Review for Test-1 PDF

Chapter-1 1. What are the unifying themes in biology/life 2. What is emergent property? Can you give examples from biology 3. Understand levels of organization. Start from atoms \-\-\-- all the way to organism and biosphere. Why is this important 4. What is the difference between reducti...

Chapter-1 1. What are the unifying themes in biology/life 2. What is emergent property? Can you give examples from biology 3. Understand levels of organization. Start from atoms \-\-\-- all the way to organism and biosphere. Why is this important 4. What is the difference between reductionist vs systems biology based study in biology? Example 5. Structure and function: why is this important in biology? Give examples & explain 6. What are major differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Examples 7. What is the relationship between genes, DNA, chromosomes, nucleotides, nucleic acids. How is this connected with proteins, their shape and function. Explain with example 8. What is genomics, proteomics, how are they related to bioinformatics? 9. How is sun the primary source of all living on planet earth? Explain why and how energy flows 10. Chemicals recycle in biology: explain 11. Why is negative and positive feedback important in biology? Explain with examples 12. What are the three domains of life? How are they related to bacteria, animals, fungus, plants etc? How are they connected to the tree of life? 13. Difference between inductive and deductive reasoning? 14. Relationship between hypothesis, theory Chapter-2 1. Connection between Matter, element, compound, molecule. Explain giving examples 2. Difference between essential elements and trace elements? Explain with example 3. What is an atom? Explain terms: atomic number, electron, proton, neutron, mass number, atomic mass 4. What are isotopes? What are practical uses of isotopes? Give examples 5. What is electron configuration? Why is this important? What are the different shells? How is this associated with atomic number and chemical reactions? 6. What is valence shell? How is this associated with ionic and covalent bonds? 7. Explain covalent and ionic bonds with examples? What is a double bond? Why is this important? 8. What is polar covalent- bond? Explain with example? How is this associated with hydrogen bonds? 9. Explain ionic bond? 10. What are weak forces that play role in molecular structures of macromolecules? 11. How are chemical reactions associated with bonds? 12. What is chemical equilibrium? How is this achieved? Explain Chapter-3 1. Why is water important for life? Explain? 2. Explain polar covalent bond in context of water? How is this important in cohesion, adhesion and surface tension? 3. How is polar covalent bonds of water associated with waters ability to moderate temperature? a. What is specific heat of water? Why is this important -- water bodies 4. Water and heat of vaporization? What is it? Why is this important? Explain giving examples. How is this helpful in people living near sea vs others far away from sea? What is the association with sweating? Explain evaporative cooling 5. When water freezes its volume \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (increases or decrease). Will density increase or decrease? Why is this important for lakes and oceans? And life in them? 6. Explain why water is universal solvent? Using hydration shells explain why NaCl dissolves well in water? 7. What is difference hydrophobic vs hydrophilic? Explain 8. What is a mole? Explain molarity 9. What is pH? What is OH- vs H+? How is it associated with pH? What is the connection with acidic solution vs basic solution? 10. What is a pH scale? When acids or bases increase in a solution what happens to pH ? 11. What are buffers? Why are they important in cells? 12. How does acid precipitation happen? How does it affect ocean life? Chapter-4 1. Why is C the backbone of life? Explain 2. What is organic chemistry? Why is it important to life? 3. What unique nature of C atom makes C and important element for life? Explain 4. What are hydrocarbons? Give examples and explain 5. Isomers: giving examples differentiate between cis-trans isomers, enantiomers 6. What are functional groups? Why is this important in carbon compounds? 7. Can you identify the following groups? Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxy, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, and methyl groups? 8. What is ATP? Why are they important in biology? Chapter-5 1. Define macromolecules? What are the major macromolecules of life? 2. How are lipids different from other macromolecules? 3. Difference between monomer and polymer -- in carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and fats 4. Difference between dehydration and hydrolysis reactions? When are they used in a cell? How are they associated with bonds? Give examples 5. Difference between monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide? How are they associated with pentose, hexose etc. What are aldose and ketose? 6. Explain glycosidic linkage? 7. Give examples of storage and structural carbohydrates? a. Glycogen, starch & cellulose -- differentiate? 8. How are carbohydrates contributing to fibers in our diet? Explain 9. What is a fat? Why are thy not typically polymers? Explain b. Difference between triglycerides and phospholipid. Their role in health and biology? 10. Fatty acids: difference between saturated vs non saturated? How can you differentiate between saturated and non-saturated fats? What is their role in health? 11. How are steroids different from other lipids? Examples. Role in health and biology 12. What are major functions of proteins? What are they made of? 13. Difference between amino acid, peptide and protein. 14. What is peptide bond? How is it associated with protein structure? 15. What are the major classes of amino acids? Why do their side chains matter in structure and function of protein? 16. Explain primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins? Which bond/s are mostly associated with each of them? 17. With examples explain why structure of proteins are important? 18. Change in one amino acid within a protein could lead to loss of function of that protein. Explain why and how? 19. What is denaturation of proteins? How is this brought about? What is its implication in day today life? 20. Difference between DNA and RNA -- in structure, sugar and base pairing. 21. What is the connection between DNA, mutation and proteins? 22. What makes up a single nucleotide? How are nucleotides classified? How can differentiate purine from pyrimidine? 23. What is sugar phosphate bond? Why is this the backbone of each strand of DNA? What bonds form between the two strands of DNA? 24. Explain: DNA is double helix and each strand are anti-parallel? 25. Explain the terms genomics and proteomics?