T1.1 What Is Life? PDF

What is life? CU: Introduction to Animal Organism CU: Introduction to Animal Life Based on slides by Prof. Ricardo Assunção and Prof. Ana Vítor INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL ORGANISM – Alexandra Sanfins www.egasmoniz.com.pt ...

What is life? CU: Introduction to Animal Organism CU: Introduction to Animal Life Based on slides by Prof. Ricardo Assunção and Prof. Ana Vítor INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL ORGANISM – Alexandra Sanfins www.egasmoniz.com.pt  For teaching purposes only Objectives to be attained during Master’s Degree in Veterinary Medicine & Degree in Biomedical Sciences this lecture: To understand the concept of life and their characteristics To recognize the basic unit of life, the cell, and their main functions To know the fundamentals of the Miller-Urey experiment and the www.egasmoniz.com.pt proposed sites for the birthplace of life on Earth 2  For teaching purposes only What is life? Master’s Degree in Veterinary Medicine & Degree in Biomedical Sciences Le Penseur - Auguste Rodin “symbol of the quest for knowledge and humanity's search for the meaning of life.” www.egasmoniz.com.pt 3  For teaching purposes only Where it all began Master’s Degree in Veterinary Medicine & Degree in Biomedical Sciences About 14 billion years ago, the universe arose as a cataclysmic explosion of hot, energy-rich subatomic particles. The simplest elements (hydrogen and helium) were formed. Supernovae released the energy needed to fuse simpler atomic nuclei into the more complex elements – atoms and molecules. www.egasmoniz.com.pt 4  For teaching purposes only First record of life Master’s Degree in Veterinary Medicine & Degree in Biomedical Sciences About 4 billion years ago, life arose on Earth — simple microorganisms with the ability to extract energy from chemical compounds and, later, from sunlight, which they used to make a vast array of more complex biomolecules. www.egasmoniz.com.pt William J. Schopf of University of California Los Angeles, discovered an ancient bacterial fossil in a 3.5-billion-year-old rock in Western Australia considered as the oldest cell and the earliest evidence of life 5  For teaching purposes only What is life? Master’s Degree in Veterinary Medicine & Degree in Biomedical Sciences Life has been described in operational terms, such as movement, reproduction, adaptation, and the ability to respond to external stimuli. Science, primarily through the experimental www.egasmoniz.com.pt approaches of biochemistry, has revealed that all organisms obey the same chemical and physical laws that govern the universe. 6  Master’s Degree in Veterinary Medicine & Degree in Biomedical Sciences www.egasmoniz.com.pt 7 For teaching purposes only  Master’s Degree in Veterinary Medicine & Degree in Biomedical Sciences www.egasmoniz.com.pt But… living organism? What does it take to be classified as a 8 For teaching purposes only  For teaching purposes only To be classified as a living thing, an object must Master’s Degree in Veterinary Medicine & Degree in Biomedical Sciences have all six of the following characteristics: It responds to the environment It grows and develops It produces offspring www.egasmoniz.com.pt It maintains homeostasis It has complex chemistry It consists of cells 9  For teaching purposes only 1. It responds to the environment Master’s Degree in Veterinary Medicine & Degree in Biomedical Sciences Detect changes in their environment and respond to them www.egasmoniz.com.pt 10  Master’s Degree in Veterinary Medicine & Degree in Biomedical Sciences www.egasmoniz.com.pt Under the right conditions 2. It grows and develops 11 For teaching purposes only  For teaching purposes only 3. It produces offspring (Reproduction) Master’s Degree in Veterinary Medicine & Degree in Biomedical Sciences May be as simple as a single cell dividing to form two daughter cells www.egasmoniz.com.pt Generally, much more complicated 12  For teaching purposes only 4. It maintains homeostasis Process of maintaining a Master’s Degree in Veterinary Medicine & Degree in Biomedical Sciences stable internal environment All living things are able to maintain a more-or-less constant internal environment Keep things relatively stable on the inside regardless of the conditions around them www.egasmoniz.com.pt 13  For teaching purposes only 5. It has complex chemistry Master’s Degree in Veterinary Medicine & Degree in Biomedical Sciences All living things—even the simplest life forms—have a complex chemistry Consist of large, complex molecules, and they also undergo many complicated chemical changes to stay alive www.egasmoniz.com.pt Thousands (or more) of these METABOLISM → accumulated total chemical reactions occur in each cell at any given moment of all the biochemical reactions occurring in a cell or organism 14  Master’s Degree in Veterinary Medicine & Degree in Biomedical Sciences www.egasmoniz.com.pt living Is a virus a organisms? 15 For teaching purposes only Master’s Degree in Veterinary Medicine & Degree in Biomedical Sciences For teaching purposes only What is the basic unit of life? www.egasmoniz.com.pt 16 Based on slides by Prof. Ricardo Assunção  For teaching purposes only The cell Master’s Degree in Veterinary Medicine & Degree in Biomedical Sciences All forms of life are built of at least one cell A cell is the basic unit of the structure and function of www.egasmoniz.com.pt living things 17  Master’s Degree in Veterinary Medicine - www.egasmoniz.com/pt the 18 What is function of a cell? For teaching purposes only  For teaching purposes only Main functions of cells Master’s Degree in Veterinary Medicine & Degree in Biomedical Sciences Structural and functional characteristics of different types of cells are determined by the nature of the proteins present There are many cell types → there are varied cell functions www.egasmoniz.com.pt Generalized cell functions: Movement of substances across the cell membrane; Cell division to make new cells; Protein synthesis. 19 www.egasmoniz.com/pt For teaching purposes only How did these molecules become - Master’s Degree in Veterinary Medicine organized and come together? 20  Master’s Degree in Veterinary Medicine & Degree in Biomedical Sciences www.egasmoniz.com.pt The Miller-Urey Experiment https://youtu.be/NNijmxsKGbc 21 For teaching purposes only  For teaching purposes only The Miller-Urey Experiment Master’s Degree in Veterinary Medicine & Degree in Biomedical Sciences Simulation of conditions on the early Earth Testing the idea that life, or more specifically organic molecules, www.egasmoniz.com.pt could have formed by nothing more than simple chemical reactions Biochemistry of Living Organisms: The Genesis (2016) 22  For teaching purposes only Proposed sites for the birthplace of Master’s Degree in Veterinary Medicine & Degree in Biomedical Sciences life on Earth www.egasmoniz.com.pt https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2018.09.011 23  For teaching purposes only Introduction to Animal Organism Master’s Degree in Veterinary Medicine & Degree in Biomedical Sciences Study of Structural the cell biochemistry www.egasmoniz.com.pt 24 Based on slides by Prof. Ricardo Assunção  For teaching purposes only Objectives to be attained during Master’s Degree in Veterinary Medicine & Degree in Biomedical Sciences this lecture: To understand the concept of life and their characteristics To recognize the basic unit of life, the cells, and their main functions To know the fundamentals of the Miller-Urey experiment and the www.egasmoniz.com.pt proposed sites for the birthplace of life on Earth 25 Based on slides by Prof. Ricardo Assunção  What is life? CU: Introduction to Animal Organism CU: Introduction to Animal Life Based on slides by Prof. Ricardo Assunção and Prof. Ana Vítor www.egasmoniz.com.pt