TCWD111: BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER PRELIM 2022 PDF

Bachelor of Science in Nursing 2YB TCWD111: BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER PRELIM 2022  Political scientist: “Challenge to the nation state.” Coverage for Prelim:...

Bachelor of Science in Nursing 2YB TCWD111: BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER PRELIM 2022  Political scientist: “Challenge to the nation state.” Coverage for Prelim: o Emergence of corporations Introduction to Globalization (http://www.businessinsider.com/25-corporations- Global Economy bigger-tan-countries-2011-6#walmart-is-bigger-than- Market Integration norway-25) The Global Interstate system o Strength of regional blocks Contemporary Global Governance o Emergence of global political norms - For the economist: Increased free trade INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION Discussed by Prof. Honesto and Prof. Guillermo Speed of trade (HFT – milliseconds to trade shares) Why this course? Global economic organizations Avoid parochialism – parochialism means having narrow Regional economic blocs minded. To accept or to contribute sa pag ikot ng mundo For the scholar of culture and communication throughout the course of media or any other forms. We have to “Global village” open ourselves to different realities of life and not limit ourself Communications technology as “shrinking” our world to parochial belief. “Cultural imperialism” World teaches us more about our society – opens our minds How do we bring these various perspectives together? and open up our understanding about our society and the  Working definition of globalization: world we are in. Steger: Filipinos increasingly interacting with the world – like - “Globalization refers to the expansion and intensification of gadgets, business, remittances, sending of messages and work social relations and consciousness (awareness) across world- is part of globalization. time and world-space” - OFW 4,018 Filipinos per day in 2009, 6,092 in 2015 1) Various forms of connectivity” - Internet, cheaper travel, presence of MNCs. Multinational - They are diverse (can be economic, political, cultural, corporations are business enterprises, companies that are etc.) controlled and manage by foreigners which operates in - They are enabled by various factors, pressures, media, our country. etc. - They are uneven (different degrees of The course’s approach: The Study of Globalization interconnection) - Different methods used in globalization. 2) Expansion and Stretching of Social Relations Globalization: inherently interdisciplinary - NGOs - Means that globalization does not only focus on social - Friendships/Relationships science it involves biological, physical, mathematical and - Government associations etc. It affects all aspect of human existence. - MNCs Interdisciplinary for us to be able to see the world through 3) Intensification and Acceleration of Social Exchanges and the broad lenses or from the different perspective or Activities points of view. - From snail mail to Facebook See contemporary world through a broad lens –in different - Live television lenses. - Increased travel (cheap flights) - For us to see the wide picture from the different 4) Occurs Subjectively perspective of economics, politics, religion, culture, sports, - We think about the world (#PrayforParis for environment. example) – depends on a person kahit na baduy pa Allows us to examine various globalizing processes yan kase we have different choice. - Like banking, saving financing, exchange, traders and - We associate ourselves with global trends (fan of K- investors. Pop) Forces us to ask questions re. global citizenship - Hopefully, we feel some sense of responsibility - Processing questions or higher-level thinking questions. (climate change) - Inosemtsev (2008) distinguished globalization as one of the Academic definition most known social studies, but is still a hollow terminology - Based on the discipline itself like education, political etc. not - Webster, “globalization” is the development of an just confined in one. increasingly integrated global economy marked by free trade, As opposed to popular/activist definition: free flow of capital and tapping of cheaper foreign labor Not “neoliberal globalization”/ “market globalism” markets (pagunalad ng pag sasama sama ng mga bansa o - The need for an interdisciplinary approach pagkakaisa patugkol sa economiya na namgyayari sa We need to transcend to disciplinary boundaries… malayang palitan ng mga kalakal or free trade, kapital or Otherwise, we won’t talk! investment.) (hal. yung kfc nag iinvest sila sa ibang bansa para - For a political scientist: mapalago yung business at the same time magkaroon din ng J.A.K.E 1 of 9  THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER PRELIM 2022 different branch sa ibang bansa. Same goes sa Pilipinas, may - Globalization offers extensive opportunities for truly mga taga ibang bansa din na dito nag I invest ng business nila). worldwide development, but it is not progressing evenly. - Globalization means to designate an overview of the human - To reiterate, globalization Is not a recent phenomenon and experience in education. Cuturela (2012) cited in a published there is nothing mystifying about it. work, towards new education. (globalization ay pagtingin sa - 1980’s, the term Globalization has become a common word larangan ng edukasyon globally dahil rito tinitingnan mo ang manifesting advances in modern technologies that have made impact ng edukasyon o mga pag babago) international transactions, in both trade and finances, - Robertson (1992), in his article, Globalization: Social Theory convenient, accessible and easy. and Global Culture, defined Globalization as the - IMF (2000) noted that some market forces that have operated “Understanding of the world and the increased perception of for centuries at all levels of human economic activity which the world as a whole.” (globalization ay isang pag kaunawa includes village market, urban industries, or financial centers. kung anong nangyayari sa mundo at kung ano ang mga - Conversely, Hutton and Giddens, as cited by Cuturela pananaw na maaring mangyari sa mga darting pang mga (2009) emphasized that globalization is the interplay of panahon hal. Ano ang nakikita mo sa pilipinas pag katapos ng extraordinary technological innovation mixed with influence eleksyon?) (in short kapag may problema ang ibang bansa may of the world that gives today’schanging its complexity pakealam na ang iba’t ibang bansa sa problema nila. Hal. may patayan sa Iraq ganun tapos nababalita so kapag narinig mo The five core claims of market globalism yun or nabasa nagkakaroon ng own perception yung mga - 1st globalization is about the liberalization and global bansa) integratiom of market. Steger (2014) pointed out that in the - Albrow & King (1990) defined Globalization as “all those mid-1990’s, more population in the global north and south had processes by which the people of the world are incorporated accepted globalism’s core claims, thus internalizing large part into single world society. Simply means, peoples around the of its overarching neo-liberalization of trades, the privation of globe live in a borderless community. (Through social media) state-owned enterprises, and after 9/11 the qualified support of (paraan kung paanong ang mga tao sa mundo ay nabubuhay sa the global “War on Terror” under US leadership. malaya at mapayang ugnayan) - 2nd Globalization is inevitable (hindi na mapipigilan) and - The work of Giddens (1991) has supported his claim when he irreversible (hindi na maibabalik) – the market-globalist highlighted in his definition that Globalization is the process perspective sees globalization as the spread of irreversible of intensifying social relationships among countries around the market forces driven by technological innovations that make world connecting separate localities in a manner in which local the global integration of national economies events are formed as a result of happenings that have occurred - 3rd. Nobody is in charge of globalization, highlights the from afar. (pagtitubayin at pag iibayuhin. Aalisin ang pag semantic link between “globalization-market” and the adjacent kakahati-hati.) idea of “leader lessness.” (walang pwedeng mag sabi ako lang - There is a rapid interconnection worldwide that links among ang pwedeng mag kocontrol sa negsyo etc.) people in the local, national and even in regional context. This - Robert Hormats (1198) opined that “The great beauty of interconnectedness is crated because of social and economic globalization is that no one is in control” relationships and economic relationships and networks which - Thomas Friedman (1999:112-3) emphasized that the most are relevant in the global interactions. (kaya masar maki isa sa basic truth globalization is this: No one is in charge… But the band wagon) global marketplace today is an Electronic Herd of often - Steger (2005) cited freeden (2003) who pointed out that anonymous stock, bond and currency traders and multinational Globalization denotes not an ideology, but a range of investors, connected by screen and networks. processes nesting under one rather unwieldy epithet. He - 4th. Globalization benefits everyone, this lies heart of market furthered that global flows occur in different physical and globalism and represents a “good” phenomenon. (mag mental dimensions. (nagkakaroon ng improvement or kakaibang degree ng pag unlad). development) - 1986 G-7 Summit in Lyans, France, the heads of state and - On the other hand, opined the Globalization to a set of government of the world’s 7 most powerful industrialized complex, social processes that are changing our current social nations issued a joint Economic Communique (1996) that conditions derived from the modern independence of nation- exemplifies the principal meaning of this claim. state. (globalization ay hindi lang isa o higit pa ang nangyayari - Its many positive aspects include an unprecedented expansion sa lipunan kundi ito ay resulta ng mga social conditions sa ibat of investment and trade: the opening up to international trade ibang lugar). of the world’s most populous regions and opportunities for - Furthered, that key Concept of Globalization have been more developing countries to improve their standards of defined such as multidimensional set of social processes that living; the increasingly rapid dissemination of info, create, multiply, stretch, and intensify worldwide social technological innovation, and the proliferation of skilled jobs. interdependencies and exchange while making people aware - 5th. Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in the of connections between the local and the distant world. (palawakin ang kalayaan ng taong mamili) - The term Globalization should be confined to a set of - Francis Fukuyuma (2000) stressed that there exists a clear complexes, sometimes contradictory, social processes that are correlation between the country’s level of economic changing our current social condition based on the modern development and successful democracy system of independent nation-states. - The former 1st Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton (1999) praised - International Monetary Fund (IMF, 2000). Identified some the Eastern Europe’s economic transition towards capitalism overviews of various areas of globalization. by saying. “The emergence of new business and shopping J.A.K.E 2 of 9  THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER PRELIM 2022 centers in former communist countries should be sees as the Level of Analysis ‘backbone of democracy’.” THE GLOBAL ECONOMY Discussed by Prof. Honesto and Prof. Guillermo Changes in the Global Economy For the past centuries, the global economy has significantly changed. In the 11th century, the long-distance trading flourished between Venice and the Netherlands. The wool industry in the 13th century in Flanders and in 14th century in Florence can also be an example of a sustained economic growth throughout history. (Pag-export ng mga products example yung balahibo ng tupa) Those global changes have contributed much to the economy of the world. There was the birth of capitalism. - Characteristics of capitalism: 1) Free enterprise – hindi umaasa sa government. 2) Right/ freedom of private property ownership – right to buy property own benefit. 3) Freedom of contract – right of person to enter the Macro level contract. - In which this includes the international organizations and 4) Right to find one’s happiness – you can choose to regimes that establish rules and norms for the global work or to be happy community. 5) Free come to live - Different Organizations The World Bank Gary Gereffi’s journal The International Monetary Fund - The Global Economy: Organization, Governance, and The World Trade Organization Development, he mentioned that the global changes are The International Labor Organization attributed to how the global economy is organized and - The regional integration schemes like the European Union and governed. the North American Free Trade Agreement are also part of - He furthered that these changes give impact not only to the these organizations. flow of goods and services across national borders, but also - Since these regimes blend both the rules and resources, they the implications of these processes for how a particular substantiate the widest parameters within which the global country move up or down in the international scene. economy operates. - pwedeng aangat at makilala pa yung product, kapag hindi - dito may malalaking organization nagpapatakbo at the same naman nag iimport hindi sya masyado kilala o makikilala. time may Free Trade na nangyayari at rules and resources na (Upward and downward mobility) ginagawa. - Nakasalalay ang mga pagbabago sa kung papaano pinatatakbo Meso level ang global economy. - In which it is believed that the building blocks for the global - Nowadays, the various countries’ strategies on development economy are the countries and firms. The global economy is are influenced by the new degree on how industries are seen as the arena in which countries compete in different organized. product markets. - These development strategies are manifested in a shift in - This is a multi-organization or company (e.g, mga sabon – theoretical frameworks from those centered on the legacies they also responsible helping the economy to increase) and actors of nation-states to a greater concern with - Different organizations but they compete in their own products, supranational institutions and transnational organizations. nagkakaroon ng kompetensya sa kada products na meron sila - Developed countries and developing countries like the Hal. Jollibee, McDo at KFC – pasarapan ng chicken at gravy. Philippines have to fully understand the impact of the Micro Level contemporary global economy to improve their position in the - There is a growing literature on the resistance to globalization global system. by consumer groups, activists, and transnational social - Dapat gumawa tayo ng mga program kung papaano ma- movements. improve natin ung economy. Maging competitive para - The development of a world trading system over a period of umaangat un position naten sa global economic system. several centuries helped to create the tripartite structure of core, - There is no singular academic field that can completely semi peripheral, and peripheral economic areas. explain the topic of global economy because it is inherently - According to world-systems theory, the upward or downward interdisciplinary. mobility of nations in the core, semi periphery, and periphery - According to Gereffi, the global economy can be studied at is determined by a country’s mode of incorporation in the different levels of analysis. capitalist world-economy, and these shifts can only be J.A.K.E 3 of 9  THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER PRELIM 2022 accurately portrayed by an in-depth analysis of the cycles of MARKET INTEGRATION capitalist accumulation in the longue durée of history Discussed by Prof. Guillermo - They tend to based on the movements ng mga product nila. - lumalaban sa pag taas ng electricity - they question the prices of the products - sa paglabas ng product pwedeng maganda yung economiya or kapag bagsak naman ang economy hindi ganun naglalabas ng products Therborn (2000) - “There are many theories related to economic sociology incorporate the global economy in their frameworks, but they differ in the degree to which it is conceptualized as a system that shapes the behavior and motivation of actors inside it, or as an arena where nationally determined actors meet, interact, and influence each other.” - The development of a world trading system over a period of several centuries helped to create the tripartite structure of core, semi peripheral, and peripheral economic areas. According to world-systems theory, the upward or downward mobility of nations in the core, semi periphery, and periphery is determined by a country’s mode of incorporation in the The Rise of the Global Corporation capitalist world-economy, and these shifts can only be  Global corporations are inseparable from the more general accurately portrayed by an in-depth analysis of the cycles of phenomenon of globalization itself. It follows that how one capitalist accumulation in the longue durée of history identifies globalization serves to “locate” global corporations, (Wallerstein 1974, 1980, 1989; Arrighi 1994). both in the complex interactive pattern defined by - The foundation for a process of industrialization and new globalization and within given historical periods. international divisions of labor on a global scale is attributed  The approach to the study of globalization sometimes termed to the dynamics of the capitalist world system. “historical globalization” locates the phenomenon itself in - Adam Smith, an eighteenth-century political economist, early patterns of trade and exchange defined “division of labor” as the specialization of workers in  As both cities and countries extended their reach beyond their different parts of the production process, usually in factory own borders, a form of globalization was initiated which then setting. followed complex patterns of interactive engagements - Division Labor – different person: different businesses organized through trade and directly influenced by the (different profession could help our economy to grow) emergent and subsequently dominant technologies, especially in shipping and navigation. (Harvey) Gereffi  The entities operating within this environment were - Stressed that the division of labor also acquired a geographical functionally and organizationally not so very different from dimension during the influx of industrial economies as contemporary organizations, being possessed of “head offices, evolved. foreign branch plants, corporate hierarchies, extraterritorial - In a global scope, the “classic” international division of labor business law, and even a bit of foreign direct investment and was between the; value-added activity. (Lewis and Moore) Industrial Countries – producing manufactured goods  The vast heterogeneity of this long period, however, leads a Non-industrialized Economies – supplied raw materials majority of scholars to situate the direct antecedents of the Agricultural Products – to the industrial nations which contemporary global corporation within the dynamics of a two became a market for basic manufacturers. plus-centuries long duration spanning the period prior to the - Years after World War II, trade flows have become far more end of WW II in which the modern nation state system complex, and so have the relationships between the developed emerged in ways that allowed invention and social and the developing nations of the global economy. organization to combine vastly increased world capital and the - There is particular area kung saan sila naglalabor or nagpo wealth of nation states. produce ng products. Hal. sa province (Bacolod) Sugar cane.  Coupled with an extraordinary rise in global population that While sa city naman finish product na. attended the industrial revolution, the societies that arose - Producing raw materials would invent new ways to organize the world itself through colonialism and imperialism that vastly attenuated their interactions between peoples, states and regions such that a clearly differentiated era of global interaction can be said to exist. J.A.K.E 4 of 9  THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER PRELIM 2022  Global companies have invested in and are present in many countries. They typically market their products and services to Characteristics of “global corporations” each individual local market. - Facilites and plants located worldwide, not country by  Transnational companies are more complex organizations country. which have invested in foreign operations, have a central - Products and services can be shifted among countries. corporate facility but give decision-making, research and - Sourcing is on a global basis. develop (R&D) and marketing powers to each individual - Supply chain is global in nature foreign market. - Product design and process technology are global.  More formally the transnational corporation has been defined - Products fit global tastes. by the United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations - Demand is considered on worldwide basis. (UNCTC) as an “enterprise that engages in activities which - Logistics and inventory control is on worldwide basis. add value (manufacturing, extraction, services, marketing, etc) - Divisions have world-wide responsibility. in more than one country (UCTC, 1991).”  As the world emerged from the vast destructions of WWII,  Over the almost seventy years since the end of WWII. As economic recovery and expansion were led overwhelming by indicated above, US corporations operating internationally had American corporations which for a period from the end of the enormous advantages in the immediate post-war period as war until the re-entry of Japanese and European corporations they—virtually alone in the world—emerged from the war onto the global scene essentially stood for what by then had with their productive, organization and distributional come by then to be viewed as multinational corporations capacities intact. (MNCs)  What would take shape as the beginning of contemporary  This period from the end of WWII to the present can be globalization, however, dates from the economic recovery of viewed, therefore, as a third and distinct period in the capital structures in Japan and Europe and the re-entry into transformation of the global corporation. global markets of their national corporations.  The transformations of the global corporation occurring within  By 1974 Barnet and Muller define the MNC as a major this third period have been far reaching and distinctive, economic global actor and begin an effective description of reflecting changes taking place within the broader structural how this particular corporate form was coming to dominate dimensions of globalization itself and at the same time various aspects of global production and exchange (Barnet and significantly contributing to those continuing changes. Muller, 1974).  Scholarly work documents various “waves” of global How do global corporations’ function? What constitutes a corporate development through the subsequent six decades to global corporation? the present.  The contemporary global corporation is simultaneously and  The overall structure of this system would stay in place and commonly referred to either as a multinational corporation continue to develop throughout the 1970s and 1980’s—a (MNC), a transnational corporation (TNC), an international period that stands chronologically just prior to three company, or a global company. fundamental innovations that have substantially changed the  International companies are importers and exporters, typically character of the global corporation without investment outside of their home country. 1. the advent and impact of digitalization and instantaneous  Multinational companies have investment in other countries, global communications; but do not have coordinated product offerings in each country. 2. the structural transformation of global commerce from They are more focused on adapting their products and services producer-driven commodity chains to buyer-driven; and to each individual local market. 3. the increasing role performed through the global system - Multinational Corporations (MNC) - Produce or deliver by financial elements and the emergence of the global services in more than one country, usually with its financial firm. management in one country, its home country.  Geriffe emphasizes three structural periods: - Transnational corporations (TNC) - Does not identify 1. Investment-based globalization (1950-1970); itself with one national home 2. Trade-based globalization (1970-1995); - MNCs and TNCs - Can have revenues larger than some 3. Digital globalization (1995 onwards.) countries GDP Within this analysis the nature of the global corporation changes accordingly, being driven in each case by its evolving purposes and by its extended reach and abilities (Geriffe 2001) J.A.K.E 5 of 9  THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER PRELIM 2022 Phases Of Globalization Since The 1800s only European corporations were major investors, to be joined The First Phase Of Globalization (1830-1880) by some American firms in the 1930s.  The first phase of globalization began about 1830 and peaked  Foreign direct investment (FDI) is when a company owns around 1880.International commerce became widespread in another company in a different country. FDI is different this period due to the growth of railroads, efficient ocean from when companies simply put their money into assets in transport, and the rise of large manufacturing and trading another country—what economists call portfolio investment. companies. With FDI, foreign companies are directly involved with day-  The inventions of the telegraph and telephone in the 1800s to-day operations in the other country. This means they facilitated information flows between and within nations and aren’t just bringing money with them, but also knowledge, greatly aided early efforts to manage companies’ supply skills and technology. chains.  Citing UN data he dates 1960 as the major turning point for  International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New FDI as the major driver of extended global corporate Realities development. In each subsequent decade until the turn of the The Second Phase Of Globalization (1900-1930) century, FDI would triple (Hedley 1999).  The second phase of globalization began around 1900 and was  Throughout these periods economists, other scholars and caused by the rise of electricity and steel production. The government actors at both the national and transnational level phase reached its height just before the Great Depression, a tended to “frame” the progressive growth of the global worldwide economic downturn that started in 1929. corporate structure (again, referred to almost indiscriminately  At the turn-of-the-century, Western Europe was the most as either MNC’s or TNC’s) through efforts to define, measure industrialized region and its colonization of countries and assess the extent and consequences of foreign direct worldwide led to the establishment of some of the earliest investment, defined initially and primarily as the entry of subsidiaries of multinational firms. private capital from a source external to a country into a  European companies such as BASF, British Petroleum, Nestlé, receiving country. Shell, and Siemens had established foreign manufacturing plants by 1900. What is FDI  International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New - An investment made by a company or entity based in one Realities country into a company or entity based in another country. Or; The Third Phase Of Globalization (1948-1970s) - A foreign direct investment is a controlling ownership in a  At war’s end in 1945, substantial pent-up demand existed for business enterprise in one country by an entity based in consumer products, as well as for input goods to rebuild another country. Europe and Japan. Among the leading economies, the U.S. was least harmed by the war and became the world’s dominant What is different about this phase of global corporate economy. Substantial government aid helped stimulate development? economic activity in Europe.  The so-called “developing economies”, and especially those of  Commonplace were high tariffs, other trade barriers, with Brazil, India, China and South Africa—the so-called BRICS strict controls on currency and capital movements. Several economies, have become the most dynamic sector of global industrialized countries, including Australia, the United States corporate growth, represented in part by their significant FDI and the United Kingdom systematically sought to reduce over the three decades. international trade barriers. The relative size, growth and range of activity of global  The result of this effort was the General Agreement on Tariffs corporations from the emerging economies suggest that they and Trade (GATT) – the precursor to the World Trade are on a trajectory that will soon situate them firmly within Organization (WTO) those of the historically more developed economies.  International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities The Fourth Phase of Globalization (since the 1980s to present)  The fourth and current phase of globalization began in the early 1980s.This period witnessed enormous growth in cross- border trade and investment activity. The following innovations caused this phase: a. Commercialization of the personal computer. b. Arrival of the Internet and the web browser. c. Advances in communication and manufacturing technologies. d. Collapse of the Soviet Union and ensuing market liberalization in central and Eastern Europe. e. Substantial industrialization and modernization efforts of the East Asian economies including China.  International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities  The number of global corporations from the emerging market  Another method of projecting this growth is to examine the economies listed in the Fortune Global 500, which ranks sources and levels of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) most corporations by revenue, rose from 47 firms in 2005 to 95 in of which was of corporate origin. As Hedley indicates, in 1900 2010. J.A.K.E 6 of 9  THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER PRELIM 2022  These companies have also become active in the broad pattern THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM of global mergers and acquisitions (M&A), a primary vehicle Discussed by Prof. Guillermo by which corporate concentration takes place - It is the whole system of human interactions. The world economy is now all the economic interactions of all the people on Earth, not just international trade and investment. The modern world-system is structured politically as an interstate system – a system of competing and allying states. What is Civilization? - ‘Civilization is a sort of ocean, constituting the wealth of a people, and on whose bosom all the elements of the life of that people, all the powers supporting its existence, assemble and unite’ –Guizot - John Stuart Mill suggested by contrast that there was but a single model of civilization... he located in Europe since ‘all [the elements of civilization] exist in modern Europe, and especially in Great Britain, in a more eminent degree… than at any other place or time. Importance of International Law - Martti Koskenniemi and Antony Anghie—International Law was designed as an aid to the preservation of order among  The fact that the global economic slowdown resulting from the sovereign states, and its principles were explicitly stated as financial crisis of 2007 has had a lesser impact on many applying only to civilized states developing economies, especially the BRICS, indicates the - Henry Wheaton (1845) talked in terms of the ‘international extent to which they have become a new and important source law of Christianity’ versus ‘the law used by Mohammedan of capital within the global system. Powers’; such pluralism had all but vanished.  Capital flows in general over the past decade and a half have - W. E. Hall, international law ‘is a product of the special begun to change from the dominant North-North/North-South civilization of modern Europe and forms a highly artificial dynamic to one in which South-South and South-North capital system of which the principles cannot be supposed to be flows are significant (Rajan 2010) with most of the South- understood or recognized by countries differently civilized… North capital flows coming from China and India. - Such states only can be presumed to be subject to it as are  Examples include China’s Lenovo corporation’s purchase of inheritors of that civilization. IBM’s PC business and India’s investment in various - Thus conceived, international law faced the issue of the historically British firms including Jaguar Land Rover relationship between a civilized Christendom and the non- (Economist, 2011). civilized world. States could join the magic circle through the  Increased North-South investments during this period allowed doctrine of international recognition, which took place when ‘a global North corporations to rebound quickly from their profit state is brought by increasing civilization within the realm of losses and restore income growth. law.’  The relative robust nature of the emerging economies has - In the 1880s James Lorimer suggested there were three continued to attract FDI and to create conditions leading to the categories of humanity: rapid expansion of their nationally based global corporations civilized (UNCTAD, 2011). barbaric  The importance of global corporations in Brazil, India and savage China to the current and projected global economy is singular. - Thus, have three corresponding grades of recognition (plenary With 40% of the world’s population the BRICS represent a political; partial political; natural, or mere human). primary force in both global production and consumption. - Most Victorian commentators believed that barbaric states  Hawksworth and Cookson predict that “middle class” might be admitted gradually or in part. Westlake proposed, for consumers in China and India will grow from some 1.8 billion instance, that: ‘Our international society exercises the right of in 2010 to 3.2 billion in 2020 and 4.9 billion by 2030 (2008). admitting outside states to parts of its international law  The relative import of their global corporate cultures can be without necessarily admitting them to the whole of it.’ Others gauged in part by the fact that in 2012 global corporations in disagreed: entry ‘into the circle of law-governed countries’ China made up 73 of the largest in the Fortune 500 list (CNN was a formal matter, and ‘full recognition’ all but impossible. Money 2012), and whereas Brazil and India with 8 apiece - Victorian international law divided the world according to its currently account for a small share of such corporations, standard of civilization. Inside Europe—and in other areas of emergent market countries are projected to account for a near the world colonized by Europeans—there was the (1) sphere doubling of their share of world trade over the next 40 years, of civilized life: this meant—roughly—the protection of reaching nearly 70% by 2050 (Ahern, 2011). property; (2) the rule of law on the basis—usually—of codes  In 1998 only one of the top 100 global corporations was or constitutions; (3) effective administration of its territory by located outside the US, Europe or Japan (Oatley 2008). a state; (4) warfare conducted by a regular army; and (5) freedom of conscience. - International law is the set of rules generally regarded and accepted as binding in relations between states and J.A.K.E 7 of 9  THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER PRELIM 2022 between nations. It serves as a framework for the practice of CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE stable and organized international relations. Discussed by Prof. Guillermo - International law differs from state-based legal systems in that − Globalization is a rich and a broad concept and may be defined it is primarily applicable to countries rather than to private in various perspectives. citizens. − It cannot be denied that globalization has made a tremendous - National law may become international law when treaties impact on the sovereign state. delegate national jurisdiction to supranational tribunals such as − Fowler and Bunck (1996) emphasized that a sovereign state the European Court of Human Rights or the International has a territory, the people, and a government. Criminal Court. − Any state admitted as a member of the United Nations will be - Treaties such as the Geneva Conventions may require national upon the decision of the General Assembly as recommended law to conform to respective parts. by the Security Council. − The United Nations membership requirements are (1) the state The Laws of War must be a peace-loving state which accepts the obligations - The laws of war, codified by the Great Powers at length at the contained in the present Charter, and (2) in the judgment of the end of the nineteenth century, were designed to minimize the Organization, must be able and willing to carry out these severity of conflicts between civilized states. obligations. - But where no reciprocity of civilized behavior could be − Chapter 2, Article 4 of the United Nations Charter states that expected, European armies were taught they need not observe only sovereign states can become members of the United them—or indeed in some versions—any rules at all. Nations. - Britain’s General J.F.C. Fuller noted that ‘in small wars − Although all UN members are fully sovereign states at the against uncivilized nations, the form of warfare to be adopted present, the Belarus, India, Philippines, and Ukraine- four of must tone with the shade of culture existing in the land, by the original members- were not independent at the time of which I mean that, against people possessing a low civilization, their admission in the organization. war must be more brutal in type.’ − Even from the seventeenth century, the legal framework of a - The 1914 British Manual of Military Law, too, emphasized sovereign state has served as a definitive ground for political that ‘rules of International Law apply only to warfare between governance and economic system. civilized nations… They do not apply in wars with uncivilized − Sovereignty has been constitutionally used both on national states and tribes.’ and international levels. The intercontinental spread of capital - Until after the First World War, it was axiomatic that and the formation of global markets have eventually ‘international law is a product of the special civilization of substituted the fragmented national economies. modern Europe itself.’ The United States was, by the century’s − Sovereign states are experiencing increased difficulties in end, regarded from this point of view as a European power, if supplying regulatory and redistributive public goods and not of the first rank. establishing and enforcing property rights in the face of - Through the Roosevelt Corollary, it toughened up its reading relatively open trade, rapid information-technology advances, of the Monroe Doctrine, while at the same time encouraging and considerable financial deregulation. the pan American codification of international law as a way of enshrining its own regional hegemony (DOMINATION). − Moreover, both market relations and political discontent with - It was only the Japanese who seriously challenged the economic policies have virtually become “borderless.” nineteenth century identification of civilization with − The international system has now become less state-centric Christendom. that makes a way into the political constitution of domestic - Having adhered to several international conventions, and policies. revised their civil and criminal codes, they managed to − Notably, the advancements in technology and its innovations negotiate the repeal of the unequal treaties from 1894 onwards, have increased the speed of the migration and transplantation as well as to win back control over their tariffs, and their of legal rules and policies. victory over Russia in 1905 simply confirmed their status as a − The transnational actors, which are non-state, such as the major Power. intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), international - The Japanese achievement confirmed that the standard of nongovernmental organizations (INGOs), and transnational civilization being offered by the Powers was capable of being corporations (TNCs) have assumed relevant roles in global met by non-Christian, non-European states. governance. - But could civilization (with a capital C) really ever be − They have created transnational law that runs many universalized, and how far could it be extended? dimensions of the political economy that was once governed - As for the empire-builders, in Africa, in particular, as well as by the sovereign states. in the Pacific, many liberals and Gladstonians came to terms − Sovereignty is at the heart of both public international law and with imperialism at century’s because they thought in terms of the legal constitution of the state. Relevant changes in the a kind of an imperial cosmopolitanism or commonwealth, in international system definitely affect the shape of sovereignty which individual peoples might preserve their own distinctive and the future of the state law. cultures. − However today, any sovereign state cannot just neglect issues that are related to the interests of the humanity, may they be within the borders or outside the borders of the state. − Individuals and groups enjoy greater recognition as subjects of international law, as seen in the expansion of legal regimes J.A.K.E 8 of 9  THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER PRELIM 2022 and enforceable mechanisms in the fields of international human rights law, international refugee law, international criminal law, and the like. − Victor Peskin observes that the United Nations Security Council's ad hoc tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda continued to trump state sovereignty insofar as targeted states and all other UN members were legally bound to comply. However, the development of international criminal tribunals suggests a changing balance of tribunal authority and state sovereignty. − He criticizes the next generation of war crimes tribunals as supporting the expansion of the influence of state judicial actors as well as the strengthening of the doctrine of sovereignty. − The Rome statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) upholds the principle of complementarities and recognizes that states do not have to collaborate with the court unless they have ratified the statute. However, this is only part of the picture. − The decisions of international judges and prosecutors now permeate and shape the domestic criminal law of these countries. − William Burke-White further asserts that the ICC has become part of a system of multilevel global governance through its alteration of state preferences and policies and its deterrence of future crimes through judicial and prosecutorial pronouncements. − International law has evolved into a central framework for the emergent system of global governance. − This system supplies the normative mechanisms for the establishment of IGOs and the facilitation of the international response to issues as diverse as nuclear proliferation, climate change, ocean use, and the functioning of the world trade system. − Alexandra Khrebtukova insightfully points out, “[n]ational borders no longer confine the diverse views that prioritize subjects of international law …. different perspectives are often less identifiable with specific states than with discrete branches of the law, each manifesting separate functional perceptions of what that law should take as its primary focus. − A sovereign state and its laws are changing; they are transforming according to their relevance to the international system. − A state may, in some point in time, opt to comply with the international and transnational standards. − However, the adaptive power of the state law should not be underestimated. − Generally speaking, the laws that govern the sovereign state are strong and flexible enough to endure the many challenges along the way. − Even with globalization around, the laws are here to stand firm on the political influence over the lives of sovereign state’s people and the majority of peoples around the globe. Puro copy paste na sa mga last topics naminnn. So kung may notes kayo dyan, much better paraa mas mareview nyo maigi ung tcwd hehe. Goood luckkk pipol!! – Aki J.A.K.E 9 of 9