Test 5 wldc PDF

In the Middle Ages, religion controlled life, people followed authority instead of thinking for themselves, and the feudal system limited freedom so real exploration only started when these old ways began to change. Land (Fief) The social system of the Middle Ages was feudalism....

In the Middle Ages, religion controlled life, people followed authority instead of thinking for themselves, and the feudal system limited freedom so real exploration only started when these old ways began to change. Land (Fief) The social system of the Middle Ages was feudalism. Gutenberg’s Printing Press (1455) Prince Henry of Portugal helped conquer a city in North Africa called Ceuta feitorias—these were trading posts protected by soldiers where they could trade things like gold, ivory, and slaves directly with African people. 1487, a sailor named Bartolomeu Dias reached the southern tip of Africa (now called the Cape of Good Hope) 1498, another Portuguese explorer, Vasco da Gama, became the first European to reach India by sailing around Africa. Name of the 3 ships the pinta, the niña, and the santa maria. Syncretism = mixing different religions and beliefs. Hybridity = blending different cultural traditions. Guanahani – the island where they arrived first. = San Salvador. October 12, 1492 – the day of the landing in America. Granada – 1492 Isabella the Catholic defeats the Emir of Granada and conquers the city. HISPANIOLA = LA ESPANOLA LATIN AMERICA – ALL THE COUNTRIES IN AMERICA SPEAKING LANGUAGES DERIVED FROM LATIN (SPANISH, FRENCH, PORTUGUESE) SPANISH AMERICA – SPANISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIES IN THE AMERICAS A new rich trading class called the bourgeoisie challenged the old feudal system, After the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, the traditional land routes to Asia were controlled by Arab and Turkish middlemen, it became too costly Before renissance they were borrowed instead from the Middle East or from China (normally through the Middle East). During the Renaissance, Europe made big advances in science, printing, and sailing, helping strong new countries explore the world to find better trade routes to Asia. Before 1492, Europe was not the center of the world, and to avoid expensive middlemen, Europeans risked sailing around Africa to reach Asia, even though many thought the Equator was deadly. Christopher Columbus was born in Genoa, a city by the sea in northern Italy. His dad made cloth, but Columbus loved the ocean and started sailing when he was very young. At age 25, in 1476, his ship sank, and he swam 8 km to get to Portugal. After that, he stayed in Portugal for 9 years, got married to Filipa, and had a son named Diego. His wife's father was a skilled sailor and had a library full of books about the sea. Columbus read many of them and came up with a bold idea: sailing west to reach Asia. Nobody had tried this before. He wrote to an expert named Paolo Toscanelli, asking if the idea made sense. Toscanelli said yes and even gave Columbus an estimate of the distance After the King of Portugal said no to his idea, Columbus went to Spain to ask for support. He left Portugal in 1485 and met Queen Isabella in 1486. She liked him and his plan but didn’t say yes right away. Columbus had to wait six years to get a final answer because of three big reasons: The Queen’s scientists thought Columbus’ plan was unrealistic, and they were right— he was underestimating the distance. The Spanish kings were busy fighting a war against the Arabs in Granada and didn’t want to spend money on anything else. Columbus wanted a lot—10% of all future trade from the lands he found, plus he wanted to build feitorias like the Portuguese did. Finally, in 1492, the Spanish kings agreed to support him. Columbus gathered 90 sailors and 3 ships at the port of Palos de la Frontera in southern Spain. On August 3rd, 1492, he set sail for what he thought was Asia, stopping briefly at the Canary Islands first. In his first trip he also discovered the islands of Cuba and Hispaniola, where he established the first colonial government in America. The Tainos were the Native Americans that inhabited the Caribbean when Columbus arrived. They were farmers, growing crops like taro and yams, and had irrigation systems to water their plants. The Tainos didn’t have writing, so what we know about them is the result of their cultural practices. They were food producers, they had agriculture and irrigation systems. Their main crops were taro and yams. Despite them being a food producing society, the Spaniards of the time were culturally more advanced. The Tainos were naked and wore only a loincloth. They used to play a ritual ball game and this shows that the Taino people may have been culturally linked to Mesoamerican (Mexican) societies. They Tainos were welcoming to the Spaniards because of three main reasons: 1) The Taino religion was non-exclusive. They were polytheistic, they believed in many gods. They could accept other peoples with other beliefs. 2) The Taino family and kinship system was established in a way in which wealth and economic activity were shared. For this reason they didn’t have a problem in accepting other people to their group, as everybody would contribute to the common wealth. 3) The Tainos were ignorant about the Europeans’ intentions. After Columbus discovered America, the Spaniards who came after him had very strict religious beliefs. They believed there was only one true god—the Christian god—and they wanted to convert the Native people to Christianity. They also believed that Native Americans were uncivilized or "barbarians", so they thought they had to "teach" them how to live properly. Many Spaniards didn’t care about building relationships—they came mainly to find gold and get rich quickly. They also valued private property, while the Tainos shared everything in their communities. At first, Columbus wanted to set up trading posts (Feitorias) in the Americas so he could make money from trade. He would get 10% of everything. But when the Spanish found out that the Caribbean islands didn’t have as many riches as they thought, they changed plans. Instead of trade, the Spanish took over the land and made the Native people work for them through a system called Encomienda. In this system, a Spanish settler got land and a group of Native Americans to work for him. The settler was supposed to protect them and teach them Christianity, but in reality, it was forced labor. Later, this became the Hacienda system, which also used unfair labor. Both systems helped create the social inequality that still exists in Latin America today. The Spanish kings were officially against slavery, but since it made so much money, they couldn’t stop it. They tried to ban the Encomienda system, but settlers just ignored the law. By 1500, Spanish rule over Native people was based on gold, slavery, and forced work. By 1550, over 90% of the Tainos had died from war, diseases, and harsh labor. The Spanish then brought enslaved Africans to replace them. This is why many people in places like Hispaniola (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic) have African or mixed ancestry today. a Spanish priest named Antonio de Montesinos. In 1511, he gave a powerful speech called "A voice crying in the wilderness", where he told the Spanish settlers that what they were doing to the Native people was wrong. One man who heard this speech was a young settler named Bartolomé de. He owned an Encomienda (forced labor land), but after hearing Montesinos, he gave it up and started fighting for Native American rights. Las Casas spent the rest of his life defending Native people. He also wrote important books, like On the Destruction of the Indies 1519–1521: Aztec Empire (Mexico) Hernán Cortés led the Spanish to conquer the Aztecs (mexico). Even though he had a small army, he took control of a huge empire. Many locals survived, and the Spanish mixed with them (cultural blending). 1532–1535: Inca Empire (Peru) Francisco Pizarro led the Spanish conquest of the Incas. Just like in Mexico, a small Spanish force defeated a large empire. Lots of people survived, and the Spanish also mixed with them. 🎨 Examples: 1. Religious Syncretism: o Example: Day of the Dead in Mexico 🇲🇽 It mixes Spanish Catholic traditions with Native customs. 2. Latin American Art: o Combines European, Indigenous, and African influences. SOUTH AMERICA – FROM COLOMBIA TO THE SOUTH CENTRAL AMERICA – FROM PANAMA TO GUATEMALA NORTH AMERICA – FROM MEXICO TO CANADA MIDDLE AGES (476-1492) AND THE RENAISSANCE (1492 – 1600) Feudalism – Aristocracy (peasants) Landlords New feudalism (Blackrock) Middle Ages (476-1492) Religion was central in social life Feudalism (social system based on the ownership of the land) (Aristocrats or landowners) Myth (non rational) 1492 (fight between Christianity and Islam) Renaissance (13th century to 1600) Individuality starts to be important. Business and commerce as well. Science and rationality Freedom and adventure