TCW-Notes PDF - Media and Cultural Globalization

MODULE 6: MEDIA AND CULTURAL - The Canadian philosopher Marshall McLuhan GLOBALIZATION remarked that the television paved way for the creation of a...

MODULE 6: MEDIA AND CULTURAL - The Canadian philosopher Marshall McLuhan GLOBALIZATION remarked that the television paved way for the creation of a global village. Media and Globalization - Jack Lule (2012) described media (singular Digital Media form = medium) “as a means of conveying - “Digitized content (text, graphics, audio, and something such as a channel of video) that can be transmitted over the internet communication.” or computer networks” - As a channel of communication media serves - “Computer becomes the new universal as the primary instrument “through which information carrier, and it integrates all known people create and maintain interpersonal types of media” relationships” (Deocampo Jr. et.al., 2019) - When you are connected to the internet, you - Media can be classified into print, broadcast, practically have access to all sorts of digital, and internet. information on all facets of society from all - Lule (2012) listed and described five time parts of the globe periods that had a significant relationship to the budding process of globalization. Electronic and Digital Media The Evolution of Media Electronic Media - Includes television, radio, and film enabling Oral Medium global global communication and the creation - The oldest and most enduring form of of a “global village”. communication, enabling early humans to share information and develop trade. Digital Media - Human beings first learned to speak before - Revolutionized communication and access to they learned how to write. information, integrating all forms of media - “Homo Sapiens” had developed human through the internet and computers. speech into some form of language. - Language led to markets, the trade of goods Impacts and services, and eventually into - Media has been integral to the spread of cross-continental trade routes. globalization, facilitating the diffusion of ideas, cultures, and economic/political connections Script worldwide. - Written word - Provided basic utility to record important The Global Village milestones in human history and civilization. - It made possible written records of early Global Consciousness human transactions, laws, beliefs, practices, - The idea that people worldwide are and so on increasingly identifying with a global audience - Ex. Cuneiform, Hieroglyphics, Calligraphy, and recognizing their interconnectedness. Oracle Bones, Woodblock Printing, Laguna Copperplate Inscription Cosmopolitanism - The notion that people are developing a global Printing Press outlook and sense of belonging to a worldwide - Commenced the information revolution community. because with its invention, books, pamphlets, flyers were produced, reproduced, and Cultural Globalization and Mcdonaldization circulated - The increasing diversity in today’s culture is - People’s literacy had improved, and they one of the vivid illustrations of globalization’s learned to challenge existing political and impact on culture. religious authorities Culture Electronic Media - The cumulative deposit of knowledge, beliefs, - Requires the use of electricity for its access values, attitudes, practices, and religion that - This type of media is composed of the define a group’s way of life. telegraph, telephone, radio, film, and television  Cultural Globalization displacement of indigenous communities from - The rapid movement of ideas, attitudes, and their lands. cultural products across national borders, leading to increased diversity and 1. Commodification homogenization. - Indigenous cultures and knowledge have been exploited and commercialized without proper McDonaldization acknowledgement or consent. E.g. herbal - The American sociologist George Ritzer medicines, ethnic clothes, IP’s names and developed the idea of the McDonaldization of images society. 2. Displacement - The spread of principles from USA’s fast-food - The lands that were set aside for indigenous industries, such as efficiency, predictability, people have been opened to mining and control, etc. to other social institutions logging, particularly in Latin America and Asia worldwide. 3. Publicity - Media has overexposed the IPs. the most Principles of American Business Industries basic concern is “how to keep their most 1. Efficiency private and sacred knowledge out of the - Division of labor doing processes quickly, and internet” (Daes, 2004). reduction of human interaction 4. Legal Challenges 2. Predictability - Existing laws often fail to adequately protect - Giving the same services and products in all the rights and cultural practices of indigenous stores in all branches peoples worldwide. 3. Calculability - Formulas, calculations, and the adoption of the Balancing Globalization and Cultural Diversity phrase “quantity over quality” 4. Control 1. Challenges - Utilization of technology for reliability and - The commodification and exploitation of monitoring indigenous cultures, as well as the displacement of communities, pose significant USA’s Hegemony threats. - Some authors believe that cultural 2. Opportunities globalization is simply the Americanization of - The increased exposure to diverse cultures world cultures. Cultural globalization is labeled and the adaptation of global trends to local as the new face of American Imperialism. contexts can foster cultural exchange and enrichment. The Spread of Popular Culture 3. Preservation American Influence - Strengthening legal frameworks and - The dominance of American popular culture, empowering indigenous communities are such as TV shows and movies, has been a key crucial to protecting cultural heritage and aspect of cultural globalization. diversity. Glocalization Embracing Global Cultures - The adaptation and localization of global Appreciation popular culture. - Recognizing the value and richness of diverse cultures worldwide, and celebrating their Multiculturalism unique traditions and practices. - Multiculturalism is also evident in the USA. Dialogue Asian popular cultures are also making their - Fostering open and respectful communication way to the West. Therefore, it is not proper to between people of different cultural say that globalization only promotes the backgrounds to promote mutual understanding Americanization of world culture. Sustainability - Ensuring that the benefits of globalization are The Impacts of Globalization on Indigenous Cultures shared equitably and that the rights of - Globalization has been instrumental in the indigenous communities are protected. exploitation of indigenous resources and the MODULE 7: GLOBALIZATION: INFLUENCE TO Globalization and Secularization RELIGION & WOMEN 1. Religious Values - Religion emphasizes spiritual values over - Globalization has significantly shaped religion material possessions. and the status of women in society. 2. Globalization’s Influence - Globalization promotes materialism and The Contemporary She secularization. Intelligence and Wit 3. Rise of Fundamentalism - The contemporary woman is valued for her - Religious fundamentalism emerges as a intelligence and wit. response to secularization. 4. Salafis Education and Skills - Muslim fundamentalists who view globalization - She is educated, skilled and confident in her as a threat to Islam. They are against abilities. globalization. Independence and Strength The Threat of Religious Extremism - She is independent, speaks her mind, and 1. Salafis stands her ground. - They view globalization as “a Trojan horse hiding supporters of Western values like Defining Religion secularism, liberalism, or even communism ready to spread these ideas in their areas to - Is closely linked with his/her cultural beliefs eventually displace Islam.” (Claudio and and background (Croucher et. al., 2017) Abinales 2018) - Human beings’ relation to that which they 2. Western Values regard as sacred, absolute, spiritual divine, or - Salafis see globalization as promoting Western worthy of special reverence (Encyclopedia values and cultures. Britannica, 2020) 3. Terrorism - Christianity and Islam are the most widely - Fanatic Salafis vowed to resort to all means spread religions across the globe (Juan, 2006) possible in order to prevent non-Muslims from further propagating western principles and Religious Fanaticism and Terrorism cultures. 1. Materialism vs Religion - Globalization promotes materialism, Fanatic Salafis contrasting with religious values. They became too fanatic in the achievement of - Threatening challenge to human raze or this goal, and too literal in their interpretation of manifestation of evil. (Gayle, 2005) the Quran. 2. Religious Fundamentalism For instance, they believe that non-Muslims - Munsun (2020) defined fundamentalism as should not stay/occupy Islamic countries “type of conservative religious movement because they teach Muslims greed, corruption, characterized by the advocacy of strict as well as promiscuity. conformity to sacred texts.” These fanatic Muslims vowed to use any - Fundamentalism is a religious phenomenon, it means, including violent ones, to achieve the can be seen in all of the world’s religions. It goal of eradicating non-Muslims from their should not be used to make hasty lands. This led to the birth of terrorism, and the generalizations. association of these terroristic acts with Islam. Fundamentalists as Threats Defining Terrorism They regard themselves as “the Chosen”, “the Briefly, it is defined by Jenkins (2020) as the Elect” and “the Saved”. use of calculated violence as a means to They are also described as “assertive, create terror among masses of people to clamorous, and often violent.” achieve religious or political objectives. They are against modernity. The term terrorist nowadays is used to label Muslims who use violence against 3. Secularization non-Muslims in order to achieve an Ismalist - In a secular society, church religiosity is ended; State (one that is being ruled by Shariah/ religion is already irrelevant (Greely, 1972) Islamic Law). The Rise of Terrorism Women’s Empowerment: A Global Movement Increased women’s self-worth Own decision-making power Group Founder Goal Access to opportunities and resources Al Qaeda Osama Bin Kill Americans Power and control over her own life Laden and their allies. Ability to effect change ISIS Abu Bakr Establish an United Nation’s Report al-Baghdadi Islamic State - “There has been progressed over last decade: more girls are going to school, fewer girls are Note: forced into early marriage, more women are Al Qaeda staged the infamous bombing of the serving in parliament and positions of World Trade Center in New York in 2001, this leadership, and laws being reformed to act made terrorism a major concern of all advance gender equality” (U.N., nd) countries around the globe ever since. At present, countries strengthen their military UN Member States’ SIgnificant Steps ties because they need one another’s help in CEDAW case one of them will be attacked by these - The Convention on the Elimination of terrorists. Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) is a There are authors who emphasize that Islam major international treaty to ensure equal should not be blamed for the rise of these rights for women. Passed in 1979 and was terrorist groups. approved by the Philippines in 1981. Instead, these authors argue that the world Guaranteed Rights under CEDAW: should look into how Madrasas (Islamic Marriage boarding schools) teach the Holy Scriptures to Education young Muslim boys. It seems that the Nationality approach of the teachers brainwashes these Suffrage young boys to have a hatred for the West and Health Care be violent against them. Employment ✓ Just like any other religion, Islam also preaches brotherhood and peace. Hence, it is not politically Laws that ensure the advancement and protection of correct to label Muslims as terrorists. women’s rights and interest in the Philippines: R.A 9710 Globalization’s Impact on Women: Opportunities and - Magna Carta of Women Challenges R.A 7877 - Anti-Sexual Harassment Act Positive Impacts R.A 8355 - Globalization has brought advancements in - Anti-Rape Law women’s rights, education, and political R.A 8505 participation, particularly in the Global South. - Rape Victim Assistance & Protection Act R.A 9262 Challenges - Anti-Violence Against Women & Their Children - Harmful practices against women persist, Act especially in indigenous communities, despite Family Code of the Philippines globalization’s progress. PNP Women’s and Children’s Desks and Services Gender Equality - “Gender equality is not only a fundamental The Complexities of Employment Opportunities human right, but a necessary foundation for a - I most Arab states, governments forbid their peaceful, prosperous, and sustainable world” women to work (un.org,n.d). - In some states,women resign from their work - This term means that men and women have once they get married in order to focus on their equal power and equal opportunities for families financial independence, education, and - Women were given access to information and personal development. communications technology (ICT)  - Blackwell (2020) remarked that ICT has From birth, females are considered inferior to increased women’s access to income males. They are only to bear children, serve generating activities which helped them gain their fathers, brothers, husbands, and also financial independence. their in-laws Challenges Towards the Working Women (Reuters, Women do not have any property rights, or if n.d.): they do, they cannot inherit these rights Women are often excluded from the roles of 1. Work-Life Balance political leadership. They are seldom consulted 2. Unequal Pay on political matters concerning the community 3. Harassment and far less in actual decision-making 4. Limited Career Opportunities activities. 5. Children and Career Impacts of Globalization on Indigenous Communities - “Corporations prefer female labor over male 1. Resource Exploitation labor because women are considered “docile” - Globalization has led to the exploitation of workers, who are willing to obey production natural resources on indigenous lands, demands at any price” (Moghadam, 1999) impacting women’s roles as producers and - “Although the demand for female employment providers. brings an array of opportunities and a sense of 2. Becoming Contractual Workers independence, the glass ceiling continues to - From being the main producers to just exist with the “feminization of poverty” becoming workers for big companies. This (MOghadam, 1999) phenomenon leads to unemployment, making - “While men spend more in ‘paid work’ women women dependent on men for income. spent three times more than men in performing 3. Loss of Land and Resources unpaid work while spending a time in ‘paid - The loss of land and resources has contributed work’” (Batani, Banes, and Labod, 2018) to poverty, displacement, and migration to urban centers. The Plight of Indigenous Women Disproportionate Impact The Complexities of Migration - Globalization has disproportionately affected 1. Seeking New Livelihoods indigenous women due to the displacement - Indigenous women seek new livelihoods and from ancestral lands and the exploitation of opportunities in urban centers. natural resources. 2. Informal Economy - Many are forced into the informal economy Challenges Faced with low-paying and precarious jobs. - Indigenous women face poverty, lack of access to resources and increased violence Indigenous Women’s Resistance and the Future due to the impact of globalization. 1. Resilience and Self-Determination Dahl and Alix (2000) examples of the brutalities - Indigenous women demonstrate resilience and committed against women. commitment to self-determination. One is the case of Rohingya women in Burma 2. Protecting Lands and Cultures where the state through the military “raped, - Their movements aim to protect their lands, tortured and killed indigenous women in the cultures, and rights. conflict-ridden ethnic areas. 3. Challenging Injustices Case of indigenous women in Jharkhand, India - They challenge the injustices perpetrated by where these women were “molested and killed globalization when they were accused by their own families 4. Building a Just Future or community members of being witches.” - Equality for indigenous women is crucial for a more just and sustainable future Some points on “The Plight of Indigenous Women” by Jill K. Cariño Women’s Political Rights - The stereotype that politics is for men only still Indigenous women occupy extreme prevails; women, some authors claim, will be disadvantage in society due to two things; having a difficult time balancing political/office because they are indigenous, and because work and their domestic work (as a mother or they are women. as a wife).  - The trust that people give to women in the field MODULE 8: GLOBAL POPULATION AND of politics is highly dependent on their MOBILITY family/personal background. The authentic quality of women is being set aside. - As of November 2024, Worldometer reported that the world’s current population has Vulnerability of Women’s Health reached 8 billion, 180 million, and counting - UNESCO also reported that women are facing: - India is the most populated country, with 1.45 malnutrition, billion, followed by China with 1.41 billion. sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), pregnancy complications, Global Demography cervical and breast cancer, Terminologies: domestic violence, Demography sexual abuse, - “The statistical study of human populations” and genital mutilation (otherwise known as female circumcision) Population - Women assert that when it comes to deciding - “Refers to the number of persons occupying a when to get pregnant, and how many children certain geographic area, drawing subsistence to have, ought to be the woman’s decision, not from their habitat, and interacting with one their male counterparts another” - Intimate partner violence is the most common Global Demography Statistics form of violence against women; there are 11.2B Population cases of women who have been murdered by - The UN predicts the world’s population will their intimate partner. reach 11.2 billion by 2100 Africa Cultural Practices that Threatens Women: - Will be the fastest growing continent due to its 1. Female Circumcision or Female Genital high population growth rate. Mutilation Europe - This pertains to the excision of a woman's - Population is expected to decline due to low external sexual organs for them to be denied fertility rates of sexual pleasures; this is believed to deter women from engaging in illicit affairs. Rural vs Urban: 2. Facial Scarring Rural - This is a symbol for beauty in most African - Agricultural in nature states. - Large kinship networks as critical investments 3. Dowries Urban - In the case of India and Bangladesh, if the - Commitment to work or career leads to bride’s family is not able to give the amount of families having one or two progenies dowry demanded by the groom, he and his * Shanty Towns family are allowed to maltreat or kill the woman - Where the so called urban poor live once they consummated marriage. - Characterized by families having many 4. Honor Killing children - This usually happens in Arab states where the father or any male relative kills the woman who Overpopulation Concerns eloped with a man not approved by her family, Threatened Food Security or the woman divorced her husband, or the - Exhaustion of world’s food supply will woman committed adultery. eventually result from population growth 5. Preference for Male Babies - Overpopulation will yield food shortage and - This is the case in traditional China where mass starvation female infanticide is common. - Overpopulation is seen as a threat to food security, as the rapid increase in the world’s population comprises the four basic components of food security: ✓ Availability ✓ Access ✓ Utilization ✓ Stability  Nutritional Deficiencies and help address aging population challenges - Even when food is available, the quality is by supplying the needed working population. often poor, leaving many people, especially the poor, dependent on junk foods and lacking the CHALLENGES necessary nutrition for a healthy life. Faced by Migrants - Migrants often face difficulties with social Sustainable Development Challenges adjustment and integration in their new - Population growth also shows progress toward environment. They may also experience sustainable development goals, as the racism and discrimination, as seen during the increasing number of people strains the COVID-19 pandemic. planet’s limited resources and threatens the ability of future generations to meet their own MODULE 9: GLOBAL CITIES needs. Qualifications for a city to be considered global: Water Scarcity 1. Business Activity - Population growth will result in greater water 2. Human Capital pollution from sewage, industrial waste, and 3. Information Exchange chemicals. This threatens the world’s water 4. Cultural Experience supply, which is essential for health, food 5. Political Engagement security, and economic development MODULE 10: GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP Resource Depletion - As the population grows, the demand for Living in a Global Village non-renewable natural resources like land will Global Connectivity increase, leading to scarcity and potential - The influence of media like television and the social conflict. Reducing population growth is internet has created a sense of a global crucial to mitigate these environmental village, where we are exposed to information impacts. beyond our borders. Food Insecurity Global Challenges - The choices of today’s population will - The COVID-19 pandemic exemplifies how determine the availability of food in the near events in one part of the world can have a future. In regions like Africa, where population significant impact on everyone, highlighting the growth is faster, access to modern importance of global citizenship. contraception is limited, contributing to food insecurity Global Citizen The belief that all people can make a The Impact of Migration difference in the world - Has significant impacts on both countries of Being aware and understanding of a wider origin and destination. world BENEFITS It is a way of living that recognizes that our For sending countries: world is an increasingly complex web of - Migrant workers send significant remittances connections and interdependencies. that contribute to the economic development of their home countries. This helps fund small Global Citizenship Education (GCED) and medium businesses and creates jobs for - UNESCO (2014) underlined that GCE employs other citizens. concepts, methodologies and theories from - Labor migration also helps address related fields, including human rights unemployment and underemployment issues education, peace education, education for in the sending countries. sustainable development and education for international understanding. For Receiving countries: - GCE related topics are actually taught as - Migrant workers provide the necessary skills integral part of subjects like: that are lacking in the receiving countries, ✓ Moral/Values complementing the domestic workforce. They ✓ Education/Ethics increase the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ✓ Religious Education  ✓ Civics/Citizenship Education Language Skills ✓ Physical Education - BSU students’ knowledge of foreign languages, like Spanish and Korean, 1. Global Awareness demonstrates a desire to connect with different - Recognizing that issues like human rights cultures violation and poverty are not isolated to specific countries. Social Media Awareness 2. Active Advocacy - Social Media used by BSU students - Encouraging learners to become active contributes to their understanding of global participants in creating more peaceful and issues and fosters connections with people equitable societies. worldwide 3. Interconnected World - Understanding that our actions have Global Concerns consequences on people and the environment across the globe Universal Declaration of International Covenant Human Rights on Civil & Political Green (2012) stressed that global citizenship is: Rights a. A choice and a way of thinking - Engage with global issues or with different Lack of Equality Maternal Health cultures in a local setting. Extreme Poverty Slums b. Self-Awareness and awareness of others; c. As the practice of cultural empathy (or intercultural competence) Civic Engagement - Is aware of and considers the existence of Voting cultures other than his own, and the person is - Participate in democratic processes by voting able to appreciate this diversity; for leaders who align with your values d. The cultivation of principled decision making - Aware that people around the world are Volunteering interconnected thus, there is a sense of - Contribute time and effort to causes you responsibility for all actions believe in, addressing local and global issues e. Is the participation in the social and political life of one’s community Advocacy - Volunteering, voting during elections, advocacy - Speak out against injustices and advocate for campaigns, and others change through campaigns and activism BSU iGen: Global Citizens in the Making Call to Action - Born between 1997 and 2012 1. Embrace Diversity - Known as Gen Z or Zoomers - Respect and appreciate different cultures and - Catalysts of societal change due to their perspectives number and their exposure to local, national 2. Engage in Community and global issues since they have access to - Volunteer and participate in civic activities the internet and various social media sites 3. Advocate for Change - Speak out against injustice and work towards a The iGen’s Perspective better world 1. Global Citizenship - Being with the world *BSU iGen students have the potential to become 2. Active Participation powerful agents of positive change. By embracing - Engaging in change global citizenship and actively engaging in civic 3. Inclusive Attitude activities, they can create a more just and sustainable - Respect for diversity world for all* BSU iGen: Global Citizens in the Passport Holders - BSU students with passports, through a minority, show a willingness to engage with the world.