (B) are associated with inductive reasoning, (C) have true premises, (D) all of the above. 19\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ Fallacies that incorrectly assesses the strength of the evidence are fallacies of (A) generalization, (B) causation, (C) relevance, (D) none of the above. 20\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ "I spoke with three people in Chattanooga and they all owned Hondas, everyone in Chattanooga must own Hondas" commits which fallacy? (A) Slippery slope, (B) Begging the question, (C) Hasty induction, (D) None of the above. 21\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ What fallacy is committed if one draws a conclusion before it's warranted by the evidence? (A) Red herring, (B) Straw man, (C) Oversimplified cause, (D) None of the above. 22\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ What fallacy is committed if the meaning of a term or phrase changes in the course of an argument? (A) Equivocation, (B) Amphiboly, (C) Misplaced accent, (D) None of the above. 23\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ Misconstruing the importance of a term or phrase is the (A) appeal to tradition, (B) slippery slope fallacy, (C) misplaced accent fallacy, (D) none of the above. 24\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ Ascribing characteristics of the parts to the whole they make up is the (A) fallacy of division, (B) red herring fallacy, (C) hasty induction fallacy, (D) none of the above. 25\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ "Every player on the football team is good, therefore the team as a whole is good" commits which fallacy? (A) False cause, (B) Composition, (C) Straw man, (D) No fallacy. 26\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ "Every straw in the haystack is light, therefore the haystack is light" commits which fallacy? (A) Gambler's fallacy, (B) Poisoning the well, (C) Genetic fallacy, (D) None of the above. 27\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ "Clinton is a loser with pasty white thighs---don't believe anything he says!" commits which fallacy? (A) Tu quoque, (B) Ad hominem abusive, (C) Ad hominem circumstantial, (D) None of the above. 28\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ What fallacy is committed if one attacks the supposed hypocrisy of one's opponent rather than their position? (A) Amphiboly, (B) Tu quoque, (C) Equivocation, (D) No fallacy. 29\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ "Uncle Jimmy says that I should quit drinking beer because it's not good for me but he drinks beer all the time!" commits which fallacy? (A) Straw man, (B) Appeal to force, (C) Faulty analogy, (D) None of the above. 30\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ "Since there is no evidence against God's existence He must exist" commits which fallacy? (A) Appeal to tradition, (B) Appeal to ignorance, (C) False dilemma, (D) No fallacy. 31\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ "Euthanasia is moral because the majority of Americans support it" commits which fallacy? (A) Equivocation, (B) Appeal to tradition, (C) Appeal to the crowd, (D) No fallacy. 32\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ "I'm using this Lean Mean Fat Grilling Machine because George Foreman says it's the best there is" commits which fallacy? (A) Appeal to tradition, (B) Appeal to unqualified authority, (C) Appeal to ignorance, (D) None of the above. 33\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ "Since the majority of Americans believe in aliens they must exist" commits which fallacy? (A) Faulty analogy, (B) Appeal to force, (C) Appeal to tradition, (D) None of the above. 34\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ "Homosexuality is immoral because it's always been considered immoral" commits which fallacy? (A) Appeal to force, (B) Stacking the deck, (C) Appeal to tradition, (D) No fallacy. 35\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ Fallacies that unfairly favor one's own position belong to which category of fallacies? (A) Relevance, (B) Ambiguity, (C) Causation, (D) None of the above. 36\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ What fallacy is committed if one assumes the conclusion that is to be proven? (A) Complex question, (B) Oversimplified cause, (C) Slippery slope, (D) None of the above. 37\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ "Either you side with the Republicans or you side with the Democrats" commits which fallacy? (A) Red herring, (B) False dilemma, (C) Appeal to pity, (D) No fallacy. 38\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ "You'll either receive an 'A' or a 'B' in this course" commits which fallacy? (A) Appeal to ignorance, (B) Appeal to force, (C) False dilemma, (D) None of the above. 39\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ What fallacy is committed if one places one's opponent in a position where the opponent cannot reply? (A) Poisoning the well, (B) Straw man, (C) Appeal to force, (D) None of the above. 40\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ "Are you still cheating off of your neighbor's exam?" commits which fallacy? (A) Faulty analogy, (B) Slippery slope, (C) Complex question, (D) None of the above. 41\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ "Every time I wear this red cap before playing a home game we win---I'm going to keep wearing it so we won't lose" commits which causal fallacy? (A) Post hoc ergo propter hoc, (B) Gambler's fallacy, (C) Oversimplified cause, (D) None of the above. 42\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ What fallacy is committed when one incorrectly concludes that something is the sole cause of an effect when in reality it is a collection of causes? (A) Gambler's fallacy, (B) Non causa pro causa, (C) Slippery slope, (D) None of the above. 43\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ "We should not legalize marijuana because if we do we'll have to legalize all drugs" commits which fallacy? (A) Hasty induction, (B) Appeal to pity, (C) Slippery slope, (D) No fallacy. 44\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ "My wife has had nine girls in a row---the next one has to be a boy!" commits which fallacy? (A) Red herring, (B) Straw man, (C) Appeal to unqualified authority, (D) None of the above. 45\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ "A bachelor is an unmarried male" is (A) an irrational claim, (B) a nonrational claim, (C) an uncertain claim, (D) none of the above. 46\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ A proposition which runs contrary to either reason itself or general experience is (A) irrational, (B) rational, (C) nonrational, (D) none of the above. ### Questions Pertaining to the Primary Source Material 47\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ How old was Socrates when he was tried for corrupting the youth and denying the gods? (A) 40, (B) 50, (C) 60, (D) over 70. 48\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ Among which group did Socrates search and not find wisdom? (A) Politicians, (B) Poets, (C) Artisans, (D) All of the above. 49\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ Who was Socrates' specific accuser at this trial? (A) Meletus, (B) Plato, (C) Alcibiades, (D) None of the above. 50\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ Socrates' final request was that his friend punish (A) his accusers, (B) the politicians, (C) the Sophists, (D) none of the above. 51\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ According to Russell, expectations that the future will resemble the past are (A) probable, (B) necessary, (C) impossible, (D) none of the above. 52\. \_\_\_\_\_\_ According to Russell, which of the following is completely dependent upon the inductive principle? (A) The belief that every event must have a cause, (B) The general principles of science, (C) The beliefs of daily life, (D) All of the above.