TCW-MIDTERM.pdf

THE CONTEMPORAY WORLD REVIEWER REPORT OUTLINE (TCW)-Group 1 - According to National Geographic, Globalization is a term used to describe how trade and technology made the world into a more connected and interdependent place. - According to Britannica, Globalization is the integr...

THE CONTEMPORAY WORLD REVIEWER REPORT OUTLINE (TCW)-Group 1 - According to National Geographic, Globalization is a term used to describe how trade and technology made the world into a more connected and interdependent place. - According to Britannica, Globalization is the integration of the world’s economies, politics and cultures. Historical Foundation of the term “Globalization” The term globalization first appeared in the early 20th century (supplanting an earlier French term mondialisation) |"mondialisation" (literally worldization in French)| The word globalization was used in the English language as early as the 1930s, but only in the context of education, and the term failed to gain traction. Francois Perroux (a French Economist) He commonly used the term mondialisation in his essays from the early 1960s. Theodere Levitt (a German-American Economist) He was credited with having coined the term globalization in a 1983 article titled “The Globalization of Markets.” Indicators of GLOBALIZATION - Higher value of world trade over time - Higher levels of foreign direct investment - Multinational corporations(MNC) are growing - Greater cultural awareness and exchange, such as the export of cultural foods - Spreading of multiculturalism - Higher spending on international travel and tourism - Information and communication technology spreading throughout the world. Nature of GLOBALIZATION Globalization is an important multidimensional phenomenon. While there are many perspectives and definitions of globalization, it generally refers to the narrowing of national differences and cross-border barriers in economic, political, social, cultural, or other national characteristics 7 Major Types of GLOBALIZATION 1. Social Globalization 2. Economic Globalization 3. Technological Globalization 4. Financial Globalization 5. Political Globalization 6. Cultural Globalization 7. Ecological Globalization Dimension of GLOBALIZATION Globalization impacts worldwide societies in economic, social, political, cultural and many other aspects. Helped by the great invasion of technology, these impacts are accelerated in the past few years. Manfred Streger- Professor of Global Studies at the University of Hawaii at Manoa argues that globalization has four main dimensions: economic, political, cultural, ecological, with ideological aspects of each category. Economic Globalization - is the intensification and stretching of the economic interrelations around the globe. Political Globalization - is the intensification and expansion of political interrelations around the globe. Cultural Globalization - is the intensification and expansion of cultural flows across the globe. Ecological Globalization - include population growth, access to food, worldwide reduction in biodiversity Reason of GLOBALIZATION Some of the causes of GLOBALIZATION include: - Expanded Market Access - Trade - Technological Change - Less Protectionism Benefits of GLOBALIZATION Globalization provides businesses with a competitive advantage by allowing them to source raw materials where they are inexpensive. Stages of GLOBALIZATION 1. Exploration and Colonization (PRE - 1800s) Key Features: Driven by European Exploration and Colonization Focus: Countries, especially in Europe, sought new trade routes, expanded empires, and connected distant regions through sea exploration. Key Events: Establishment of trade routes, European conquests, and the exchange of goods and cultures. 2. Industrial Revolution (1800s to mid- 20th Century) Key Features: Industrialization accelerated global trade and communication. Focus: Mass production and imperial expansion connected global economies, with European powers dominating world trade. Key Events: Inventions like the steam engine, railways, and telegraph, which allowed faster communication and transportation of goods. 3. Post-war Era and Economic Integration (Mid-20th Century to 1990s) Key Features: Economic cooperation and global governance after World War II. Focus: The rise of multinational corporations, free trade agreements, and the establishment of institutions like the United Nations, IMF, and World Bank. Key Events: The establishment of global economic institutions and trade agreements such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). 3. Digital and Information Age (1990s to Present) Key Features: Digital transformation and technological advancements Focus: The internet and communication technologies have created a globally interconnected digital economy, with instant communication and e-commerce driving global markets. Key Events: The rise of the internet, social media, and global digital platforms, as well as the rapid exchange of information and culture across board Merits of GLOBALIZATION - Economic Growth : Globalization can stimulate economic growth by opening up new markets for goods and services, leading to increased trade and investment. - Cultural Exchange: Globalization promotes cultural exchange and understanding by exposing people to diverse cultures, ideas, and practices. This can lead to greater tolerance and global awareness. - Access to Technology: It facilitates the spread of technology and innovations across borders, allowing countries to benefit from advancements in various fields, including medicine, communication, and manufacturing. - Improved Living Standards: By fostering economic development and creating job opportunities, globalization can improve living standards and reduce poverty in many regions. Demerits of GLOBALIZATION - Economic Inequality: Globalization can exacerbate economic inequality by benefiting wealthier countries and individuals more than poorer ones. This can lead to greater disparities in income and wealth. - Job Losses: Industries in developed countries may relocate to countries with cheaper labor, leading to job losses and economic disruptions in the original countries. - Cultural Homogenization: The spread of global culture can sometimes overshadow local traditions and practices, leading to a loss of cultural diversity - Environmental Impact: Increased industrial activity and global trade can contribute to environmental degradation, including pollution and depletion of natural resources. How important is GLOBALIZATION? - Exposure to diverse perspective Fostering cultural exchange and learning different traditions. - Creates economic opportunities Opens global supply chains and provides access to natural resources and labor markets. - Increasing connectedness and interdependence Supporting, helping, and relying on each other in times of crisis. The Theory of Comparative Advantage How do you know which goods to export and which goods to import? Comparative Advantage, states that a country should specialize in the goods or services it can produce at the lowest opportunity cost, and then trade with another country E. g.: Suppose there are two countries doing trading together, South Korea, makes the clothes, and Japan, makes food. The two countries can make both goods. Absolute Advantage occurs when something is more productive than others at making a particular good. Philosophy underlying Globalization: The philosophy underlying globalization is complex and multifaceted, drawing from various schools of thought in economics, politics, ethics, and culture. Liberalism promotes free markets, open trade, and the reduction of barriers across borders. Cosmopolitanism promotes the idea that individuals are global citizens with obligations that transcend national boundaries. Marxism, an extension of capitalist imperialism, where wealthy, developed nations exploit developing countries. It leads to inequality and the concentration of wealth and power in the hands of multinational corporations Postcolonialism often reinforces a Western-centric worldview, marginalizing non-Western voices and identities Environmentalism, the interconnectedness of ecosystems, advocating for global cooperation to tackle environmental challenges like climate change, deforestation, and resource depletion. Cultural Relativism, they caution against the imposition of universal values or a single global culture, advocating for the protection of local traditions, languages, and customs in the face of homogenization. Technological Determinism, highlights how advancements in technology drive globalization by shrinking distances, facilitating instant communication, and enabling global markets. Pragmatism suggests that global problems require flexible, cooperative solutions based on shared interests and outcomes. Neoliberalism promotes deregulation, privatization, and the expansion of free trade as key to economic development and efficiency. REPORT OUTLINE (TCW)-Group 2 I. Global Economy A. Definition -the international exchange of goods and services B. Distinction between global and international economies C.Examples of global economic activities (e.g., trade, finance, technology) II. World Economy A. Aggregate of national economies B. Human economic activities judged in monetary terms C. Examples of world economy components (e.g., legal and illegal markets) III. Market Integration A. Definition -Prices among different locations or related goods follow the same patterns over time -Proportional movement of prices among different markets III. Role of International Financial Institutions (IFIs) in the Creation of Global Economy A.Definition of IFIs (international financial institutions) -Chartered by more than one country Subject to international law Owners/shareholders: national governments, international institutions, other organizations Prominent IFIs Established post-World War II Assist in European reconstruction Manage global financial system B.Examples of IFIs -European Investment Bank -World Bank (IBRD and IDA) -International Monetary Fund (IMF) -Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) -World Bank Group -African Development Bank -Asian Development Bank -Inter-American Development Bank -European Bank for Reconstruction and Development Outline: Membership Composition of IFIs and Global Market Integration in the 20th Century I. Introduction Definition of IFIs: Institutions that provide financial support and advice for economic and social development in developing countries, promoting international economic cooperation and stability.  Purpose of the Outline: To explore the membership composition of IFIs and the history of global market integration. II. Membership Composition of IFIs What are IFIs? -Financial institutions promoting development, stability, and cooperation. Examples of IFIs: African Development Bank (AfDB) Asian Development Bank (ADB) Caribbean Development Bank (CDB) European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) World Bank Other IFIs and Institutions III. Goals and Objectives of IFIs: Reducing global poverty and improving living standards. Supporting sustainable economic, social, and institutional development. Promoting regional cooperation and integration. Providing loans, credits, and grants for projects tied to sustainable development. Offering technical and advisory assistance to borrowers. Conducting research on development issues. IV. History of Global Market Integration in the 20th Century Definition of Global Market Integration: The process of connecting and merging national and regional markets into a single, worldwide marketplace. Key Phases of Global Market Integration: Early 1900s: The First Wave of Globalization 1. Technological advances (railroads, telegraphs) facilitate global trade. 2. The gold standard stabilizes currency exchange. 3. Britain leads in trade and finance.  World War I and Interwar Period (1914-1939): 1. Disruption of trade and rising protectionism. 2.Economic instability worsened by the Great Depression. 3. Collapse of the gold standard. Post-WWII: Bretton Woods System (1944-1971): 1. Creation of IMF and World Bank to stabilize global finance. 2. GATT established to promote trade. 3. The Marshall Plan aids European recovery and development. Late 20th Century: The Rise of Neoliberalism and Technology: 1. Neoliberal reforms (deregulation, liberalization) lead to rapid growth in trade. 2. Technological advances (computers, communication) boost integration. 3. Formation of WTO replacing GATT, promoting deeper trade integration. 4. Financial crises and trade imbalances continue to challenge stability. Outline: Global Corporations and the Global Interstate System I. Introduction - Briefly introduce the concepts of global corporations and the global interstate system. - State the purpose of the outline. II. Global Corporations A. Definition: - Define a global corporation. - Mention alternative names like "multinational company." - Emphasize the key characteristic of operating in multiple countries. B. Characteristics: - Discuss the presence of significant investments and facilities in various countries. - Highlight the lack of a dominant headquarters. - Explain the decentralized nature of global corporations. - Briefly mention examples of global corporations (e.g., Apple, Toyota, Nestle). III. Global Interstate System A. Definition: - Define the global interstate system. - Explain its role as a network of relationships between countries. - Emphasize the interconnectedness of states. B. Characteristics: - Describe the system as a complex web of competing and allied states. - Discuss the dynamic nature of alliances and conflicts. - Mention the role of international organizations (e.g., UN, WTO). - Briefly mention examples of international relationships (e.g., NATO, BRICS). IV. Relationship Between Global Corporations and the Global Interstate System A. Influence of Global Corporations on the Global Interstate System: - Discuss how global corporations can influence international relations. - Mention economic power, lobbying efforts, and global supply chains. - Provide examples of how corporations impact political decisions. B. Influence of the Global Interstate System on Global Corporations: - Discuss how international laws, regulations, and treaties affect global corporations. - Mention trade agreements, sanctions, and human rights considerations. - Provide examples of how the interstate system shapes corporate behavior. V. Conclusion - Summarize the key points about global corporations and the global interstate system. - Briefly discuss the implications of their interconnectedness. - Offer a concluding thought or a direction for further exploration. Outline: Global Governance and the Effects, and World System I. Global Governance Definition-Political cooperation between transnational actors to address issues across multiple states or regions. Institutions-United Nations (UN), World Bank, etc., with limited enforcement power. Features - Bureaucratic organization - Shift toward liberal international sovereignty II. Effects of Globalization on Governance Disciplining Hypothesis-Globalization pressures governments to reduce welfare spending to remain competitive. Compensation Hypothesis-Citizens demand compensation for the risks posed by globalization. III. World System Definition-Describes how countries are economically connected and interact within the global economy. Divides into three (3) categories: - Core Countries: Most powerful and wealthy, control the global economy. - Semi-Periphery Countries: Balance between wealth and development. - Periphery Countries: Least developed, characterized by lower wages and weaker economies.  REPORT OUTLINE (TCW)-Group 3 WORLD SYSTEM THEORY Teaching reflection Define World systems theory - Economic Sociology World-systems theory is a standpoint in sociology and economics developed by eminent sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein during the 1970s. -tries to elaborate the dynamics of the global economy by examining the historical development and ongoing operation of the capitalist world economy. Core, Semi-Periphery, and Periphery Based on their economic activity, power, and distribution of income, the core, semi-periphery, and periphery are the three primary zones that make up our globe according to world-systems theory. The core nations—such as historically the United States, Western Europe, and Japan—have robust industrial bases, cutting-edge technology, and high incomes, making them economically powerful. periphery, Less developed nations make up offering the core agricultural crops, cheap labour, and raw resources. semi-peripheral States that are in the middle, displaying traits from both the core and the periphery. Capitalist World-Economy: The world-systems theory holds that economic activities are interrelated and governed by capitalist relationships, and that the world functions as a single, cohesive capitalism systems. This system operates as a worldwide network rather than being restricted to any one country. Unequal Exchange The uneven distribution of power and income between core and periphery nations is highlighted by the world-systems theory. By taking use of peripheral nations' cheap labour and resources, core nations are able to extract surplus value and preserve their economic supremacy through trade agreements that benefit the core. Dependency and Underdevelopment In terms of markets, technology, and finance, peripheral states frequently rely on core nations. Peripheral regions may be unable to grow economically due to their reliance on low-cost labour or raw supplies, which might lead to continued underdevelopment in such areas. Historical Development: a focus on historical processes, world-systems theory charts the evolution of the global economy from the emergence of capitalism and colonialism to the present. It admits that the current global economic order is a product of historical developments and the division of labor among nationalities. Cyclical Nature: According to the world-systems theory, each region in the world system experiences periodic cycles of economic growth and decline. Certain regions may move from being on the periphery to being on the semi-periphery or the core as their economies grow, while other regions may see a decline. INTERNATIONALIZATION VERSUS GLOBALIZATION INTERNATIONALIZATION -The process of designing and developing a product, service, or application that can be adapted to various languages and regions without any engineering changes. Focuses on the technical and design aspects of a product or service. -Enables a product or service to be easily adapted to different locales and cultures. -Can be applied to software, websites, and other digital products. -The goal is to make a product or service usable by people all over the world. GLOBALIZATION -The process of making products, services, and ideas available and accessible to consumers worldwide. -Focuses on the economic and cultural aspects of a product or service.Involves the spread of products, services, and ideas across national borders. -Can be applied to goods, services, and ideas in general. -The goal is to make products and services available to people all over the world. Cost savings: Internationalization can lead to cost savings as companies can create a single product or service that can be sold in multiple markets, rather than having to create separate versions for each market. Improved customer satisfaction: By being able to provide products and services in the local language and culture, companies can improve customer satisfaction and build stronger relationships with customers. Better understanding of other cultures Internationalization can help companies to understand different cultures and how they operate, which can be beneficial for business and personal growth Greater flexibility Internationalization makes it possible for companies to respond quickly to market changes, such as currency fluctuations and trade barriers, which can be beneficial for business growth and stability. ADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION Increased economic growth: Globalization promotes trade and investment, which can lead to increased economic growth and development. Greater efficiency: Globalization allows for the division of labor, where countries can specialize in the production of goods and services in which they have a comparative advantage. This can lead to greater efficiency and lower costs. Access to new markets: Globalization allows businesses to expand into new markets and access new customers, which can lead to increased revenue and growth. Increased competition: Globalization can lead to increased competition, which can drive innovation and improve the quality of goods and services. Cultural exchange: Globalization can promote cultural exchange and understanding, as people from different countries interact and share ideas and customs.  Improved living standards: Globalization can lead to increased economic growth and access to new markets, which can result in improved living standards for people in developed and developing countries. However, it's also important to note that there are also some potential drawbacks to globalization, such as increased inequality and the displacement of certain workers and industries Contemporary Global Governance What is Global Governance? — Examine gaps in the international system for managing complex issues and to engage stakeholders on practical steps for collective problem solving. —Brings together diverse actors to coordinate collective action. UNITED NATION Intergovernmental governance International Criminal Court (ICC) -Investigate and, where warranted, tries individuals charged and gravest crimes of concern to the international community World bank One of the world’s largest sources of funding and knowledge for developing countries UN is divided into five organs The General Assembly (GA), the Security Council (SC), Economic and Social Council(ECOSOC), trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice (ICJ), and the UN Secretariat. What is United Nation? THE UNITED NATION (UN) is diplomatic and political International organization with the intended purpose of maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nation, achieving international cooperation, and serving as center for coordinating the action of member nations. MAIN FUNCTION OF UN -The UN does not have its own military but it has peacekeeping force which are supplied by the member states. -To aim to protect human rights and provide humanitation assistance when needed. PEACEKEEPING: -It prevents the resumption of fighting following a conflict. Intends to create conditions for lasting peace. -Peacekeepers protect civilians ,actively prevent conflict,reduce violence, strengthen security and empower national authorities to assume these responsibilities. The United Nation plays and integral part in social and economic development through it United Nation Development Program Example:World Health Organization,UNAIDS,MALARIA,THE UN POPULATION FUND and THE WORLD BANK The UN also annually publishes the Human Development Index to rank countries in terms of poverty ,literacy ,education, and life expectancy. *to investigate any dispute or situation which lead to international fiction. *to formulate plans for the establishment of a system to regulate armaments. *to determine the existence of threat to the peace or act of aggression and to recommend what action should be taken. ROLE OF UN TODAY AND THE FUTURE For the future , the UN has established what it calls its Millennium Development Goals. -Most of its member states and various international organization have all agreed to achieve these goals relating to reducing poverty , child mortality ,fighting diseases and epidemics , and developing a global partnership in terms of international development by 2015. -The UN's role is expected to evolve in response to emerging issues like cyber threats, global health pandemics, and the impacts of artificial intelligence. Strengthening multilateral cooperation and adapting to the rapidly changing geopolitical landscape will be vital. -The UN must continue to innovate and reform to remain relevant, ensuring it can effectively uphold its foundational mission of fostering peace, justice, and prosperity for all people around the world. THE UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY -The UN General Assembly was established in 1945 under the UN Charter, the Geveneral Assembly occupies a central position as the chief deliberate. -The UN General maintaining the international peace, security, includes disarmament -The UN Assembly discuss international peace but if the security council already discuss that they just make recommendation -They make recommendations for peaceful settlement of any situation that might impair friendly -Lastly, they elect new member of the council. Member in the UN: 15 Members( 5 permanent, 10 non-permanent CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL GOVERNMENT IN THE 21st CENTURY -Hague speaks about "challenges of global government" as part of the ongoing distinguished speaker series at its institute. -Bokova noted that while new technologies have created new pathways of the international community it caused climate change, poverty, etc. -Bokova suggest three (3) points to address challenges: *Openness of mind *Build resilient *Peace building RELEVANCE OF THE STATE AMIDST GLOBALIZATION -According to John Herz argued in 1957 that the state would become irrelevant because its inability to defend against nuclear attack. -Johan Galtung predicted 10 years later it would disappear as individuals began to develop identities. -State legitimacy is not how effectively it can handle globalization, but rather how effectively it can provide public goods vis- à-vis.  REPORT OUTLINE (TCW)-Group 4 Outline: A World of Regions: Asia and Europe in the American Imperium 1. American Imperium: U.S. influence globally, both territorial and non- territorial). Overview of world politics since the Cold War. Peter J. Katzenstein’s argument on the rise of regions as central force in global politics. Contrast with views on nation-state persistence and globalization. 2. Nation-State Persistence Nation State : individual countries with their own governments. Argument: Despite global changes, many believe nation-states remain central in global politics. 3.Regional Dynamics in Europe and Asia Role of technology, security, and culture in shaping relationships between Europe, Asia, and the U.S. Connections between the U.S., Germany, and Japan, linking America to Europe and Asia. Economic, security, and diplomatic ties between these regions. 4.Impacts of the American Imperium on Europe and Asia a. Security and Defense Europe: U.S. military protection through NATO (e.g., response to Russian threats). Asia: U.S.-Japan security agreements addressing regional threats like North Korea. b. Economic Influence Europe: U.S. investments (e.g., tech firms) shaping European economies. Asia: U.S. as a key trading partner, particularly with China, influencing trade policies. c. Cultural Impact Europe: U.S. media (Hollywood) influencing European entertainment preferences. Asia: American brands (Apple) and media (Netflix) shaping consumer culture d. Political Influence Europe: U.S. leading diplomatic efforts (e.g., sanctions on Russia post- Crimea annexation). Asia: U.S. involvement in South China Sea disputes, promoting stability and supporting allies. Outline: The North-South Divide North-South divide: socioeconomic and political division. Global North: Wealthier, more developed regions (U.S., Canada, Europe, Australia, etc.). Global South: Poorer, less developed regions (Africa, Latin America, developing Asia). a. Economic Disparities: North: Higher income, advanced technology, better infrastructure. South: Poverty, resource limitations, lower economic development. b. Political Power: Northern countries wield more influence in global decision-making. c. Social Indicators: North: Higher quality of life, better health, and education. South: Lower quality of life. d. Fluidity of the Divide Nations that develop economically can move to the "North". Nations that lag in development remain part of the "South". Outline: Global South versus Third World 1. Introduction Quote by Martin Lewis: "There is no Third World; There is no global south." Overview of the "three worlds theory" of the 1960s-1980s. Martin Lewis's critique that the framework was conceptually incoherent. 2. The "Three Worlds Theory" Division of the world into three categories: a. First World: Wealthy, industrialized countries aligned with the U.S. b. Second World: Communist countries aligned with the Soviet Union. c. Third World: Non-aligned countries, often poor and underdeveloped. First World: Definition: Wealthy, industrialized countries aligned with the U.S. during the Cold War. Characteristics: Democratic governments, high standards of living. Example of contradictions: Neutral countries like Finland and Switzerland, which did not fit neatly into the "First World" category. Second World: Definition: Communist countries aligned with the Soviet Union. Characteristics: State-controlled economies, one-party governments. Confusion in classification: Some communist countries like Mongolia, Cuba, North Korea, and Vietnam were poor and underdeveloped, leading to overlapping classifications with the Third World. Third World: Definition: Countries not aligned with either the U.S. (First World) or the Soviet Union (Second World) during the Cold War. Characteristics: Economically underdeveloped, lower standards of living, higher poverty rates, less industrialization. Contradictions: Some Soviet-aligned communist countries, like Cuba and Vietnam, were also classified as Third World due to their economic status, leading to overlaps and confusion. Martin Lewis's Critique Argument: The framework was "conceptually incoherent." Mixed political alignment (geopolitical factors) with socioeconomic development. Difficulty in classifying countries that did not fit neatly into one category, highlighting the flaws of the three worlds framework. Outline: How the Third World Became the Global South 1.Historical Context (19th Century Division of Empires) The world was largely divided into multiple empires during the 19th century. Empires had civilized centers and peripheral regions, often viewed as barbaric. People in what is now the Global South likely gave little thought to the future Third World, which was considered inferior due to race, education, and perceived primitiveness. 2.Make up of 'Third World' (1952) The term "Third World" was coined by Alfred Sauvy, a French demographer, anthropologist, and historian. Sauvy compared the Third World to the "Third Estate" from the French Revolution: First Estate: Clergy and monarchy. Second Estate: Nobility. Third Estate: The rest of the population (eighteenth century society). 3.Transition to 'Global South' The term "Third World" gradually evolved into the term "Global South." Global South is also referred to as developing or low-income countries. Outline: Global Conception Emerged from the Experiences of Latin American Countries 1.Latin American Growth and Contribution High growth rates in some Latin American countries have surprised many. Contributions include regionalism, security management, and external relations. Factors leading to disintegration: Slavery, racism, poverty, and social injustice. 2.Asian Regionalism Driven by economic interaction, not political planning. Early stages of growth focused on exporting to developed markets (not within Asia). Akamatsu’s "Flying Geese" model describes economies following similar paths without direct linkage. 3.Comparison: Regionalism vs. Globalization Regionalism: Divides areas into smaller segments. Globalization: Integrates economies across state borders, facilitating free trade and multiculturalism. Market: Globalization encourages free trade, while regionalism may foster monopolies. Cultural Relations: Globalization accelerates multiculturalism; regionalism limits it. Aid: Globalized communities are more willing to help during crises; regionalism discourages intervention. Technology: Globalization drives advances, making them widely available, unlike regionalization. 4.Greater Asian Regional Integration Regional integration aims to remove trade barriers, promote free movement, reduce regional conflicts, and address policy issues. Intra-regional trade, such as through ASEAN, has increased prosperity by reducing inflation and tariff barriers.  REPORT OUTLINE (TCW)-Group 5 GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURE Globalization: It is the process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of massively increased trade and cultural exchange. Media: Media has played significant roles in shaping the global processes of economics, politics, and culture-the three aspects that make up the multidimensionality of globalization. A tool for the interaction of people with different cultures. A carrier of culture. Cultural: Unified style of human knowledge, beliefs, and behavior, from which people learn, and the ability to communicate knowledge to the next generations. Its development has been mainly influenced by media. FIVE STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF MEDIA: Oral communication: Language allowed humans to communicate and share information.Language became the most important tool for exploring the world and the different cultures. Language help people move and settle down. SCRIPT: Writing is humankind's principal technology for collecting, manipulating, storing, retrieving, communicating and disseminating information. writing may have been invented independently three times in different parts of the world; in the Neast East, China and Mesoamerica. PRINTING PRESS: The printing press is a device that allows for the mass production of uniform printed matter, mainly text in the form of books, pamphlets and newspapers.It revolutionized society in China where it was created. ELECTRONIC MEDIA: refer to the broadcast or storage media that take advantage of electronic technology- include television, radio, internet, fax,CD-ROMs, DVD, and any other medium that requires electricity or digital encoding of information. DIGITAL MEDIA: The computer is considered the most important media influencing globalization. Computers give access to global and market place and transformed cultural life. Our daily lives is revolutionized by digital media. People are able to adopt and adapt new practices like fashion, sports, music, food and many others through access of information provided by computers. They also exchange ideas, establish relations and linkages through the use of Skype, Google, Chat, Zoom and other platforms. Various media drive various forms of global integration: Various media are used for globalization to work all over the world. WHAT IS GLOBAL INTEGRATION? Global integration is the process of connecting different parts of the world through the exchange of goods, services, information, and ideas. This interconnectedness can manifest in various ways, leading to a more unified global community. WHAT IS GLOBAL PRODUCT MEAN? Global products are those products that are marketed internationally under the same brand name, features and specifications across countries. The three perspectives of global culture CULTURAL DIFFERENTIALISM: It views cultural difference as immutable. Emphasize the different among culture and superficially affected by globalization CULTURAL CONVERGENCE: It suggests that globalization engenders a growing sameness of culture. Increase cultural exchange, and interaction CULTURAL HYBRIDITY: it suggests that global spawns an increasing and ongoing mixing of culture. Emphasizes the integration of local and global culture Globalization of Religion Globalization of religion — refers to the spread and interaction of religious beliefs, practices, and institutions across the globe, influenced by technological, social, and cultural exchanges. Religion —System of socially shared symbols, beliefs, and rituals that is directed toward a sacred, supernatural realm and addresses the ultimate meaning of existence. Types of Religious Organizations : CHURCH, DENOMINATION, SECT, and CULT CHURCH — a religious organization that claims to possess the truth about salvation exclusively. DENOMINATION — in contrast to the church and sect, the denomination is oriented toward cooperation. SECT— It perceives itself as a unique owner of the truth. CULT — A system or group of people who practice excessive devotion to a figure, object, or belief system, typically following a charismatic leader. ROLE OF RELIGIONS TODAY Religion - beliefs that try to explain the purpose of the universe, life, and how to live it in light of a superhuman entity or entities. Percentage of world religion: Christianity- 31.11% Islam - 24.90% Unaffiliated - 15.58% Hinduism - 15.16% Buddhism - 6.62% Folk religions- 5.61% Other religions - 0.76% ROLE OF RELIGION PROMOTING WORLD PEACE - Bringing together individuals from different corners of the world to foster global peace through the promotion of values like compassion, forgiveness, and non-violence. ISIL/ISIL -is a terrorist organization that emerged from al-Qaeda in Iraq. It follows an extreme form of Sunni Islam and aims to establish a caliphate, or Islamic state, across Iraq, Syria, and the broader region ISIS- Islamic State of Iraq and Syria ISIL- Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant WHAT LED TO THE RISE ISIS/ISIL -ISIL/ISIS has its origins in the Iraq War of 2003–11. Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI), its direct precursor, was one of the central actors in a larger Sunni insurgency against the Iraqi government and foreign occupying forces. WHEN WAS THE DOWNFALL OF ISIS/ISIL -In March 2019 the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS) was ousted from the last of the territory it had seized across Syria and Iraq. At its late 2014 peak, ISIS controlled large swathes of both countries, subsuming government resources and bureaucracy—along with industry, commerce, and agriculture.