TCW-FINAL-REVIEWER.docx

**LESSON: GLOBAL CULTURE AND MEDIA** **Culture -** refers to the unified style of human knowledge, beliefs, and behavior from which people learn, and the ability to communicate knowledge to the next generations. Its development has been mainly influenced by media. **5 Stages of MEDIA DEVELOP...

**LESSON: GLOBAL CULTURE AND MEDIA** **Culture -** refers to the unified style of human knowledge, beliefs, and behavior from which people learn, and the ability to communicate knowledge to the next generations. Its development has been mainly influenced by media. **5 Stages of MEDIA DEVELOPMENT** - Oral Communication - Script - Printing Press - Electronic Media - Digital Media **Oral Communication -** is the first step in the evolution of media. It refers to the use of spoken language to convey information, stories, and culture from one individual or group to another. This predates all written forms of communication and uses speech, sound effects, and nonverbal cues such as gestures and facial expressions to convey meaning. (McLuhan, 1964) **Script -** allowed humans to communicate over a larger space and for a much longer duration. It allowed the permanent codification of economic, cultural, religious, and political practice. Knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors were written and made available for transmission to the next generation and to other nations and culture. **Printing Press -** The introduction of the printing press allowed the continuous production, reproduction, and circulation of print materials. Written documents were mass produced which gave everyone access to information that was once available only to the rich, powerful, and religious. This period of media development affected globalization by transforming various institutions such as schools, markets, businesses, churches, governments, and armies, among others. **Electronic Media** - Electronic media as characterized by its used of electricity. Electronic media includes the telegraph, telephone, radio, film, and television. The wide reach of these media continues to open up new perspectives in the economic, political, and cultural processes of globalization. **Digital Media -** The last stage is the digital media which relies on digital codes. It can be created, modified, and stored in any digital electronic device. Digitalized content is transmitted over the internet and computer networks. **Media -** Media is a carrier of culture. It is a tool for the interaction of people with different cultures. However, the real media is the people. Pieterse (2004) asserts that the only outcomes of the influence of globalization on culture are cultural differentialism, cultural convergence, and cultural hybridity. **Cultural Differentialism -** views cultural difference as immutable. As the West and non-Western civilizations interact or are bought in contact through globalization, clash of civilizations such as that of the West and Islam logically follows. **Cultural Convergence** - suggests that globalization engenders a growing sameness of cultures. However, the culture of powerful and progressive countries becomes culture. **Cultural Hybridity -** suggests that globalization spawns an increasing and ongoing mixing of cultures. **Glocalization -** coined from globalization and localization, is a rather new concept brought about by the increased frequency of contact among cultures. This reinforces the fact that local cultures are not weak, static, or fixed; they are built and understood anew each day in a globalized world (Lule, 2014). Local cultures continue to accommodate and assimilate cultures of the world due to globalization. **LESSON: GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION** - Religion plays a vital role in the lives of Filipinos for their values are anchored on it - It has affected their attitudes, characters, and perspectives in life. - This truth is not exclusive to Filipinos. **Globalization --** refer to the worldwide interconnectedness of all areas of contemporary social life. One of these areas is religion which entails a personal or organized system of religious belief and practices. On one end, globalization has affected religion in various ways. It paved the way for the rise of religious nationalism, the turn of religion into public life, the proliferation of international terrorism, and the increase of individual religiosity (Roudometof, 2014) - Globalization gave rise to religious nationalism - Globalization led to the turn of religion into public life. - Globalization affected the proliferation of international terrorism - Globalization prompted the increase of individual religiosity **Globalization gave rise to religious nationalism** - Globalization gave rise to religious nationalism that came about after the Second World War - Nationalism was closely associated with particular religious belief and association **Globalization led to the turn of religion into public life** - Globalization led to the turn of religion into public life as a reaction to post world war 2 Modernism - The forceful entrance of religious traditions such as catholic liberation theology and Islamic fundamentalism, from the private sphere into public life (Cassanova, 1994) - Religion goes beyond the administration of sacraments for Catholics and focuses more on the social concern of the poor and the oppressed inside and outside the church **Globalization affected the proliferation of international terrorism** - Religious extremism is a type of political violence anchored on the belief that a supreme being grants violence in the act of glorifying one's faith (Martin, 2017) - has become a central issue faced by the global community. - Extremists believe that it is their duty to fulfill God's will through violence - In 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria triggered the locals of Mindanao to launch the Marawi siege for 5 months **Globalization prompted the increase of individual religiosity** - Globalization prompted the increase of individual - For some, it is a reaction based on one frustration toward institutionalized religion - For others, they just do not want to belong or engage in any organization **Global migration** also influence religion. Because of migration, globalization has forced the appearance of "religious traditions in place where these previously had been largely unknown or considered a minority" (Roudometof,2014). This is called the deterritorialization of religion. **Deterritorialization -** is a cultural feature that blurs the lines between culture and place and thus transcends territorial boundaries. This is highly characteristic of migration amidst globalization. - Global migration also resulted in what Campbell (2007) called Easternization of the west. The west, which is the starting point for the spread of world religion, is not recipient of a new system of belief from the East. There is also a rise in a number of believer of Asian religions like Zoroastrianism. Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism. - On the other end, religion is influenced by global trends and impulses and is forced to respond to new found situation (Roudometof,2014) The interaction of religion and culture resulted in a global-local religion. It is a global religion with local mix. Roudometof(2014) developed a model for distinct glocalization, indigenization, vernacularization, nationalization, transnationalization **Vernacularization -** refers to the blending of universal religions with local language. For instance, Arabic is used in Islams sacred language even outside the Arab World, while Greek and Latin remain to be primary languages of Christianity. This vernacularization of religion also resulted in the creation of new branches of religion such as Orthodox Christianity which stems from Christianity **Indigenization -** transform a universal religion to suit the specific of a particular ethnic group. An example is the practice of Islam by various ethnic groups in the Zamboanga peninsula. Another example is the blending of African traditional forms of religiosity and Christianity in Brazil and the Caribbean. **Nationalization -** construct a link between the nation and church. Religious institutions relate to national identities and the realities of that nation. Being part of the nation means belonging to it national church. **Transnationalization -** has complemented religious nationalization by focusing groups on identifying specific religious traditions of real or imagined national homelands. Starting from the late 20th century, religion has been a source of global conflict and peace. Reading international news stories from the global mass media giants and can readily observe that religion plays a role in global conflict - In Britain, Muslim were linked to the jihadist attack in June 2017 on beating Palestinians also in June 2017. - The American-based organization New Christian Right questioned the teaching of evolution in the same year Juergensmeyer (2014) claims that the conflicts are about identity, economics, privilege, power. Believes that there are five stages of global religious rebellion. **5 Stages of Global Religious Rebellion** **1.** **Revolt against secularism** - Localized uprisings go up against the state's less moral authority to govern. **2.** **Internationalization of religious rebellion -** Warfare between the religious and specular policies. **3**.**Invention of global enemies -** Wherein anti-American and anti-European sentiment are growing **4.** **Global war -** An expansion of range and depth of conflict between the secular and religious forces. **5.** **Religious dimensions of post Arab spring -** Jihadist strategy is proven to be not the way to end the struggle but with nonviolent means. World Vision is a global Christian humanitarian organization that focuses on assisting children, families, and communities in need. Founded in 1950 by Bob Pierce, World Vision operates in nearly 100 countries around the world, working to tackle poverty, hunger, disease, and other humanitarian challenges. The organization\'s mission is to \"follow our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ in working with the poor and oppressed to promote human transformation, seek justice, and bear witness to the good news of the Kingdom of God.\" Mother Teresa was a Roman Catholic nun and founder of the Order of the Missionaries of Charity, a congregation of women dedicated to helping the poor. She was born in what is now Macedonia but lived and worked in India for most of her life and became a citizen of that country. She was considered one of the 20th Century\'s greatest humanitarians and was canonized as Saint Teresa of Calcutta in 2016. Desmond Tutu was a South African Anglican bishop and theologian known for his work as an anti- apartheid and human rights activist, winning the 1984 Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts in resolving and ending apartheid. **LESSON: GLOBAL CITY** **Global City -** is a large, important city that has many advantages and acts as a central point in the worldwide economy. In the 21st century, countries have become more closely connected, and technology has advanced significantly. This era of globalization has made nations more interlinked. Thomas Friedman, in his book \"The World Is Flat\" (2005), describes three stages of globalization: - Globalization 1.0 (1492-1800): that lasted from 1492 to 1800 and \"shrank the world from a size large to a size medium.\" This is known as the age of mercantilism and colonialism and the driving forces were workforce, horsepower, wind power, and, later on, steam power - Globalization 2.0: The age of Pax Britannica when Great Britain was the hegemonic power in terms of trade and economy are on this stage. The driving force was new institutions, particularly the emergence of global markets and multinational corporations. - Globalization 3.0: The third stage happened in the second half of the 20th century, called the age of Pax Americana. During this time, the United States was the leading power in security, trade, and the economy, known as Globalization 3.0. After the Soviet Union fell in the 1980s, the United States became the only superpower in a unipolar world. This dominance was achieved not just through military might but also through economic strength and influence over other countries. Today, instead of using military force to influence other countries, nations use **\"SOFT POWER.\"** This concept, introduced by Joseph Nye (2004), means attracting others through culture, political values, and policies. Soft power is more effective than force because shared values like democracy and human rights are very persuasive. The United States uses soft power in various ways. With the development of technology, corporations around the world tried to expand their footholds outside their own countries. Gore (2013) explained that the world is changing dramatically and there are six driving forces in this global change. One of the drivers of global change is the emergence of a deeply interconnected global operates as a whole entity **Multinational Corporations (MNCs) -** significantly influence the global economy, enjoying numerous advantages such as access to vast wealth generated from their extensive incomes, a form of theoretical immortality due to their enduring nature, and the ability to compete with one another on a global scale. While nation-states are traditionally the primary actors in the global community, MNCs now pose a challenge to their authority and influence. MNCs possess greater flexibility and independence compared to nation-states, which often lack the ability to regulate and control these powerful entities effectively Given these dynamics, it is evident that MNCs play a crucial role not only in the global economy but also in the international political arena. They operate alongside nation-states, possessing the capacity to sustain themselves and significantly influence the global community. MNCs have the unique ability to bridge the political and cultural divides that separate countries by promoting commerce and economic integration. Their products and services appeal to markets worldwide, transcending geographical and political boundaries. Together with the continued relevance of nation-states, are key players in the global community, making the world more interconnected. This increased connectivity is exemplified by the concept and reality of global cities, which serve as hubs for economic activity, cultural exchange, and political engagement. These cities embody the interconnectedness facilitated by MNCs and demonstrate how global commerce can unify an otherwise divided world **The Concept of Global Cities** - Global cities as hubs for production, finance, and telecommunications. Characteristics of global cities (Sassen, 2005): - Cultural diversity. - Centers of economy. - Geographic dispersal of economic activities. - Global reach performance **Examples of Global Cities** - New York, Tokyo, Singapore, Seoul. - 2018 Global Cities Index: New York ranked highest. - Criteria: Business activity, human capital, information exchange, cultural experience, political engagement. It cannot be helped that a multitude of cultures interact with each other when nationstates and multinational corporations behave in a grander scheme. The result of this constant interaction among a wide array of cultures is a conglomeration of cultures in a particular geographical setting which has been labelled as the global city. Cities are hubs for high economic, commercial, cultural, and at times even political activities which efforts of multicultural individuals situated therein. Thus, global cities can contribute to human progress and development through collaborative represent cities around the world that exemplify these characteristics of a city better than other cities. For example, the cities of San Francisco and New York in the United States of America in 2017 and 2018 by A.T. Kearney\'s Global Cities Report. Further, global cities are also perceived as sources of economic growth and are also economic powerhouses themselves, coupled with being industry leaders and regional hubs. **Economic Powerhouses** - Global cities as sources of economic growth. - Industry leaders and regional hubs. - Promotion of globalization through markets. **LESSON: GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY** **Global Demography -** It is the statistical study of human population: specially human beings. Demography encompasses the study of the size, structure, and distribution of the population, and spatial or temporal changes in them, in response to birth, migration, aging and death. (Friedman, 2005) **According to Friedman (2005),** change is inevitable because of the flattening of the world. As he travelled across the world, he talked to people of different nationalities, ethnicities, and classes. One thing he learned from his experiences is that the 21st-century world is becoming more globalized and interconnected. Technological innovation, economic cooperation, and political alliance in the international arena are some of the examples of the new trends in international relations. **The Relationship Between Globalization and Demography -** The flattening of the world is a result of globalization. For Viotti and Kauppi (2013), globalization is the continual increase in transnational and worldwide economic, social, and cultural interactions that surpass the boundaries of states which altogether generates political implications. It is through technological innovation that this global cooperation becomes possible. Key players of globalization have been identified. One may ask about the relation of demography to globalization. Is it possible to have a global demography? **Demography** is a field in statistics that is concerned with births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which later illustrates the changing structure of human populations. In the context of political science, demography is a statistical study to determine world population that can be used as a tool to identify certain phenomenon in geopolitics, public administration, and others. The changing perspective on technology and technological advancements and the movement of international organizations (IOs) have made the world a global civil society. The constant evolution of economic production, development of political agreement of states, and the factors affecting local growth were adopted in the world stage. The idea of a global civil society was seen during the \'90s as \"amosaic of new groups, organizations, and movements that started to appear, which both sought to challenge or resist what was seen as \'corporate\' globalization and create articulate models of social, economic, and political development\" (Heywood, 2011). The formation of a global civil society is a result of a backlash against free-market capitalism. It is in a global civil society where transnational non-governmental organizations and social movements operate and offer an alternative to transnational corporations. The role of a global civil society in global demography is its salient influence on institutional decision-making, affecting the populations at large. **Global demography** is about the trends and practices in worldpolitics. It is the study of the issues and developments of the global population. Basically, it lays out the present condition of the world and its population. To understand this concept, citing an example of current world issues and humanitarian crises can be done. In addition, this idea is also a tool in understanding migration and global citizenship. Ronald Lee (2003) According to Ronald Lee (2003), demography is currently in transition. the mortality rate declined followed by fertility, causing population growth rates to accelerate and then toslow down again. This demographic transition leads to low fertility, long life, and an old population. The global demographic transition all began in the 19th century when Europeans were declining in mortality rate (Lee, 2003) and there were some rising societies in Asian and Latin American regions. The ongoing transition in global demography is caused by formal migration and some historical events, such as colonialism, inter-war reduction, and post-world war migration. The development from pre-industrial to industrialized economy also caused this transition from high to low mortality and fertility. It is observed that most developed nations have completed this transition and thus have low birth rates and high income; developing nations, however are still in transition. It is debatable whether higher income results in lower population growth, or whether lower population leads to higher income. **Global Demographic Issues and Challenges** Global demography is a series of events in population growth, fertility, and mortality rate for the past years, decades, and centuries. This demographic transition is an ongoing event in history; it will end in 2100 The world is bigger than what people know about it but it is smaller than how they perceive it. There are a lot of issues and crises along the road of globalization. The economic bubble in some parts of the world, wars in different states of every region, the existence of transnational crimes, climate change, and migration are some of the trends in global demography. Lee (2003) explains that the transition to low mortality rate was influenced by the reduction of contagious and infectious diseases caused by advancements in medicine and improved nutrition because of the presence of local and international markets due to better transportation of goods. Meanwhile, the factors that led to low fertility rate are the preference over child survival than number of child births and the assumption that raising children is more costly than the consumption of goods, as children render less economic contributions due to years spent on education. Since globalization has something to do with the population demand of a state, its effect on demography in terms of overpopulation must be noted. Aside from increasing birth rate, excessive movements of people from one place to another are also a factor in overpopulation. International migration is becoming more tremendous. Population is part of human demography and since the world is shrinking, this condition develops a concept of a globalized world wherein a state population transcends into global population. In the Philippine context, overpopulation did not manifest. However, some experts in local or internal migration suggest that due to the promise of a good quality of living, Filipinos from rural areas move to cities thus **LESSON: GLOBAL MIGRATION** \- The post-Cold War era witnessed a significant transformation in global power structures, with the United States ascending as the world\'s sole superpower. \- **Fareed Zakaria (2008**) refers to this as the post- American world which is illustrated by the diffusion of power from states to other actors. This diffusion of power signals the \"rise of the rest\" which gives other states the power to play roles in the world\'s economic and political arena. \- **Huntington (1996)** claims that Asian nations are expanding their economic, political, and military strength as a way to show the power they can be capable to hold in the world. **Classification of Countries into three(1^st^,2^nd^,3^rd^ world) was change to two** 1\. **Developed Countries** - Countries that have progressive economies and advanced technological infrastructures. 2\. **Developing Countries** - Low-income countries with less developed Industrial bases. **Migration** - Such inequalities pushes people living in developing countries to seek better opportunities in developed countries or sometimes, motivates them to just move from one country to another to attain the ways of living they are aspiring for. **Samuel Hungtington** \- The rivalry of the superpowers is replaced by the clash of civilizations". \- He also divided global civilizations into the following categories: Western, Latin American; Islamic: Sinic; Hindu Buddhist; Orthodox, Japanese \- According to Huntington, "At present, people from these global civilizations constantly move from one place to another just to achieve economic stability, democratic freedom, and holistically good life that their home countries might not be able to offer." \- **According to Heywood (2011**), cosmopolitanism literally means the adherence or belief in the world state. It is the ideology that all human beings belong to a single community. **3 Elements of Cosmopolitanism** 1\. **Individualism** -- In cosmopolitanism believes that a human being is the ultimate unit of moral concern 2\. **Universality** - All human beings are of equal moral worth. 3\. **Generality** -- Human beings have necessary concern for each other (Pogge,2008) **2 Types of migration** 1\. **Internal migration** - is any movement from one place to another in the same country. 2\. **International migration** - is a movement from one country to another. \- **According to Henry Nau (2009**), transnational relations exist in the present world because countries trade with one another, and populations move across state boundaries. **Global Migration is characterized by 3 distinct categories** 1**. Voluntary Economic Migration** - This is driven by the pursuit of economic stability and is exemplified by the case of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW), who seek employment opportunities in countries with growing labor markets and higher salaries. 2**. Forced Displacement** - This category encompasses migrations that are compelled by factors such as state tyranny, corruption, or the fear of violence, including civil war. 3\. **Refugee Crisis** - This refers to situations where individuals are forced to flee their homes due to persecution, conflict, or violence, seeking refuge in other countries. \- **According to Boswell (2002**), forced displacement and the refugee crisis could be traced to the factors of state tyranny or corruption or the fear of violence such as civil war. **LESSON : SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT** **1. No Poverty (Wakasan ang kahirapan sa lahat ng anyo at kahit saan man)** \- The primary objective of this goal is to eliminate poverty in all its forms and dimensions everywhere. Main Cause of Poverty - Lack of Education - Over Population - Unemployment and underemployment - political and social instability - economic inequality Solutions - Investing in Education and Skills Development - Addressing Overpopulation - Economic Policies for Inclusive Growth - Promoting Good Governance and Reducing - Corruption **2. Zero Hunger (Wakasan ang gutom, kamtin and seguridad sap ag kain at mabuting nutrisyon at isulong ang sustenabling agrikultura)** \- The primary objective of this goal is to end hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture. Main Cause of Hunger - Poverty - Agriculture - Inflating Prices of Basic Commodities Over Population Solutions - Economic Empowerment and Poverty - Supporting Sustainable Agriculture - Stabilizing Commodity Prices **3. Good Health and Well Being (Tiyakin ang malusog na pamumuhay at isulong ang kaginhawaan para sa lahat, anuman ang edad)** \- This goal aims to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for people of all ages. Main Cause for Poor Health and Well Being - Lack of Access to Healthcare - Poverty Infectious diseases - Environmental factor Solutions - Improving access to healthcare - Strengthening health system - Promoting preventive healthcare **4. Quality Education (Tiyakin ang Inklusibo at** **de-kalidad na edukasyon para sa lahat at isulong ang habang buhay na pag-aaral)** \- This goal aims to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. Main Causes - Educational Inequalities - Insufficient Funding - Socioeconomic Barriers - Outdated Curriculum and teaching method - Teacher shortage and training. Solution - Increasing Education Funding - Teacher Training and Recruitment - Updating Curriculum and Teaching Methods - Addressing Socioeconomic Barriers **5. Gender Equality (Kamtin ang pagkakapantay- pantay sa kasarian at bigyan ng kapangyarihan ang kababaihan)** \- The goal of gender equality is to achieve equal rights, responsibilities, and opportunities for all genders. Main Causes - Cultural Norms and Stereotypes - Economic Disparities. - Violence and Harassment Solutions - Promoting Education for All - Raising Awareness and Changing Attitudes - Strengthening Legal Frameworks **6. CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION (Tiyakin may tubig at sanitasyon para sa lahat)** \- This goal aims to ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. Main Causes - Poor Infrastructure - Pollution and Contamination. - Population Growth and Urbanization. - Climate Change. - Lack of Awareness and Solutions **7. AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY (Tiyakin may abot-kaya, maaasahan, sustenable, at modernong enerhiya para sa lahat)** \- Affordable and clean energy is a fundamental goal of sustainable development that aims to ensure everyone has access to reliable, modern, and sustainable energy at an affordable cost. Main Causes - Climate Change Mitigation - Energy Access - Health Barriers. - Economic Growth - Energy Security. Solutions - Investment in Research and Development - Infrastructure Development - Public Private Partnership - Community Engagement and Education - International Cooperation **8. DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH (Isulong ang inklusibo at sustenableng paglago ng ekonomiya, trabaho at Disenteng gawain para sa lahat)** \- Decent work and economic growth is a goal that aims to promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all. This goal is central to improving living standards, fostering economic development, and ensuring that all people have access to the opportunities and resources necessary for a dignified and productive life. Main Causes - Poverty Reduction - Economic Stability - Social Inclusion - Human Rights - Innovation and Productivity. Solutions - Improving Education and Training - Strengthening Labor Law and Enforcement - Promoting Inclusive Economic Policies - Encouraging Public Private Partnership - Enhancing Social Protection Systems **9. INDUSTRY, INNOVATION, AND INFRASTRUCTURE (Itayo ang matatag na imprastruktura isulong ang sustenableng industrialisasyon at isulong ang inobasyon)** \- Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure is a goal that aims to build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation. Main Causes - Economic Development - Infrastructure Development - Innovation and Competitiveness - Environment Sustainability - Social Inclusion Solutions - Public Private Partnership - Investment in Research and Development - Capacity Building and Education - Sustainable Practices **10. REDUCED INEQUALITIES** **(Bawasan ang di-pagkakapantay-pantay sa loob ng bawat bansa at sa pagitan ng mga bansa)** \- Goal 10 calls for reducing inequalities in income as well as those based on age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or economic or other status within a country. The Goal also addresses inequalities among countries, including those related to representation, migration and development assistance. Main Causes - Income - Sex - Age - Race Solutions - Policy Changes - Education - Economic Empowerment - Social Programs - Awareness and Advocacy - Community Engagement - Legal protection **11. SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES** **(Gawing inklusibo, ligtas, matatag at sustenable ang mga syudad)** \- It aims to renew and plan cities and other human settlements in a way that offers opportunities for all, with access to basic services, energy, housing, transportation and green public spaces, while reducing resource use and environmental impact Main Causes - Urbanization - Environmental Impact - Inclusivity and safety Solutions - Promote waste segregation and recycling - Expand and improve public transportation - Create and preserve green spaces **12. Responsible Consumption and Production** **(Tiyakin ang sustenableng pamamaraan ng pagkonsumo at produksyon)** \- This goal aims to ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns. It involves promoting resource and energy efficiency, sustainable infrastructure, and providing access to basic services, green and decent jobs, and a better quality of life for all. Main Causes - Consumer Culture and Behavior - Resources Intensive Industries - Policy and Regulation Gaps Solutions - Use thing wisely - Make better rules - Teach and learn **13. CLIMATE ACTION (Gumawa ng kagyat na aksyon para sagkaan ang pagbabago sa klima at ang mga epekto nito)** \- limate change is a real and undeniable threat to our entire civilization. The effects are already visible and will be catastrophic unless we act now. Through education, innovation and adherence to our climate commitments, we can make the necessary changes to protect the planet. Main Causes - Scientific Understanding - Environmental Concerns - Social Justice - Economic Consideration - Public Awareness and Activism Solutions - Transition to renewable energy - Energy efficiency - Carbon pricing - Reforestation and afforestation - Sustainable agriculture **14. LIFE BELOW WATER (Pangalagaan at sustenableng gamitin ang karagatan at mga yamang dagat)** \- To conserve and sustain ably use the world's ocean, seas and marine resources. Main Causes - Overfishing - Pollution - Climate Change - Habitat Destruction - Oil Spill Solutions - Marine Protected Areas - Sustainable fishing Practices - Pollution Control - Climate Changes Mitigation - Community Engagement and Education **15. LIFE ON LAND (Pangalagaan nang sustenable ang mga gubat,sagkaan ang paglawak ng mga disyerto)** \- A flourishing life on land is the foundation for our life on this planet. We are all part of the planet's ecosystem and we have caused severe damage to it through deforestation, loss of natural habitats and land degradation. Promoting a sustainable use of our ecosystems and preserving biodiversity is not a cause. It is the key to our own survival. Main Causes - Oxygenation of the Atmosphere - Evolution of land plants - Evolution of Terrestrial Animals - Continental drift and geological changes - Adaptations to desiccation Solutions - Environmental Conservation - Climate Changes Mitigation - Urban Planning and Design - Education and Awareness - Sustainable Agriculture **16. PEACE, JUSTICE, AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS (Itaguyod ang makatarungan, mapayapa at inklusibong mga lipunan)** \- This goal aims to promote peaceful and inclusive societies, provide access to justice for all, and build effective, accountable, and inclusive institutions at all levels. It focuses on reducing all forms of violence, combating corruption and bribery, ensuring the rule of law, and developing transparent institutions that are responsive to the needs of the people. Main Causes - Violence and Conflict - Corruption and lack of accountability - Weak judicial system Solutions **17. PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE GOALS (Muling pasiglahin ang pagtutulungang pandaigdig para sa sustenableng kaunlaran)** \- This goal aims to strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development. It focuses on enhancing cooperation among governments, private sector, civil society, and international organizations to mobilize resources, share knowledge, and coordinate efforts to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Main Causes - Resources Gaps - Global Challenges - Inclusive Development Solutions - Strengthening Institutional Framework - Enhancing Coordination and Collaboration - Fostering Innovation **LESSON: FOOD SECURITY** **Food** - A vital resource for humans, regardless of race, nationality, religious affiliation, economic status, or educational attainment, **Food Security** - defined as the "physical and economic access, at all times, to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food for people to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life" (Swaminathan, 2003), **International trade** - International trade is viewed as a solution to potentially dampen the blows on food security in nations. While relatively poor countries can benefit from international trade by receiving subsidies from rich countries, the latter will be pressured to increase food production capabilities. **Economic and Agricultural Reform** - have proven viable in addressing food security issues like in the case of China, one of the most populated countries in the world. In 1978, China began reforms in these sectors to ensure food security for the country and its people. Nutrition-wise, China was able to reduce the number of undernourished people by seventy million from 1990 to 2000 (Jiang, 2008). **Armed Conflict** - One of the contributing factors that further cripples and weakens food security both on domestic and international level **Hunger** - leads to conflict and, as mentioned, leads to an increased shortage in food. **Food Shortage** - Food shortage is not only limited to rural areas but is also an issue plaguing urban sectors especially in countries with internal conflicts. **Lack of food** was one of the factors that ignited the French Revolution of 1789 (Choen, Pinstrup-Andersen, 1999) and somehow is resembled by the Venezuelan food crisis in the present era. **LESSON: GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP** \"Global citizenship is the idea that one\'s identity transcends geography or political borders and that responsibilities or rights are derived from membership in a broader class: \'humanity.\'\" -Unknown **Global Citizenship** - Socrates is often credited with the idea of being a \"citizen of the world.\" He is reported to have said, \"I am not an Athenian or a Greek, but a citizen of the world.\" **Global Village** - After the advent of globalization and a multitude of technological advancement, the nations, as well as many citizens of the world, have gotten closer than they did before. Communication has been made easier advancements, with relatively new and efficient ways of reaching even the former inaccessible parts of the world, and of acquiring and transmitting information which are quite literally at everyone\'s fingertips. This constant state of being interconnected brings about the notion of a global village where citizens of the world are members, not only of their respective home but also of the global world. **Global Citizen** - Considering these premises, there must be an ever-developing awareness that decisions and actions in a domestic level can and will have international repercussions. As global citizens, individuals must be aware of the wider world; respect and value diversity; have an understanding of how the world works economically, politically, socially, culturally, technologically, and environmentally; outraged by social injustice; participate in and contribute to the community at all levels from local to global; be willing to act to make the world a more equitable and sustainable place; and take responsibility for their actions (Douglas, 2001). These characteristics can all be acquired through education, particularly the one that focuses on global and multicultural aspects. Education, in this regard, helps the learner to understand the impact of one\'s own actions to other cultures and the effect of other people\'s actions based on a different culture to one\'s own (Pae, 2003). In brief, global education opens learners\' minds to the multitude of customs, norms, and traditions lessening one\'s prejudices. This is necessary because, as mentioned, the evident interconnectedness and constant interaction of People from all over the world pit individuals from different nations and cultures against one another. For such interaction to be successful, such set of conduct mentioned above must be exhibited by a global citizen. Moreover, the role of microsystems such as families and local communities is of great importance in solidifying a global perspective. In essence, global education must be holistic and requires the effort not only of the educators but of parents, peers, and even policy makers (Pae, 2003). **Role of Global Citizen** \- Engaging with people of different nationalities with these attributes will be beneficial for the rest of humanity in the long run since an individual is not only confined to the pursuit of personal interest but also conscious about the lives, desires, and needs of other individuals hailing from other cultures. It is a fact that some of the world\'s resources are running scarce due to the persistent demands of human consumption. Being able to peacefully coexist with one another with a shared global perspective in mind can enable individuals to efficiently distribute and consume resources without the need for coercion. Global citizens have a great understanding of the truth that for the global society to survive, one must do away with myopic and self-centered ideas and must rather take into great consideration the needs of other individuals.