Physiological Changes During Pregnancy PDF

Physiological changes during pregnancy DR. MOHAMMED ABDELHAKIM LECTURER OF OB&GYN MINIA UNIVERSITY Why there should be change??  to support the growing fetus and prepare the body for childbirth  Genital Tract Changes  Uterus: Changes in shape, size, weight, positi...

Physiological changes during pregnancy DR. MOHAMMED ABDELHAKIM LECTURER OF OB&GYN MINIA UNIVERSITY Why there should be change??  to support the growing fetus and prepare the body for childbirth  Genital Tract Changes  Uterus: Changes in shape, size, weight, position, and increased blood supply. Formation of the lower uterine segment by the fourth month.  Ovaries: No ovulation; corpus luteum secretes essential hormones.  Other Genital Structures: Increased vascularity in the fallopian tubes, ligaments, vulva, vagina, and cervix with notable signs (e.g., Chadwick's sign in the vagina).  Breast Changes  Enlargement, pigmentation, tenderness, and Montgomery’s tubercles. Colostrum production begins around the third month.  Cardiovascular System  Increased blood volume and cardiac output, heart rate elevation, and various changes in heart sounds and rhythms.  Respiratory System  Increased tidal volume and oxygen consumption. Hyperventilation and respiratory alkalosis occur due to hormonal effects and increased diaphragm elevation.  Gastrointestinal System  Slowed digestion, increased nausea (morning sickness), and changes in appetite.  Heartburn is common due to the relaxation of the esophageal sphincter.  Urinary System  Increased kidney size,  renal blood flow, and glomerular filtration rate.  The bladder experiences hyperemia, increased frequency, and nocturia.  Endocrine Changes  Placental hormone production  changes in the pituitary,  thyroid, and adrenal glands. Notable hormones include increased levels of prolactin, progesterone, and thyroid hormones.  Musculoskeletal System  Joint relaxation,  increased lumbar lordosis, and a higher risk of lower back pain.  Widened sacroiliac joints and pubic symphysis help in labor.  Skin and Hair Changes  Hyperpigmentation,  striae gravidarum (stretch marks),  increased vascularity . Chloasma may also appear.  Metabolic Changes  Increased basal metabolic rate,  weight gain, and fat storage.  Enhanced protein synthesis and altered carbohydrate metabolism, including insulin resistance.  Immune System  Modulation away from cell-mediated immunity towards increased humoral and innate immune responses, which helps prevent rejection of the fetus. Thank you.