Test Bank - Chapter 6 Quiz 2 PDF

**Observational Learning and Mirror Neurons** 31. In observational learning, what role does **motivation** play? - A\) It ensures the observer remembers the behavior. - B\) It allows the observer to replicate the observed behavior accurately. - C\) It drives the observer to pra...

**Observational Learning and Mirror Neurons** 31. In observational learning, what role does **motivation** play? - A\) It ensures the observer remembers the behavior. - B\) It allows the observer to replicate the observed behavior accurately. - C\) It drives the observer to practice the behavior after observing it. - D\) It suppresses undesired behaviors learned through observation. - **Correct Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Motivation is essential for practicing and applying learned behaviors, increasing the likelihood of successful imitation. 32. According to Bandura, which of the following is an example of **observational reinforcement**? - A\) A child watches their sibling be praised for cleaning and decides to clean as well. - B\) A student studies harder after receiving a high grade on an exam. - C\) A dog learns to sit when it receives a treat for doing so. - D\) A teenager avoids skipping class after being punished for doing so. - **Correct Answer:** A\ **Explanation:** Observational reinforcement occurs when an individual learns by watching others receive rewards, motivating them to replicate the behavior. 33. Mirror neurons are primarily associated with which of the following processes? - A\) Enhancing conditioned responses. - B\) Facilitating imitation and understanding intentions. - C\) Reinforcing dopamine release after rewards. - D\) Strengthening synaptic connections in memory networks. - **Correct Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Mirror neurons fire both when performing and observing actions, aiding in imitation, social learning, and understanding others\' intentions. **Superstition, Punishment, and Media Influence** 34. Which of the following examples reflects **confirmation bias** in superstition? - A\) A person notices their lucky charm only when they win, ignoring losses while wearing it. - B\) A student studies for an exam and attributes their success solely to luck. - C\) A basketball player refuses to change their pre-game ritual, despite inconsistent performance. - D\) A gambler continues betting on a slot machine, hoping for a win. - **Correct Answer:** A\ **Explanation:** Confirmation bias involves focusing on information that supports preexisting beliefs, such as noticing wins when wearing a lucky charm and disregarding losses. 35. Which of the following principles makes punishment more effective? - A\) Using a punishment that is mild and inconsistent. - B\) Delaying punishment to allow time for reflection. - C\) Clearly showing the individual alternative ways to obtain reinforcement. - D\) Combining punishment with partial reinforcement. - **Correct Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Punishment is most effective when paired with clear guidance on appropriate behaviors, reducing confusion and negative side effects. 36. A child who regularly watches violent TV shows exhibits increased aggression on the playground. This is most likely due to: - A\) Latent learning. - B\) Observational learning. - C\) Generalization. - D\) Spontaneous recovery. - **Correct Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Observational learning involves acquiring behaviors by watching others, as with a child modeling aggression seen on TV. **Classical Conditioning** 37. **Preparedness:** Which of the following best illustrates preparedness in classical conditioning? - A\) A dog learns to salivate to the sound of a bell after repeated pairings with food. - B\) A rat learns to avoid a specific taste after becoming ill from eating it once. - C\) A child learns to fear dogs after being bitten. - D\) A pigeon learns to peck a key for food. - **Correct Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Preparedness involves a biological predisposition to rapidly learn associations that have survival value, such as avoiding harmful tastes. 38. **Conditioned Taste Aversion:** A person develops nausea after eating spoiled seafood and avoids eating any seafood in the future. What concept does this demonstrate? - A\) Latent inhibition. - B\) Generalization. - C\) Conditioned taste aversion. - D\) Spontaneous recovery. - **Correct Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Conditioned taste aversion occurs when a single negative experience with a taste leads to avoidance of that taste in the future. **Operant Conditioning** 39. **Chaining:** Which of the following demonstrates chaining? - A\) Teaching a dog to sit by rewarding small approximations toward sitting. - B\) A factory worker assembling parts of a product in a specific order to complete it. - C\) A child learning to avoid loud noises by covering their ears. - D\) A student studying harder after receiving praise for good grades. - **Correct Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Chaining involves linking shaped behaviors into a sequence, as in assembling parts of a product. 40. **Reward Devaluation:** A rat presses two levers for food, but stops pressing one after its associated food becomes less appealing. What principle does this illustrate? - A\) Extinction. - B\) Reward devaluation. - C\) Shaping. - D\) Variable interval reinforcement. - **Correct Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Reward devaluation occurs when a reward loses its appeal, decreasing the behavior associated with it. 41. **ABA Application:** Applied behavior analysis (ABA) is most effectively used to: - A\) Teach children with autism new skills through reinforcement techniques. - B\) Discourage unwanted behavior through consistent punishment. - C\) Train animals in operant chambers using schedules of reinforcement. - D\) Explain cultural differences in learned behaviors. - **Correct Answer:** A\ **Explanation:** ABA applies reinforcement principles to teach skills, often helping individuals with developmental conditions like autism. **Cognitive and Observational Learning** 42. **Cognitive Maps:** What does Tolman's concept of a cognitive map suggest about learning? - A\) Reinforcement is necessary for acquiring knowledge. - B\) Knowledge can be acquired without reinforcement and later demonstrated. - C\) Learning occurs through observation of others. - D\) Conditioning requires an immediate response to stimuli. - **Correct Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Cognitive maps illustrate that organisms can form mental representations of environments without direct reinforcement. 43. **Media Influence:** A study finds that children who watch violent movies are more likely to display aggression on the playground. What principle does this demonstrate? - A\) Classical conditioning. - B\) Observational learning. - C\) Positive reinforcement. - D\) Partial reinforcement effect. - **Correct Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Observational learning involves acquiring behaviors by watching others, such as imitating aggression seen in media. 44. In classical conditioning, which of the following represents a **conditioned emotional response**? - A\) A dog salivates to the sound of a metronome. - B\) A rat freezes when it hears a loud tone. - C\) A person enjoys a certain smell because it reminds them of childhood. - D\) A child develops a fear of white rats after associating them with a loud noise. - **Correct Answer:** D\ **Explanation:** A conditioned emotional response occurs when an emotional reaction, such as fear, is triggered by a previously neutral stimulus due to conditioning. 45. **Latent inhibition** would best explain which of the following scenarios? - A\) A person quickly learns to avoid a food that made them ill. - B\) A dog salivates to a previously neutral tone after repeated pairings with food. - C\) A student becomes anxious upon seeing their exam results. - D\) A familiar stimulus, like a frequently heard sound, takes longer to become a conditioned stimulus. - **Correct Answer:** D\ **Explanation:** Latent inhibition describes how familiar stimuli are less likely to be associated with a conditioned response compared to novel stimuli. **Operant Conditioning** 46. A pigeon receives food for pecking a button but only when a green light is on. Over time, the pigeon stops pecking when the light is off. This scenario demonstrates: - A\) Generalization. - B\) Shaping. - C\) Positive punishment. - D\) Discrimination. - **Correct Answer:** D\ **Explanation:** Discrimination occurs when an organism learns to respond only to specific stimuli that signal reinforcement availability, such as the green light in this scenario. 47. Which of the following is an example of **negative punishment**? - A\) A student receives detention for skipping class. - B\) A pet owner sprays a dog with water to stop barking. - C\) A child gets scolded for interrupting during dinner. - D\) A teenager loses their car privileges for missing curfew. - **Correct Answer:** D\ **Explanation:** Negative punishment involves removing a desirable stimulus, like car privileges, to reduce undesirable behavior. 48. A rat is trained to press a lever to receive food. The rat is then required to press the lever twice, then four times, then six times for food. This training reflects: - A\) Fixed Ratio. - B\) Variable Interval. - C\) Fixed Interval. - D\) Variable Ratio. - **Correct Answer:** D\ **Explanation:** A variable ratio schedule reinforces behavior after an unpredictable number of responses, encouraging persistence. **Observational Learning and Cognitive Processes** 49. In **Bandura's model of observational learning**, which step involves physically copying the observed behavior? - A\) Attention. - B\) Motivation. - C\) Memory. - D\) Reproduction. - **Correct Answer:** D\ **Explanation:** Reproduction is the stage where an individual translates observed behavior into actual performance. 50. A child observes their sibling avoid eating broccoli after being scolded by their parent. The child then avoids eating broccoli themselves. What type of learning is this? - A\) Classical conditioning. - B\) Operant conditioning. - C\) Latent learning. - D\) Observational learning. - **Correct Answer:** D\ **Explanation:** Observational learning occurs when behavior is influenced by watching the consequences experienced by others. 51. **Generalization vs. Discrimination:** A child who fears all large dogs after being bitten but is comfortable around small dogs demonstrates: - A\) Stimulus generalization. - B\) Extinction. - C\) Spontaneous recovery. - D\) Stimulus discrimination. - **Correct Answer:** D\ **Explanation:** Stimulus discrimination occurs when an organism responds differently to similar stimuli, as the child distinguishes between large and small dogs. 52. **Conditioned Emotional Responses:** A person who develops a phobia of flying after a turbulent flight is experiencing which type of response? - A\) Spontaneous recovery. - B\) Generalization. - C\) Conditioned emotional response. - D\) Conditioned taste aversion. - **Correct Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** A conditioned emotional response occurs when an emotional reaction, such as fear, is triggered by a conditioned stimulus (flying). 53. **Latent Inhibition:** A dog hears a tone repeatedly with no consequence and later takes longer to associate the tone with food. This delay in learning illustrates: - A\) Conditioned inhibition. - B\) Latent inhibition. - C\) Stimulus discrimination. - D\) Spontaneous recovery. - **Correct Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Latent inhibition occurs when familiarity with a stimulus reduces the speed of learning an association with it. **Operant Conditioning** 54. **Schedules of Reinforcement:** Which schedule produces a **scalloped pattern** of responses, with activity increasing as reinforcement nears? - A\) Fixed Interval. - B\) Variable Ratio. - C\) Fixed Ratio. - D\) Variable Interval. - **Correct Answer:** A\ **Explanation:** Fixed interval schedules result in a scalloped response pattern because reinforcement is based on time intervals. 55. **Escape vs. Avoidance Learning:** Which of the following is an example of **avoidance learning**? - A\) A student runs out of the rain to avoid getting wet. - B\) A rat presses a lever to stop an ongoing shock. - C\) A worker completes tasks early to avoid nagging from a supervisor. - D\) A cat meows loudly until fed. - **Correct Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Avoidance learning occurs when behavior prevents an aversive stimulus, as in completing tasks to avoid nagging. 56. **Reward Devaluation:** A child works hard for gold stars but loses interest when their teacher starts giving stickers instead. This reflects: - A\) Extinction. - B\) Positive punishment. - C\) Generalization. - D\) Reward devaluation. - **Correct Answer:** D\ **Explanation:** Reward devaluation occurs when a previously valued reward loses its appeal, decreasing motivation to perform the behavior. **Cognitive and Observational Learning** 57. **Bandura's Observational Learning Processes:** A child watches a teacher demonstrate tying shoelaces but cannot replicate it due to lack of dexterity. Which process is missing? - A\) Attention. - B\) Motivation. - C\) Memory. - D\) Reproduction. - **Correct Answer:** D\ **Explanation:** Reproduction refers to the ability to physically replicate an observed behavior, which is critical for observational learning. 58. **Cognitive Maps:** A rat learns the layout of a maze but demonstrates this knowledge only when rewarded with food. This scenario best illustrates: - A\) Operant conditioning. - B\) Observational learning. - C\) Cognitive mapping. - D\) Latent learning. - **Correct Answer:** D\ **Explanation:** Latent learning occurs when knowledge is acquired without reinforcement and expressed later when needed. 59. **Mirror Neurons:** Which of the following supports the role of mirror neurons in observational learning? - A\) Rats learning a maze through trial and error. - B\) Children imitating facial expressions after observing their parents. - C\) Students improving behavior after receiving praise. - D\) Pigeons generalizing a response to similar stimuli. - **Correct Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Mirror neurons are activated during both performance and observation of actions, facilitating imitation. 60. In a study on reinforcement schedules, a rat is trained to press a lever on a variable ratio schedule. What behavior is the researcher likely to observe? - A\) The rat stops pressing after reinforcement is delayed. - B\) The rat presses the lever steadily and persistently. - C\) The rat presses the lever only when it sees food nearby. - D\) The rat presses more as reinforcement intervals become predictable. - **Correct Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Variable ratio schedules produce high, consistent response rates because reinforcement is unpredictable. **Additional Behavior Prediction Question** 61. A teenager observes their sibling being praised for completing chores and starts doing the same. What likely motivated the teenager to adopt this behavior? - A\) Generalization of positive reinforcement. - B\) Partial reinforcement effect. - C\) Observational punishment. - D\) Observational reinforcement. - **Correct Answer:** D\ **Explanation:** Observational reinforcement occurs when an individual replicates behavior after seeing another person rewarded for it.