Bacterial Infections PDF

Bacterial Infections WMSU Presented by: TAIB, NUR- SALYN J.  Staphylococcal Food Poisoning Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) is a type of foodborne illness caused by the consumption of food contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The b...

Bacterial Infections WMSU Presented by: TAIB, NUR- SALYN J.  Staphylococcal Food Poisoning Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) is a type of foodborne illness caused by the consumption of food contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The bacteria produce enterotoxins, which are toxins that can cause illness when ingested. Causative agent: Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium present in the nose (usually temporarily) of about 30% of healthy adults and on the skin of about 20%. Is a gram-positive, nonmotile, non–spore-forming, coagulase-producing facultative anaerobes that are cocci-shaped and arranged in clusters. It belongs to the family Staphylococcaceae. Can be found in food-producing animals and raw foods. Can be readily transmitted from one species to another. Staphylococcal Enterotoxin are heat-stable toxins produced by the common Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. There are more than 20 types of enterotoxins, with type A commonly known for causing food poisoning. Staphylococcal enterotoxin A. A concentration of as little as 0.5 mg/ml is sufficient to result in nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and cramps. It stimulates the cell proliferation of peripheral lymphocytes, induces the production of interferons and is important for gut immunity against S. aureus infections. It acts as a super antigen for T-lymphocytes. Mode of transmission By ingestion of a food product containing staphylococcal enterotoxin. Food handlers carrying enterotoxin-producing S. aureus in their noses or on their hands are regarded as the main source of food contamination, via manual contact or through respiratory secretions. Foods involved are particularly those that come in contact with food handlers' hands, either without subsequent cooking or with inadequate heating or refrigeration, (e.g. salad, sandwiches, sliced meat and meat products, pastries, etc.).  Symptoms Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea Weakness Sweating Abdominal cramp Fatigue Chills Myalgia Headache Fever Reservoir: Humans in most instances; occasionally cows. Common vehicle: Foods with a high-salt concentration (e.g., ham or canned meat) or a high-sugar content (e.g., custard and cream). Incubation period: 30 minutes to 8 hours. Prevention and control Educated food handlers on  strict food hygiene  sanitation and cleanliness of kitchens,  proper temperature control,  hand washing,  cleaning of finger nails  need to cover wounds on the skin Reduce food handling time to no more than 4hrs Keep perishable food hot (>60°C or cold below 10°C). Temporarily exclude people with boils, abscesses and other purulent lesions of hands, face or nose from food handling. Interesting facts  Staphylococcus aureus (staph) is a bacterium commonly found on the skin and in the nose of about 30% of individuals. Most of the time staph does not cause any harm, but it can sometimes cause infections. In healthcare settings, infections can lead to serious or fatal outcomes.  The illness is typically short-lived, lasting 1-2 days. History Chaotic situations arise during outbreaks at large social events, leading to the need for rapid medical care for many cases. Some examples of outbreaks of Staphylococcal Food Poisoning (SFPO) include the first documented case in Michigan in 1884 involving contaminated cheese. This event was linked to staphylococci, with researchers suggesting a poisonous substance developed in the cheese due to bacterial activity. Subsequent cases, such as one in 1894 involving meat from a diseased cow, further established the link between staphylococci and food poisoning. In 1914, Barber definitively proved that staphylococci could cause poisoning, highlighting the connection between contaminated food and symptoms of food poisoning. By 1930, researchers demonstrated the ability of staphylococci to produce toxins that caused symptoms of intoxication when ingested orally, highlighting the link between staphylococci- containing food and illness. Other name of the disease  Staph food poisoning Describe the disease Severe Nausea and Vomiting Pain in the stomach area Loose stools may occur, but are not always present Who are likely to be affected The disease is usually self-limiting and typically resolves within 24–48 h after onset. Occasionally it can be severe enough to warrant hospitalization, particularly when infants, elderly or debilitated people are concerned. Available vaccine and medication  There is no specific medication, vaccine, or cure for Staph food poisoning.  Antibodies will neutralize staphylococcal toxins and enzymes.  Fluids  Sometimes medications to control nausea and vomiting (e.g. Bismuth subsalicylate, Dimenhydrinate etc.)  Sometimes fluids by vein  Dental caries Dental caries (also known as tooth decay or dental cavities) is a common chronic infectious resulting from tooth-adherent cariogenic bacteria, primarily Streptococcus mutans, which metabolize sugars to produce acid, demineralizing the tooth structure over time. Causative agent - Streptococcus mutans Streptococcus mutans is a facultatively anaerobic, gram-positive coccus (round bacterium) commonly found in the human oral cavity and is a significant contributor to tooth decay. The microbe was first described by James Kilian Clarke in 1924. S. mutans are mesophilic and grow at temperatures between 18-40 degrees Celsius. Streptococcus mutans is a cariogenic microorganism that breaks down sugar for energy and produces an acidic environment, which demineralizes the superficial structure of the tooth. The result of the conversion disintegrates the coating of the tooth then later dissolves the Calcium molecule creating a hole. Mode of transmission Streptococcus mutans is considered to be part of the "normal" flora of the human mouth. The bacteria that cause cavities can also be transmitted via saliva, which means that cavities can indeed be contagious. This bacteria spreads when people kiss, share food, or when young children put objects in their mouths. Symptoms The symptoms of cavities vary, depending on how many you have and where they're located. When a cavity is just beginning, you may not have any symptoms. As the decay gets larger, it may cause symptoms such as: Toothache and other pain. Tooth sensitivity. Mild to sharp pain when eating or drinking something sweet, hot or cold. Holes or pits in your teeth that you can see. Brown, black or white staining on any surface of a tooth. Pain when you bite down. Reservoir: Human oral cavity. Common vehicle: Sugars in food and drinks. Incubation period: Six months to four or five years. Prevention and control First of all, you should observe oral hygiene: Brush your teeth 2 times a day for at least 2-3 minutes; Use dental floss to clean interdental spaces; Use fluoride-containing toothpaste; Use rinsing agents containing chlorhexidine to suppress pathogenic bacteria. Switch to proper nutrition: Limit sugar intake. Refuse sweet between main meals. Do not eat sweets before bedtime; Eat foods rich in vitamins and minerals; After the main meal, eat fresh vegetable and fruit; You can use sugar-free chewing gum after eating. And be sure to visit the dentist at least once a year! Interesting facts  Small caries is asymptomatic. Waiting for the pain, you thereby doom yourself to more expensive and complex treatment.  Caries stops in the treated tooth. It can return after some time if the seal has receded and bacteria begin to penetrate into the resulting space between the seal and the tooth.  Often caries occurs in places that are difficult to reach with a brush, for example, in interdental spaces. Therefore, we strongly advise you to use dental floss.  Not all tooth sensitivity indicates caries. It can be caused, for example, by gum disease, in which the root of the tooth is exposed. In any case, only the doctor can name the cause.  If the decay of deciduous teeth is detected, they should be treated if possible, not removed. After all, milk teeth retain a place for molars. In the absence of milk teeth, molars may not locate properly. History Cavities, also known as dental caries, have been causing tooth pain for centuries. Fossils from ancient species, like Australopithecus, dating back 1.1 million to 4.4 million years, show signs of cavities. The Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods, occurring around 3.3 million years ago and 8,000 BC, also displayed evidence of cavities. Factors such as consuming plant-based foods with carbohydrates and rice cultivation led to a rise in dental caries. The first cavity treatments emerged in Pakistan between 7,000 BC and 5,500 BC, using simple dental drills. Throughout history, various civilizations, including Assyrians, Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, used different treatments for cavities. The Age of Enlightenment brought advancements in cavity treatments, with Pierre Fauchard pointing to sugar as a cause. In the 1890s, W. D. Miller, considered the first oral microbiologist, connected bacteria in the mouth to tooth decay. Further research in the 20th century identified specific bacteria like Streptococcus mutans as key players in cavity formation. Today, cavities remain a common chronic disease, but prevention strategies and dental treatments are available to address them. Other names of the disease  Tooth decay  Cavities Describe the disease Tooth decay signs include white, brown, or black staining on the tooth. If the decay is more advanced, it may form a hole, or cavity. Pain when you bite down. Who are likely to be affected Children and adolescent Olderly people People with poor diet Available vaccine and medication  There is there is no commercially available vaccine today.  Treatment include: Fluoride treatments, Fillings, Crowns, Root canals, Tooth extractions  Actinomycosis Actinomycosis is an infection with Actinomyces bacteria. It causes pus-filled wounds, usually around your face and mouth, which slowly spread to nearby tissue. It’s usually caused by dental disease or surgery, but abdominal surgeries, aspiration and IUDs can also cause it. Causative agent - Actinomyces israelii Actinomyces israelii bacteria are the most common cause of actinomycosis. But many other types of Actinomyces bacteria can also cause it, including A. naeslundii, A. odontolyticus, A. viscosus, A. gerencseriae and others. Actinomyces are gram-positive filamentous non-acid fast anaerobic to microaerophilic bacteria that live in certain mucous membranes, like your throat, intestinal tract (gut) and vagina. They’re among thousands of bacteria that live on or in your body without harming you. But if they get into a place they shouldn’t be, they’ll start reproducing and cause an infection.  c Mode of transmission/ Common vehicle The Actinomyces spp. commonly inhabits the oral cavity, the gastrointestinal tract, and the female genital tract, where they exist as commensals. Infection occurs when mechanical insult disrupts the mucosal barrier or organisms gain access to privileged sites. For example, actinomycosis commonly occurs after dental procedures, trauma, surgery, or aspiration. Actinomyces spp. is also presumed to be transmitted via direct contact between individuals as part of the normal oral flora. Types of actinomycosis 1. Cervicofacial actinomycosis affects your face, mouth, nose, neck or jaw. It’s sometimes called “lumpy jaw.” Infection in the cervical and facial areas typically occurs following oral cavity surgery in patients with poor oral hygiene. 2. Thoracic or pulmonary actinomycosis affects your lungs or chest. Thoracic actinomycosis may occur in patients with alcohol use disorder and seizure disorders. Pulmonary infection usually occurs as a complication of aspiration. 3. Uterine or pelvic actinomycosis affects your pelvic area and reproductive organs. Pelvic actinomycosis has been associated with the use of intrauterine devices (IUDs). 4. Abdominal actinomycosis affects your intestines or other abdominal organs. Abdominal actinomycosis has been reported after any abdominal surgery but is most commonly seen after an appendectomy Symptoms Fever Weight loss Bumpy, fluid-filled areas on your neck, jaw or face or in your mouth (cervicofacial infection) Pain when you chew or severe jaw tightness (infection in your mouth or jaw). Chest pain (lung infection) Abdominal pain (pelvic or abdominal infection) Vaginal bleeding or discharge (pelvic infection) Reservoir: Human oral cavity. Incubation period: Varies from several days to several years after colonization. The incubation period could be days to months after insult to a mucous membrane. Prevention and control  Good oral hygiene and limitation of alcohol may limit cervicofacial, pulmonary, and central nervous system (CNS) actinomycosis.  In women, changing the IUD device every five years prevents actinomycosis infection.  Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent the infection from spreading.  The specific antibiotic and duration of treatment will depend on the severity and location of the infection.  Actinomyces infection has no racial predilection and is not contagious. Interesting facts  Due to its slow progression and unusual symptoms, actinomycosis is often misdiagnosed as other conditions, such as cancer or tuberculosis.  Unlike many other bacterial infections, actinomycosis is not contagious from person to person. History In 1877, pathologist Otto Bollinger discovered for the first time, presence of Actinomyces bovis in cattle. In 1877, James Israel discovered Actinomyces Israelii in humans. In 1890, Eugene Bostroem isolated the causative organism from a culture of grasses, grain, and soil. In 1939, Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology classified the organism as bacterial Actinomycosis was of minor importance in World War II. The annual admission rate per 1,000 average strength was about 0.01 and remained remarkably constant in the continental United States and in the various theaters of operations overseas. There were no epidemics or seasonal variations in the incidence of the disease. Other name of the disease  Lumpy jaw Describe the disease Chronic Infection Formation of Abscesses and Sinus Tracts "Sulfur Granules” Who are likely to be affected Individuals with poor dental hygiene People with weakened immune systems Individuals with dental procedures Many cases are found in women using intra-uterine contraceptive device (IUCD) Actinomycosis is three times more common in men than women Available vaccine and medication  There is currently no specific vaccine available.  Treatment of actinomycosis usually requires antibiotics (Penicillin G, ampicillin/amoxicillin, antipseudomonal PCNs, most cephalosporins, macrolides, tetracycline, imipenem, clindamycin) for several months to a year.  Surgical drainage or removal of the affected area (lesion) may be needed.  If the condition is related to an IUD, the device must be removed. Pasteurellosis/Pasteurella infections Pasteurellosis is a zoonotic disease. It is caused by infection with bacteria of the Pasteurella genus. Pasteurella multocida is the most commonly reported organism in this group, and is well known as both a common commensal (part of the normal bacterial flora) and pathogen in a variety of animal species. Causative agent: Pasteurella multocida Pasteurella multocida is an immobile, anaerobic, penicillin-sensitive, Gram-negative coccobacillus fermenting bacterium. This pathogen is commonly prevalent in the upper airways of healthy pets, such as cats and dogs, but was also confirmed in domestic cattle, rabbits, pigs, birds, and various wild animals. Is named after Louis Pasteur (1822-1895), chemist and bacteriologist in Paris. Humans can acquire P. multocida infections through contact with animals or mucous secretions. Mode of transmission Infection in humans occurs as a result of biting, scratching, or licking by animals and contact with nasopharyngeal secretions. Inflammation at the site of infection develops within the first day from the injury. It is usually confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue but, in particular situations, may spread to other organs and manifest as a severe systemic infection. Pasteurella infections are spread by inhalation of aerosol droplets, by direct nose to nose contact, or by ingestion of food and water contaminated by nasal and oral discharges from infected animals. Symptoms In Humans: The most common symptom of pasteurella infection is a soft tissue infection at the site of the bite or scratch. Within 24 hours of the bite or scratch, you may experience swelling, tenderness, and pus drainage. Sometimes, Pasteurella can cause a more severe soft tissue infection. This include: Cellulitis, Necrotizing fasciitis, Arthritis, Eye infections, Meningitis, Pneumonia, Osteomyelitis, Septicemia, Tenosynovitis, Urinary tract infections In Animals: It can cause illnesses like: Atrophic rhinitis. This condition damages the bones and causes lesions in the snouts of pigs. Fowl cholera. This highly infectious and deadly disease affects wild and domestic birds, most commonly chickens, turkeys, and waterfowl. Hemorrhagic septicemia. This disease causes internal bleeding and leads to death within 24 hours of the start of symptoms. Pasteurella multocida causes hemorrhagic septicemia in hooved animals like antelope, buffalo, cattle, deer, goats, and sheep. Reservoir Animals and birds are usual hosts, but P. multocida, P. dagmatis, P. stomatis, and P. canis may be transmitted to humans. Ticks, lice, and flies may contain Pasteurella multocida, but they are not considered to act as a vector. Common vehicle There isn't a common vehicle for Pasteurellosis in the traditional sense. However, in animal populations, particularly livestock, Pasteurella multocida can spread through contaminated feed and water sources, especially under stressful conditions like overcrowding or poor hygiene. Incubation period Less than 24 hours for humans (3 to 48 hours). 3 to 5 days in animals. Other name of the disease  Shipping fever – a respiratory disease in cattle  Fowl cholera – a disease affecting poultry Prevention and control For humans  Avoid Animal Bites and Scratches  If you are bitten or scratched by an animal, clean the wound thoroughly with soap and water.  Keep pets vaccinated and healthy.  Regularly clean and disinfect pet cages and living areas.  Early treatment with antibiotics can prevent serious complications. For animals  Avoidance or reduction of known stressors such as heat, overcrowding, exposure to inclement weather, poor ventilation, handling, nutritional problems, transportation, and commingling is a primary consideration for prevention of disease.  Inclusion of metaphylactic antimicrobial treatment, mainly with tetracycline, during the months of the year with the highest incidence of pasteurellosis is a common management practice. Interesting facts  Animals can carry Pasteurella bacteria without showing any signs of illness, making it important to treat all animal bites and scratches seriously.  Pasteurellosis is a zoonotic disease, meaning it can be transmitted between animals and humans. History Pasteurella multocida was first discovered by Perroncito in 1878 and named after Louis Pasteur who first isolated and described described this Gram-negative bacterium as the cause of fowl disease in 1880. Subsequently, P. multocida was also found to cause atrophic rhinitis in pigs, haemorrhagic septicaemia in cattle and respiratory diseases in many other animals. It was later recognized that P. multocida could also infect humans, particularly through animal bites and scratches. Describe the disease In Humans The affected area may become red, swollen, painful, and warm to the touch. The infection can lead to the formation of pus, which may drain from the wound. Swelling of the lymph nodes near the infected area. In Animals Pasteurellosis can cause respiratory infections in animals, leading to symptoms like coughing, sneezing, and difficulty breathing. In severe cases, the bacteria can spread throughout the bloodstream, causing systemic infection. The bacteria can form abscesses in various organs, including the lungs, liver, and spleen. Nasal discharge may be mucopurulent (a mix of mucus and pus), often appearing yellow or green. Who are likely to be affected Individuals with intensive animal contact (veterinarian, animal keepers, farmers, breeders, pet owners, abattoir personnel) are at higher risk or infection and 3-5% may be colonized. Infants and immunocompromised individuals are also at higher risk than the general population. Animals whose normal defenses are compromised. Available vaccine and medication  No specific vaccine for human pasteurellosis is available.  For humans - Antibiotics, such as penicillin or amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, are typically used to treat infections. A typical course of antibiotics is 7-10 days, but severe infection may need a longer course.  For animals - Antimicrobial treatment, Ancillary anti-inflammatory treatments, Metaphylaxis of high-risk populations  Cat-scratch disease Cat-scratch disease (also known as Cat scratch fever) is an uncommon bacterial infection you can get from a cat scratch or bite. Fleas infect cats with the bacteria that cause cat scratch disease (B. henselae). Causative agent: Bartonella henselae bacteria Bartonella henselae formerly Rochalimaea henselae, is a member of the genus Bartonella, one of the most common types of bacteria in the world. It is a facultative intracellular microbe that targets red blood cells. The specific name henselae honors Diane Marie Hensel (b. 1953) Aerobic, oxidase-negative, and slow growing gram-negative rod, slightly curved. The presence of bacteria can be detected by Warthin-Starry stain, or by a similar silver stain technique performed on infected tissue. Mode of transmission People become infected with Bartonella henselae from the scratch of domestic or feral cats, particularly kittens. Cats can have fleas that carry B. henselae bacteria. These bacteria can be transmitted from a cat to a person during a scratch that is contaminated with flea feces (poop). Infected cats that lick a person's open wound or bite can also spread the bacteria. Symptoms Reservoir Low-grade fever Feline (e.g. Cats – Asymptomatic) Fatigue Headache Common vehicle Enlarged, tender lymph nodes that Cat bites develop 1–3 weeks after exposure Cat scratches Saliva to a cat A papule or pustule at the site of Incubation period the scratch About 3 to 14 days after the skin is broken, a mild infection can occur at the site of the scratch or bite Other name of the disease  Bartonella henselae infection  Bartonellosis  Cat scratch fever Prevention and control If you’re around cats, there are a few simple things you can do to help prevent cat scratch disease: Try to avoid cat bites or scratches. Wash your hands after playing with, picking up or petting cats or kittens. Keep your cats indoors to help reduce the risk of flea bites. Don’t pet or pick up stray cats or kittens. Don’t let cats lick scratches or wounds. Ask your veterinarian how to protect your cat from fleas. If you have a compromised immune system, adopt a cat over a year old rather than a kitten. Interesting facts  Cats aren’t the only sources of human CSD infections  Serious signs of illness in people are rare  Flea prevention is key  The bacteria is relatively common  Signs of illness in cats are rare  In the United States, about 20,000 cases are diagnosed each year, most under 15 years old. Most often, it is transmitted by scratches or bites from kittens. History CSD was first described as a clinical syndrome in 1931, but it was not until 1983 that a bacterial etiology was determined, and in 1992, the specific cause of CSD was identified. CSD is a feline-associated zoonotic disease, with an estimated annual incidence in the United States of 22,000 cases. Describe the disease Nasal discharge may be mucopurulent (a mix of mucus and pus), often appearing yellow or green. Swollen lymph nodes - is the most common symptom, usually occurring near the site of the scratch or bite. The lymph nodes may be tender and painful. Bumps or blisters - A small, red bump or blister may appear at the site of the scratch or bite. Who are likely to be affected Children and young adults (under age 15) Individuals with weakened immune systems Available vaccine and medication  There is currently no CSD vaccine available for cats or people  Most often, cat-scratch disease is not serious. Medical treatment may not be needed. In some cases, treatment with antibiotics such as azithromycin can be helpful. Other antibiotics may be used, including: Clarithromycin Rifampin Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole Ciprofloxacin  Reference https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3153270/#:~:text=Staphylococcal%20food %20poisoning%20(SFP)%20is,3%2C4%2C5%5D. http://www.bccdc.ca/health-info/diseases-conditions/staphylocococcus-aureus#:~:text =Although%20S.,example%20in%20the%20nasal%20cavity. https://www.slideshare.net/FarirahNoi/staphylococcal-food-poisoning-24597599 https://drpraveens.com/2023/01/16/sequelae-of-dental-caries/ https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sugars-and-dental-caries#:~:text=D ental%20caries%20develops%20over%20time,and%20abscesses%2C%20or%20ev en%20sepsis https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2020/5658212#:~:text=Streptococcus%20 mutans%2C%20lactobacilli%2C%20Actinomyces%20spp,of%20dental%20caries%2 0%5B6%5D. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23537-cat-scratch-fever https://www.catster.com/lifestyle/facts-about-cat-scratch-fever/ https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24981-actinomycosis https://www.ohiodentalclinics.com/curricula/caries/mod3_references.html https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cavities/diagnosis-treatment/drc-2035 2898 https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/path ogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/actinomyces-pathogen-safety-data-sheet.ht ml THANK YOU!!!