Ethical Issues in Research PDF

TOPIC 2 Ethical Issues in Research Miss Hikmah Mohamad Id Learning Outcomes 1. Define ethics in Research 2. Identify and describe significant historical events that have shaped modern research ethics 3. Explain the area of focus in research ethics J...

TOPIC 2 Ethical Issues in Research Miss Hikmah Mohamad Id Learning Outcomes 1. Define ethics in Research 2. Identify and describe significant historical events that have shaped modern research ethics 3. Explain the area of focus in research ethics J / 4. Identify forms of scientific dishonesty  Research Ethics Research ethics encompass a set of principles and standards that guide the planning, conduct, and reporting of research involving human and animal subjects. Adhering to these ethical norms is crucial for ensuring the integrity of research, protecting participants, and maintaining public trust. Provides guidelines for the responsible conduct of research. Educate and monitor scientists conducting research to a high ethical standard.  Research Ethics Why Research Ethics Matter: Protects Human Subjects: Prevents harm, ensures informed consent, and maintains confidentiality. Enhances Research Quality: Promotes honest and accurate reporting of research methods and findings. Builds Public Trust: Encourages public support and trust in scientific research. Prevents Misconduct: Deters scientific misconduct such as fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism.  Historical Context Key Historical Events in Research Ethics * 1. Nuremberg Code (1947) Background: Developed in response to the unethical medical experiments conducted by Nazi doctors during World War II. Key Principles: Voluntary consent of participants is essential. Research should yield fruitful results for the good of society. Research should avoid unnecessary physical and mental suffering and injury. Risk should be proportional to the humanitarian importance of the problem. Researchers must be qualified and competent. Participants should have the freedom to withdraw at any time.  Historical Context ↓ Key Historical Events in Research Ethics 2. Declaration of Helsinki (1964) Background: Established by the World Medical Association as a set of ethical guidelines for physicians conducting biomedical research involving human subjects. Key Principles: Well-being of the human subject should take precedence over the interests of science and society. Research protocols should be reviewed by an independent committee prior to initiation. Informed consent is necessary for all research participants. Research should be conducted by scientifically qualified individuals. Results of research should be accurately and transparently reported, including negative and inconclusive findings.  Historical Context Key Historical Events in Research Ethics 3. Belmont Report (1979) Background: Published in response to ethical violations in studies like the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Key Principles: Respect for Persons: Treat individuals as autonomous agents and protect those with diminished autonomy. Beneficence: Minimize harm and maximize benefits to research participants. Justice: Ensure fair distribution of the benefits and burdens of research. Applications: Guidelines for obtaining informed consent. Selection criteria for research subjects should be fair and equitable. Assessment of risks and benefits should be thorough and systematic.  Historical Context Impact on Modern Research Ethics here tan IkB Development of Ethical Review Boards (ERBs): th apa Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) and ethics committees have been established to review research proposals and ensure they comply with ethical standards. ERBs play a crucial role in protecting the rights and welfare of research participants. Global Standards and Guidelines: International guidelines, such as those by the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) and UNESCO, build upon these historical frameworks to provide comprehensive ethical standards for research worldwide. Evolution of Ethical Practices Area of Focus J Key Areas of Focus in Research Ethics * 1. Informed Consent here 2. Privacy and Confidentiality (Data Protection) hafel 3. Vulnerable Groups da-tar apa penenege 4. Risk-Benefit Analysis die. 5. Ethical Publication Practices  Area of Focus 1. Informed Consent The process of providing potential research participants with comprehensive information about the study, ensuring they understand and voluntarily agree to participate. Key Components of Informed Consent 1. Purpose of the research 2. Procedures involved 3. Risks and discomforts 4. Benefits 5. Confidentiality 6. Info researchers will share with participants 7. Compensation and treatment for injury 8. Voluntary participation / free to withdraw at any time 9. Contact information 10. Statement of consent  Area of Focus 2. Privacy & Confidentiality (Data Protection) Privacy: Protecting participants' personal information from unauthorized access. Confidentiality: Ensuring that data collected from participants is stored securely and only accessible to authorized personnel. Best Practices: Use of anonymization and pseudonymization techniques. Secure data storage methods, such as encryption and password protection.  Area of Focus 3. Vulnerable Groups Groups that may have limited capacity to consent or may be at higher risk of pressure or exploitation (e.g., children, prisoners, economically disadvantaged). Protection: Additional safeguards to protect the rights and welfare of vulnerable populations. Tailored informed consent processes and enhanced ethical scrutiny.  Area of Focus 4. Risk-Benefit Analysis Risk Assessment: Identifying potential risks to participants and evaluating their severity and likelihood. Physical, emotional and social Benefit Assessment: Determining the potential benefits of the research to participants, science, and society. Balancing Risks and Benefits: Researchers must evaluate the potential risks and benefits of their studies to ensure that the benefits outweigh any potential harm to participants.  Area of Focus 5. Ethical Publication Practices Honest Reporting: Ensuring that research findings are reported truthfully and accurately. Avoiding Plagiarism: Properly citing all sources and giving credit where it’s due. Addressing Misconduct: Implementing procedures to handle allegations of fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism. Researcher: ▪ Cannot “massage” data to fit their hypotheses ▪ Cannot make up or report false results ▪ Must report what they find, even if the data does not support their initial hypotheses ▪ Should give the proper credit (authorship) to those who have earned it  Areas of Scientific Dishonesty Scientific dishonesty (scientific misconduct) refers to unethical practices that compromise the integrity of research. 1. Fabrication a pos tay 2. Falsification here 3. Plagiarism apel penergange. 4. Nonpublication of Data 5. Faulty Data Gathering Procedures 6. Misleading Authorship 7. Unacceptable Publication Practices  Areas of Scientific Dishonesty 1. Fabrication f C making up data&or results and recording or reporting them. Examples: Inventing experimental data. Creating false records of interviews or surveys. S 2. Falsification &manipulating&research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record. Examples: Altering data to fit a desired outcome. Modifying images in research publications.  fabrication & - falsificatio  Areas of Scientific Dishonesty 3. Plagiarism J Using another person’s ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit. Examples: Copying text from another source without attribution. Using someone else’s research data as one’s own. PARAPHRASING Original The chef carefully prepared a delicious meal for the guests at the restaurant. Paraphrase The chef took great care in cooking a tasty dish for the diners at the restaurant. Original The artist painted a beautiful landscape during the quiet morning hours. Paraphrase During the serene morning hours, a stunning landscape was created by the artist on canvas.  Areas of Scientific Dishonesty 4. Nonpublication of Data I Often referred to as "cooking data," this practice involves selectively publishing only favorable results while withholding unfavorable data. to “not including” data Sometimes in the data scores or “outliers” - and these outliers are “trimmed” from the data set Finding nothing of significance is just as important as finding something of significance.  Areas of Scientific Dishonesty 5. Faulty Data Gathering Procedures improper methods of collecting data J Other examples:  Continuing with data collection from participants who are not meeting the requirement of the research  Malfunctioning equipment  Recording data incorrectly  If machines are not calibrated correctly  if subjects do not follow procedures correctly  if untrained research assistants are used (may give different instructions)  Areas of Scientific Dishonesty 6. Misleading Authorship S involves improper attribution of authorship, where individuals who did not contribute significantly to the research are listed as authors, or those who did contribute are excluded.  Order of authorship is based on author’s contributions  1st author usually developed the idea for the research  This needs to be decided BEFORE the research is started A person who makes very little contribution to the study, takes credit. Bottom line is not to take credit for things you did not do!  Areas of Scientific Dishonesty 7. Unacceptable Publication Practices J Generally, not considered ethical to submit a paper to more than one publication, and certainly not to accept publication in more than one journal. Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932-1972) Case Studies Examples of Unethical Research X Milgram Experiment (1961) Ethical Challenges in Modern Research