Technical English B2 Past Paper PDF

**Technical English B2 Klausurvorbereitung** **Overview of the most important mechanical processes** **1. Casting of Metals (Gießen von Metallen)** - **Definition:** Metal is melted and poured into a mold to achieve the desired shape. - **Types:** Sand casting, die casting (gravity die c...

**Technical English B2 Klausurvorbereitung** **Overview of the most important mechanical processes** **1. Casting of Metals (Gießen von Metallen)** - **Definition:** Metal is melted and poured into a mold to achieve the desired shape. - **Types:** Sand casting, die casting (gravity die casting and pressure die casting). - **Advantages:** Allows complex shapes, economical for large parts. - **Disadvantages:** Can result in coarse grain structures, requires post-processing.   **2. Heat Treatment of Metals** - **Definition:** Processes used to alter the mechanical properties of metals through heating and controlled cooling. - **Key processes:** - **Annealing (Glühen):** Softens steel, improves toughness and ductility, relieves internal stress. - **Normalizing:** Refines the grain structure, increases strength, and eliminates residual stress. - **Hardening:** Produces a very hard structure by heating above the critical temperature and quenching in water or oil. - **Tempering (Anlassen):** Reduces brittleness after hardening while increasing toughness. - **Case Hardening (Einsatzhärten):** Produces a hard surface with a tough core.   **3. Forging of Metals (Schmieden von Metallen)** - **Definition:** Metals are shaped by hammering or pressing to achieve the required form. - **Types:** - **Hand forging (Freiformschmieden):** Manual forging for custom or low-volume production. - **Drop forging (Gesenkschmieden):** Uses dies to shape the metal with precision and consistency. - **Upset forging (Stauchen):** Partial heating and localized deformation of the metal. - **Advantages:** Improves grain structure, increases strength, and reduces material waste.   **4. Mechanical Joining Methods** - **Definition:** Mechanical fastening of metal parts using permanent or detachable methods. - **Types:** - **Riveting (Nieten):** Permanent joint using rivets, commonly used in shipbuilding and aircraft construction. - **Screws and bolts (Schraubverbindungen):** Allow for disassembly and reassembly of components. - **Studs (Stiftschrauben):** Provide a secure connection between two parts, often used in engines. - **Set screws (Setzschrauben):** Fix components by friction or compression.   **5. Soldering and Welding (Löten und Schweißen)** - **Soldering (Löten):** Joining metals using a low-melting-point alloy (solder), commonly used in electronics. - **Brazing (hard soldering):** Uses silver solder (spelter) at higher temperatures to create stronger joints. - **Welding (Schweißen):** Permanent joining of metals by melting the base materials together. - **Arc welding:** Uses an electrode to create an electric arc that melts the metal. - **Oxy-acetylene welding:** Uses a gas flame to heat and fuse the metals. - **Resistance welding:** Applies high electrical current to generate heat at the joint, melting the surfaces together.   **6. Hot and Cold Bulk Deformation Processes (Warm- und Kaltumformung)** - **Definition:** Changing the shape of metals through plastic deformation with or without heat application. - **Hot working:** Metal is heated above the recrystallization temperature before deformation. - **Cold working:** Metal is deformed below the recrystallization temperature, increasing strength through strain hardening. - **Processes:** - **Rolling (Walzen):** Reduces the thickness of metal sheets. - **Drawing (Ziehen):** Produces wires and thin profiles. - **Extrusion (Strangpressen):** Forces metal through a die to form a specific cross-section. **How to Write a Formal Business Email** **1. Subject Line (Betreffzeile)** - Keep it clear and concise. - Example: - **Inquiry about Collaboration Opportunities** - **Application for \[Job Position\] -- \[Your Name\]** - **Request for a Meeting on \[Date\]** **2. Greeting (Anrede)** - If you know the recipient's name: - **Dear Mr. Smith,** - **Dear Ms. Johnson,** - **Dear Dr. Williams,** - If you don't know the recipient's name: - **Dear Sir or Madam,** - **To whom it may concern,** **3. Opening Sentence (Einleitungssatz)** - **If you are introducing yourself:** - *I hope this email finds you well.* - *My name is \[Your Name\], and I am writing to you on behalf of \[Company Name\].* - **If you are following up on a previous conversation:** - *Further to our recent discussion, I would like to...* - *I am writing in reference to our meeting on \[date\] regarding...* - **If you are making a request:** - *I am reaching out to inquire about...* - *I would appreciate it if you could provide more details on...* **4. Main Body (Hauptteil -- Strukturierte Inhalte)** Use logical connectors to improve readability: - **Adding information (Zusätzliche Infos):** - *In addition,* / *Furthermore,* / *Moreover,* - **Explaining something (Erklärung):** - *To clarify,* / *In other words,* - **Contrasting (Gegensätze aufzeigen):** - *However,* / *On the other hand,* - **Listing points (Aufzählungen):** - *Firstly,* / *Secondly,* / *Finally,* - **Referring to attachments (Anhänge erwähnen):** - *Please find attached...* / *I have attached... for your review.* **5. Closing Sentence (Abschlusssatz)** - **If requesting a response:** - *I look forward to your reply.* - *I would appreciate your feedback at your earliest convenience.* - **If offering further assistance:** - *Please do not hesitate to contact me should you require any further information.* - *Let me know if there is anything else I can assist you with.* - **If expressing gratitude:** - *Thank you for your time and consideration.* - *I truly appreciate your support.* **6. Closing & Signature (Schlussformel & Signatur)** - **Formal closings:** - *Best regards,* - *Kind regards,* - *Sincerely,*