HEY445 Nursing Care Technology Past Paper PDF

1 Department Name: Nursing TR Course Code and Name: HEY445 Nursing Care Technology Week of the Course : 9 Day and Time of the Lesson:Tuesdays 15:00-16:50 Course Credit/ECTS Information: 2/3 Exam Type/Grade Distribution: Midterm (%50), Final (%50) Course Instructor : Assist. Prof. Dr. F. Sıla AYAN E...

1 Department Name: Nursing TR Course Code and Name: HEY445 Nursing Care Technology Week of the Course : 9 Day and Time of the Lesson:Tuesdays 15:00-16:50 Course Credit/ECTS Information: 2/3 Exam Type/Grade Distribution: Midterm (%50), Final (%50) Course Instructor : Assist. Prof. Dr. F. Sıla AYAN Email and Phone: 02124227000-403 fsayan@gelişim.edu.tr Lecturer Room: B Block-Room 013 / A Block Room 505 Office Hours: Thursday 16:00-16:45 GBS Link: https :// gbs.gelisim.edu.tr /ders-detay-5-51-13324-1 ALMS Link: https :// lms.gelisim.edu.tr / Account / LoginBefore AVESIS Link: https :// avesis.gelisim.edu.tr / fsayan 2 WEEKLY COURSE TOPICS AND PREPARATORY STUDIES Week Preliminary Topics Method 1 14-Week Course Topics Literature Review, Independent The advancement of health technologies and their integration into nursing education and Lecture, Discourse Research practice, along with their impact on patient care. Literature Review, Independent The advancement of health technologies and their role in nursing education and practice, 2 Lecture, Discourse Research as well as their impact on patient care. Literature Review, Independent 3 Challenges faced in the utilization of health technology Expression, Research Literature Review, Independent 4 Ethical considerations in the utilization and application of technology Lecture, Discourse Research Literature Review, Independent 5 Patient safety and the utilization of technology Expression, Research Literature Review, Independent 6 Patient safety and the utilization of technology Lecture, Discourse Research Literature Review, Independent Monitoring, utilization, and assessment of technological products employed in 7 Lecture, Discourse Research healthcare. 8 - MIDTERM EXAMINATION - Literature Review, Independent Monitoring, utilization, and assessment of technological products employed in 9 Expression, Research healthcare. Literature Review, Independent 10 Developing technological products utilized in healthcare. Lecture, Discourse Research Literature Review, Independent 11 Developing technological products utilized in healthcare. Expression, Research Literature Review, Independent Utilization of information technologies in the healthcare sector (clinical management and 12 Lecture, Discourse Research clinical applications) Literature Review, Independent Utilization of information technologies in the domain of healthcare (nursing 13 Expression, Research administration and education) Literature Review, Independent Utilization of information technologies in the domain of healthcare (nursing 14 Lecture, Discourse Research administration and education) Literature Review, Independent 15 Telemedicine applications in healthcare. Lecture, Discourse Research 3  WEEKLY LEARNING OBJECTIVES Add text COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES (Upon successful completion of this course, students will exhibit the knowledge, skills, and/or competencies outlined below.) Elucidates the advancements in healthcare technologies and their application in practice. Recognizes the significance of the impact of technological advancements in health care. Possesses the ability to monitor, utilize, and assess technological products employed in healthcare. Offers insights on the challenges faced in the utilization of health technology. Outlines the roles and responsibilities associated with healthcare and information technology. Utilizes technological products employed in healthcare. Designs technological innovations utilized in healthcare. Utilizes information technologies pertinent to the healthcare sector. Considers ethical principles in the utilization and implementation of healthcare and information technology. Understands telemedicine applications within the healthcare sector. 4  REGARDING THE PRIOR LESSON Monitoring, utilization, and assessment of health technologies 5  DAILY OPERATIONS Add text 09:00-09:50 / First Lesson 10:00-10:50 / Second Lesson 11:00-11:50 / Third Lesson 12:00-12:50 / 4TH LESSON 6  Parenteral Injection In situations where enteral drug administration is unsuitable or a rapid effect is required, intravenous or intratissue injection of the drug is preferred. The bioavailability of parenterally administered medications is typically complete (100%). Parenteral drug formulations must be sterile, ideally matching or closely approximating the body's pH (7.4), and should preferably be isotonic and nonpyrogenic. 8  Rationale for parenteral administration: Drugs that are not absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, Medications that decompose within the gastrointestinal tract, Circumstances requiring the prompt action of medication, The patient is unresponsive. The patient is unable to ingest medication. It is recommended in instances such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. 9 Disadvantages of Parenteral Treatment Infection risk, Toxic and allergic responses, Tissue injury, localized hemorrhage, tissue necrosis, sterile abscesses Pain Being costly 10  INTRADERMAL - ID PARENTERAL SUBCUTANEOUS - SubQ INJECTION OF MEDICATIONS INTRAMUSCULAR – IM INTRAVENOUS - IV 11 Routes and Speeds of Drug Administration 12  INTRADERMAL - ID In intradermal injection, medications are administered into the dermis, situated just beneath the epidermis. When preparing and administering medication via intradermal injection, adherence to the 8- right rule is essential: right patient, right drug, right form of drug, right record, right response, right dose, right route, and right time. 13  INTRADERMAL - ID The intradermal route is characterized by the slowest absorption rate among parenteral methods. Consequently, it is employed in diagnostic procedures such as tuberculin and allergen/drug sensitivity tests, as well as local anesthesia applications. BCG vaccination is also administered via this route. 14  INTRADERMAL - ID Intradermal administration Inner surface of the forearm Dorsal surface of the upper arm Superior surface of the back It may be administered to the upper chest region In intradermal injection, 0.1-0.5 ml of medication is administered The suitable injection site is determined by considering the patient's age, clinical condition, medication to be administered, and the dosage of the medication. 15 1.Site Selection: INTRADERMAL - ID 1. Choose an appropriate injection site, typically on the inner forearm or upper back. The site should be clean, free from lesions, and have good visibility. 2.Preparation and Sterilization: 1. Use aseptic techniques to prevent infection. Clean the skin at the injection site with an antiseptic solution, such as alcohol, and allow it to dry completely. 3.Needle Selection and Technique: 1. Use a fine, short needle (usually 25-27 gauge) designed for intradermal injections. 2. Insert the needle at a shallow angle, approximately 10-15 degrees, with the bevel facing up. Ensure the needle is just beneath the skin surface. 4.Injection Procedure: 1. Inject the medication slowly to create a small bleb or wheal under the skin. Avoid injecting too quickly or too deeply. 2. Do not aspirate before injection, as this is not necessary for intradermal injections. 5.Post-Injection Care: 1. After administering the injection, withdraw the needle smoothly and apply gentle pressure to the site with a sterile gauze pad if needed. 2. Avoid massaging or rubbing the area, as this can affect the absorption of the medication 15 Monitoring for Reactions: INTRADERMAL - ID 1. Observe the patient for any immediate reactions, such as redness, swelling, or itching at the injection site, which could indicate an allergic reaction or other adverse effects. 2. Document the injection site, medication, dosage, and any observed reactions in the patient’s records. Patient Education: 1. Inform the patient about what to expect following the injection, including any potential side effects and when to seek medical attention. 2. Advise the patient to avoid scratching or irritating the injection site. Safety and Disposal: 1. Dispose of the needle and syringe properly in a designated sharps container to prevent needle-stick injuries and ensure safe disposal. 2. Wash hands thoroughly after the procedure and after handling any used equipment. 15  SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION - SC It is a technique for administering medications into the loose connective tissue beneath the dermal layer. The subcutaneous tissue is not abundant in blood vessels. Drug absorption in this region occurs through the capillary route. Consequently, the absorption of a drug administered in this area is slower than that of an intramuscular injection, yet faster than both intradermal and oral routes. However, if tissue circulation is adequate, the absorption of the drug is complete without any loss of dosage. 17  SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION - SC Subcutaneous injection is appropriate for administering small volumes (0.5-1 ml) of non-irritating, water-soluble medications that necessitate gradual and consistent absorption. It is advisable to administer certain vaccines, narcotics, insulin, heparin, epinephrine, and growth hormone via this route. The most frequently utilized areas include: the lateral aspect of the upper arm, the anterior side of the thigh (laterofemoral), beneath the scapula on the back, above the dorsogluteal region, and the abdominal region. 18  SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION - SC Factors to Contemplate If the patient undergoes frequent subcutaneous injections, it is essential to alternate the injection sites in accordance with the insulin administration and monitoring standards. Aspiration or blood control should not be conducted during insulin and heparin applications, as this may result in tissue damage. Subcutaneous injections should be administered slowly to prevent pressure and discomfort. It is essential to ensure the patient's privacy is safeguarded. 19  SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION - SC Factors to Contemplate Unforeseen repercussions linked to subcutaneous injection: Sterile Abscess, Lipohypertrophy, Lipoatrophy Formation: These conditions arise from repeated injections in the same location and the subsequent accumulation of the drug in that area. Prevention can be achieved by avoiding the administration of irritating drugs in this manner and by rotating injection sites. Nerve-Vascular Injury: In the event of injury, pain and a burning sensation arise. Application of cold provides relief to the patient. This area should not be utilized for injection again. 20  INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION - IM In intramuscular injection, the medication is delivered into deep muscle tissue. Due to the limited presence of nerve endings in muscle tissue, drugs with potent and concentrated irritating effects can be safely administered. A maximum volume of 5 ml of medication can be injected into the muscle tissue of a typical individual. The maximum dosage of medication that may be administered to children, elderly individuals, and cachectic patients should not exceed 2 ml. In children under the age of 2, the administration of medication should not exceed 1 ml. The suitable injection site is determined by considering the patient's age, clinical condition, the medication to be administered, and the dosage. An intact tissue should be chosen for the injection. 21  INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION - IM Sites and muscles suitable for intramuscular injection A- Dorsogluteal Region (Posterior Hip Region): This site is utilized for injections in adults and children over the age of three, with a predominant preference for adults. The gluteus maximus and gluteus medius muscles in this area are employed for the administration of injections. 22  INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION - IM Sites and muscles suitable for intramuscular injection There are two distinct methods to identify the injection site in this region. Route 1: The injection site is located beneath the iliac crest and above the hypothetical diagonal line that connects the posterior superior iliac spine to the greater trochanter of the femur. The injection point is positioned slightly above the midpoint of this diagonal line and on the lateral aspect. 23  INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION - IM Sites and muscles suitable for intramuscular injection The gluteal region is segmented into four equal quadrants by imaginary lines. The upper and outer quarter of the remaining section serves as the designated injection site. 24  INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION - IM Sites and muscles suitable for intramuscular injection C- Laterofemoral Region: This region encompasses the Vastus Lateralis and Rectus Femoris muscles. Vastus lateralis muscle: This well-developed muscle is situated in a long strip along the anterolateral aspect of the upper leg. It is commonly utilized for injections in both young children and adults. To identify the injection site, two horizontal lines are drawn parallel to one another, positioned 10 cm below the greater trochanter and 10 cm above the lateral femoral condyle of the knee. Vertical lines are then drawn from both ends of these horizontal lines, dividing the area into nine equal rectangles. The central rectangle on the outer side of the leg is designated as the appropriate injection site. When administering injections to young children and cachectic patients, the muscle is grasped, while in normal and obese individuals, the skin is pressed and stretched. 26  INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION - IM Sites and muscles suitable for intramuscular injection C- Laterofemoral Region: This region encompasses the Vastus Lateralis and Rectus muscles. Rectus femoris muscle: This muscle is situated at the front of the upper leg and is utilized in children and infants. When administering an injection into the rectus femoris muscle, similar to the vastus lateralis muscle, the front of the leg is divided into equal rectangles. The central rectangle, located in the middle of the leg, is designated for injection. In infants and cachectic individuals, the muscle is grasped, while in normal and obese individuals, the skin is pressed and stretched. 27  INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION - IM D- Deltoid muscle: Situated on the lateral surface of the upper arm, this muscle is often underdeveloped in many adults and children. It is primarily utilized in adults and in instances where other muscles are not applicable, particularly for the administration of small quantities of medication. 28  INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION - IM Factors to Contemplate It is essential to safeguard the patient's privacy. In children under three years of age, the vastus lateralis muscle is the preferred site for intramuscular drug administration. For children under two years, a maximum volume of 1 ml is recommended, while in adults, the maximum volume is 5 ml. Injections should be avoided in muscle tissue affected by burns, scars, or areas of inflammation. A 70% alcohol or batticon solution should be utilized as an antiseptic (excluding newborns). To ensure effectiveness and minimize discomfort, the wiping process should last for 30 seconds, followed by a drying period of 10 seconds. 29 INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION - IM Unforeseen repercussions linked to IM injection: Pain: Insufficient muscle relaxation, seepage of medication or antiseptic into subcutaneous tissue, etc. occurs for various reasons Sterile abscess formation occurs due to repeated injections in the same location, leading to drug accumulation in that area. This situation can be mitigated by alternating between injection sites. 30 INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION - IM Unforeseen repercussions linked to IM injection: Blood observed during aspiration: The procedure should be halted, the medication must be re-prepared, and the process should be repeated. Nerve tissue damage: In the event of damage, pain and loss of sensation will occur. This area should not be utilized for further injections. Lack of education: The patient is unaware of the purpose, dosage, effects, and side effects of the medication. Educational reinforcement is necessary. 31  INTRAVENOUS MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION-IV Most hospitalized patients receive treatment through medication. The administration of medication falls under the purview of nurses, who can deliver medications via various methods. One such method is intravenous (IV) medication administration. Intravenous drug administration is regarded as a hazardous practice that necessitates both knowledge and skill, particularly because of its swift effects. The process of delivering fluids, including medications, directly into a vein is referred to as infusion, or intravenous (IV) infusion. 32  INTRAVENOUS MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION-IV IV medication errors are particularly significant due to the direct administration of the medication into the bloodstream, the irreversibility of its effects post-administration, and the rapid onset of its effects. Infusion administration is a dynamic process for nurses; nearly 90% of hospitalized patients receive continuous or intermittent intravenous fluid or medication therapy daily. Technological advancements not only simplify processes but also enhance patient safety. 33  INTRAVENOUS MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION-IV Infusion pumps, commonly utilized in clinics and intensive care units, are medical devices that deliver IV fluids, medications, or nutritional support to patients through pump mechanisms. Intravenous infusion may be administered continuously, as a bolus (loading dose), or intermittently. Infusion pumps are particularly effective in continuous infusion applications. 34  INTRAVENOUS MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION-IV Infusion pumps are systems extensively utilized for the administration of intravenous fluids and medications to patients, alleviating pain during the post-operative period and facilitating insulin treatments for individuals with diabetes. These pumps vary in features, sizes, and equipment based on their specific applications. Infusion pumps utilized in intravenous therapy play a crucial role in the controlled release of medication, ensuring precise delivery of small doses over extended durations, as well as facilitating continuous infusion at a consistent rate. Infusion pumps are primarily utilized in intensive care units, as well as in clinics for intravenous therapy. It is applicable for all patients and can also be utilized in home treatment settings. Smart intravenous infusion pumps are employed in hospitals to minimize medication administration errors. 35  INTRAVENOUS MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION-IV Programmed Barcode Infusion Systems Today, reports indicate that the incidence of medication errors is approximately 20%. Programmed barcoded infusion systems are designed to minimize the risk of medication administration errors by nurses. 36  INTRAVENOUS MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION-IV Programmed Barcode Infusion Systems The system's operating mechanism relies on establishing patient warning thresholds, particularly concerning the administration of high-risk medications, utilizing computer assistance within the infusion device. It also aims to prevent dosage errors and misidentification of patients through the implementation of a barcode system. In this application, hospitals establish their own database of required medications. 37  INTRAVENOUS MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION-IV Coverings for Intravascular Catheter Utilization It is advisable to utilize sterile gauze or semi-permeable transparent sterile covers for catheter dressing. In the event of bleeding or leakage from the catheter, the application of sterile gauze is considered suitable due to its absorbent characteristics. No difference was observed in the progression of infection between the application of transparent dressings and sterile gauze. Recently, chlorhexidine-impregnated transparent dressings have been employed to mitigate central catheter-related bloodstream infections. 38 INTRAVENOUS MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION-IV 39 DESIGN OF A COMBINED INFUSION AND FEEDING PUMP DEVICE 40 SAFE INFUSION SOLUTIONS Most hospitalized patients receive treatment through medication. The administration of medication falls under the purview of nurses, who can deliver medications via various methods. One such method is intravenous (IV) medication administration. Intravenous drug administration is regarded as a hazardous practice that necessitates both knowledge and skill, particularly because of its swift effects. SAFE INFUSION SOLUTIONS The process of delivering fluids, including medications, directly into a vein is referred to as infusion, or intravenous (IV) infusion. Intravenous medication errors are particularly significant due to the direct administration into the bloodstream, the irreversible nature of the administration, and the rapid onset of effects. Infusion administration is a dynamic process for nurses; nearly 90% of hospitalized patients receive continuous or intermittent intravenous fluid or medication therapy daily. When administering IV infusions, nurses must adhere to treatment protocols and technological advancements, alongside their understanding of anatomy and physiology. Technological advancements not only facilitate work row until processes but also enhance security measures. Infusion pumps, commonly utilized in clinics and intensive care units, are medical devices that deliver IV fluids, medications, or nutritional support to patients through pump mechanisms. Intravenous infusion may be administered continuously, as a bolus (loading dose), or intermittently. It can be utilized infusion in their infusion from the continuously, submissions pumps particularly. Infusion pumps are systems extensively utilized for the administration of intravenous fluids and medications to patients, alleviating pain during the post- operative period and facilitating insulin treatments for individuals with diabetes. These pumps vary in features, sizes, and equipment based on their specific applications. Infusion pumps utilized in intravenous therapy play a crucial role in the controlled release of medication, ensuring precise delivery of small doses over extended durations, as well as facilitating continuous infusion at a consistent rate. Horse and Karahan, 2020  It is primarily utilized in intensive care units, for all patients Infusion devices undergoing intravenous treatment in clinical settings, and even within the patient's residence. Horse and Karahan, 2020 Infusion Devices Smart intravenous infusion pumps are employed in hospitals to minimize medication administration errors. Intelligent intravenous infusion pumps represent a relatively recent advancement in computerized drug delivery technology, and their utilization has been on the rise. The functions of these intelligent pumps are generally akin to those of traditional infusion pumps, incorporating a “double check” feature that detects drug dosage and potential programming errors prior to administration to patients. Infusion Devices When the programmed dosage exceeds predetermined limits, particularly with high-risk medications, the infusion pump emits both an auditory and visual alert to inform the user of this occurrence. Hospitals have the capability to establish their own drug library within this application. The updated version of smart intravenous infusion pumps incorporates significant modifications in their usage by nurses, in contrast to traditional intravenous infusion pumps.  The system's operating mechanism relies on establishing patient warning thresholds, particularly concerning the administration of high- risk medications, utilizing computer support within the infusion device. It also aims to prevent dosage and patient identification errors through the implementation of a barcode system. In this application, hospitals establish their own database of required medications. Coverings for Intravascular Catheter Utilization It is advisable to utilize sterile gauze or semi-permeable transparent sterile covers for catheter dressings. In the event of bleeding or leakage from the catheter, the application of sterile gauze is considered suitable due to its absorbent characteristics. No difference was observed in the progression of infection between the application of transparent dressings and sterile gauze. Project - Body Temperature Assessment It enables us to effortlessly measure and continuously monitor the infant's temperature by affixing it to the forehead. It promptly records all data regarding the infant's body temperature during illness. Our project will incorporate a temperature sensor and a Bluetooth module within an Arduino- based system. The data from the system will be transmitted to a mobile device, allowing us to monitor the infant's condition in real time. In the event of a high fever, appropriate alerts will be issued to the parent. Project - Body Temperature Assessment The developed system is fundamentally a mobile device operating on the Android platform, which can be positioned at a distance from the body to which it connects. It transmits body temperature readings via Bluetooth. The mobile device will process the raw data received through Bluetooth, present it on the screen, and maintain a record of the measurements. The user will define the lower and upper temperature thresholds, and an alarm will be triggered if the readings fall outside these parameters.  The Melexis MLX 90615 thermopile non-contact temperature sensor was utilized to measure body temperature. This sensor was chosen for its 3.6 mm radius and its lack of necessity for calibration or supplementary components. The sensor is capable of measuring temperatures ranging from -40 to +115 °C, with a sensitivity of 0.02. °C. The sensor's capacity for rapid measurements is another reason for its preference. An Arduino Nano board capable of interfacing with the MLX 90615 temperature sensor was utilized as the microprocessor.  The utilized microprocessor operates at low voltage and exhibits low power consumption. The HC05 Bluetooth-Serial Module Card serves as the communication module. It is specifically designed for Bluetooth SSP (Serial Port Standard) applications and wireless serial communication. It facilitates communication at a frequency of 2.4GHz and offers a communication range of approximately 10 meters in unobstructed environments. BLOOD PRESSURE ASSESSMENT Measuring blood pressure with a mobile application involves using the camera to assess readings from the fingertip. However, this method lacks reliability. Uploading the software for the automatic blood pressure monitor to the mobile phone involves three primary components: the cuff, the tube, and the pump. The tube serves as the conduit between the cuff and the pump, which can also be connected via Bluetooth technology. In these automatic devices, the mobile phone regulates the pump's operation. Such devices are not only reliable but also facilitate the maintenance of blood pressure records.  Suzuki et al. (2013) introduced a system capable of transmitting ECG, body temperature, and pulse data collected from a chest-mounted patch sensor to a smartphone. Duru and Ertaş (2014) employed Zigbee wireless communication technology to transmit heart rate rhythms and body temperature measurements to a computer, facilitating the visualization of the received data. Villar et al. (2015) investigated the accuracy of the Hexoskin wearable vest in measuring heart rate and respiratory rate. Their findings indicated that the device accurately detected these values.  Turgut et al. (2020) conducted research evaluating smartwatches based on the activity tracking criterion utilized in monitoring hypertension patients for athletes. Deringöz et al. (2021) examined the selection of wearable technologies for the follow-up of Covid-19 patients, considering the blood pressure criterion employed in the management of hypertension patients. Akıncı et al. (2021) investigated and selected wearable technologies for obese patients, focusing on the exercise criterion applied in the follow-up of hypertension patients.  Vascular access is essential for the replacement of fluid and electrolyte deficits in both acute and chronic conditions, the transfusion of blood or its components, the regulation of acid-base equilibrium, and the delivery of emergency care. This intervention, crucial for the effective implementation of treatment, involves the placement of a peripheral intravenous catheter. In accordance with the principle of minimizing or preventing physical injury and pain, a fundamental tenet of atraumatic care, it is advisable to employ technologies that enhance procedural success, reduce the duration of the procedure, and alleviate pain in vascular access applications. Vascular Imaging Methodology Vascular Imaging Methodology As a potential solution to these issues, technologies such as vascular imaging devices have been employed to enhance localization by visualizing blood vessels beneath the skin's surface. The vascular imaging device, designed to facilitate Vascular Access applications with reduced patient discomfort, alleviates both the physical and psychological strain on patients and healthcare professionals alike. In this manner, all other procedures conducted on the patient are executed more efficiently and with greater health benefits.  One approach employed in vascular imaging involves identifying infrared light source vascular map structures through vascular imaging techniques.  What insights did we gain today? Introduction to Patient Safety and the Utilization of Technology 70  INQUIRIES AND RECOMMENDATIONS In your view, how will health technologies influence the future of the healthcare workforce? Inquiries and recommendations? 71  ÖNERİLEN HAFTALIK ÇALIŞMALAR Literatür taraması: 72  RECOMMENDED WEEKLY EXERCISES Literature review: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/396301 72 A Minor Illustration - IV IoT 73  REFERENCES Strong, V. E., Forde, K. A., MacFadyen, B. V., Mellinger, J. D., Crookes, P. F., Sillin, L. F., & Shadduck, P. P. (2014). Uysal, Ş. A. & Çelik, R. (Eds.) (2020). Current Topics in Health Management. Ankara: İksad Publishing House. pp. 117- Ethical considerations in the implementation of novel technologies and techniques in surgery. Surgical Endoscopy, 28, 151. 2272-2276. Üstün, Ç. & Demirci, N. (2016). Biotechnology, Medicine, and Ethics. Aegean Medical Journal, Tıraş, H.H. (2020). An assessment of the pharmaceutical sector's development in Turkey. Journal of Economics and 55(5), 158-162. Research, 1(11), 42-59. Yağcı-Küpeli, B. & Kiper, N. (2016). Physicians and the Pharmaceutical Industry. Çukurova Top M, 2018. Health Technology Management and Assessment in Healthcare Institutions. Accessed on: 26 February University Faculty of Medicine Journal, 41(4), 777-781. 2019, Available at: www.academia.edu/2917142/Sa%C4%9Fl%C4%B1k_Teknolojisi_Y%C3%B6netimi_ve_De%C4%9Ferlendirilmesi Yücel, D. (2010). Nanotechnology: Promised Miracles and Ethics. Cumhuriyet Newspaper. %9Ferlendirmesi_Health_Technology_Management_and_Assessment https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/nanoteknoloji-vaat-edilen-mucizeler-ve-etik-191470 Turkish Language Association (TDK). Current Turkish Dictionary. (2020). Accessed November 14, 2020. (http://sozluk.gov.tr/). Turkish Language Association (TDK). (2020). Dictionary of Nursing Terms. Accessed November 14, 2020. Retrieved from http://sozluk.gov.tr/. 74  REGARDING THE UPCOMING LESSON Product design in healthcare technology 75  HEY445 – Technology in Nursing Care As the course presentations are private, the text and images contained herein are the property of the course instructor. Utilizing it on social media or in other domains without authorization, It contravenes the regulations concerning the protection of personal data and private life as stipulated by Law No. 6698. 76 35 71