Human Anatomy & Physiology Terminology PDF
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Summary
This document provides an overview of human body terminology and organization, covering various systems and their functions. It explains basic concepts like cells, tissues, organs, and systems and details anatomical positions and regions. It also describes homeostasis and its regulation.
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TERMINOLOGY Smallest to largest and identify what fits inside a cell: 1. Chemical (e.g., water, glucose, DNA) – Fits inside a cell. 2. Organelle (e.g., ribosomes, mitochondria) – Fits inside a cell. 3. Cell (e.g., neuron, red blood cell) – Basic unit of life. 4. Tissue...
TERMINOLOGY Smallest to largest and identify what fits inside a cell: 1. Chemical (e.g., water, glucose, DNA) – Fits inside a cell. 2. Organelle (e.g., ribosomes, mitochondria) – Fits inside a cell. 3. Cell (e.g., neuron, red blood cell) – Basic unit of life. 4. Tissue (e.g., muscle tissue, epithelial tissue) – Group of similar cells working together. 5. Organ (e.g., stomach, heart) – Composed of multiple tissue types. 6. System (e.g., digestive system, respiratory system) – Group of organs working together. Correct level of organization: a. Protein – Chemical b. Blood – Tissue c. Ribosome – Organelle d. Stomach – Organ FUNCTIONS AND ORGANS OF BODY SYSTEMS a. Cardiovascular system Function: Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste throughout the body. Major Organs: Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries). b. Endocrine system Function: Regulates body functions through hormones. Major Organs: Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas. c. Digestive system Function: Breaks down food into nutrients and absorbs them. Major Organs: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver. d. Urinary system Function: Removes waste and maintains fluid/electrolyte balance. Major Organs: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra. e. Integumentary system Function: Protects the body, regulates temperature, and prevents water loss. Major Organs: Skin, hair, nails. f. Skeletal system Function: Provides structure, protects organs, stores minerals, and aids movement. Major Organs: Bones, cartilage, ligaments. g. Lymphatic system Function: Defends against infections and maintains fluid balance. Major Organs: Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus. h. Respiratory system Function: Facilitates gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide). Major Organs: Lungs, trachea, bronchi. i. Nervous system Function: Controls and coordinates body functions through electrical signals. Major Organs: Brain, spinal cord, nerves. j. Muscular system Function: Facilitates movement and maintains posture. Major Organs: Skeletal muscles, tendons. ANATOMICAL POSITION The body is standing upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms facing forward. ANATOMICAL TERMS FOR REGIONS Forehead: Frontal Mouth: Oral Hand: Manual Kneecap: Patellar Head: Cephalic Elbow: Cubital Chest: Thoracic Nose: Nasal Wrist: Carpal Ankle: Tarsal Sole of foot: Plantar Back: Dorsal Loin: Lumbar Thumb: Pollex Eye: Orbital Chin: Mental Foot: Pedal Navel: Umbilical Arm: Brachial Forearm: Antebrachial Shoulder: Acromial Skull: Cranial Cheek: Buccal Buttocks: Gluteal Calf: Sural Groin: Inguinal Neck: Cervical Palm: Palmar Big toe: Hallux Armpit: Axillary Heel: Calcaneal Breast: Mammary Toes/Fingers: Digital Ear: Otic Using relative terms for regions: Examples: The nose is medial to the eyes. The wrist is distal to the elbow. The chest is superior to the abdomen. The skin is superficial to muscles. The shoulder is proximal to the hand. BODY SECTIONS a. Frontal (coronal): Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. b. Transverse: Divides the body into superior and inferior parts. c. Sagittal: Divides the body into right and left parts. CAVITIES AND THEIR CONTENTS Dorsal cavity: a. Cranial cavity – Contains the brain. b. Spinal cavity – Contains the spinal cord. Ventral cavity: a. Thoracic cavity – Contains lungs, heart. b. Abdominopelvic cavity – Contains stomach, liver, intestines, bladder. General name for lining tissues: Dorsal: Meninges Ventral: Serous membranes Structure separating ventral cavities: Diaphragm Space between lungs: Mediastinum Organs located there: Heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus. HOMEOSTASIS Definition: Maintenance of stable internal conditions despite external changes. pH homeostasis: Buffers, kidney function, and respiration regulate pH. Temperature homeostasis: Sweat production and shivering regulate body temperature. Hormones: High blood sugar: Insulin Low blood sugar: Glucagon Negative feedback example: Body temperature regulation. When too hot, sweat is produced to cool the body. Systems controlling homeostasis: a. Nervous system b. Endocrine system
