Physics & Chemistry Grade XI Syllabus PDF

# Physics ## Syllabus - Grade XI **Struct simplified knowledge of physics to promote care for the environment, indigenous knowledge, social justice, and peace** **Be and Sequence of Contents** ### Mechanics * **Physical Quantities** * Precision and significant figures. Dimensions and use...

# Physics ## Syllabus - Grade XI **Struct simplified knowledge of physics to promote care for the environment, indigenous knowledge, social justice, and peace** **Be and Sequence of Contents** ### Mechanics * **Physical Quantities** * Precision and significant figures. Dimensions and uses of dimensional analysis. * **Vectors** 1. Triangle, parallelogram and polygon laws of vectors 2. Resolution of vectors; Unit vectors 3. Scalar and vector products. * **Kinematics** 1. Instantaneous velocity and acceleration 2. Relative velocity 3. Equation of motion (graphical treatment) 4. Motion of a freely falling body 5. Projectile motion and its applications. * **Dynamics** 1.1 Linear momentum, Impulse 4.2 Conservation of linear momentum 4.3 Application of Newton's laws 4.4 Moment, torque and equilibrium 4.5 Solid friction: Laws of solid friction and their verifications. * **Work, energy, and power** 5.1 Work done by a constant force and a variable force 5.2 Power 5.3 Work-energy theorem; Kinetic and potential energy 5.4 Conservation of Energy 5.5 Conservative and non-conservative forces 5.6 Elastic and inelastic collisions. * **Circular Motion** 6.1 Angular displacement, velocity and acceleration 6.2 Relation between angular and linear velocity and acceleration 6.3 Centripetal acceleration 6.4 Centripetal force 6.5 Conical pendulum 6.6 Motion in a vertical circle 6.7 Applications of banking. * **Gravitation** 7.1 Newton's law of gravitation 7.2 Gravitational field strength 7.3 Gravitational potential; Gravitational potential energy 7.4 Variation in value of 'g' due to altitude and depth 7.5 Centre of mass and center of gravity 7.6 Motion of a satellite: Orbital velocity and time period of the satellite 7.7 Escape velocity 7.8 Potential and kinetic energy of the satellite 7.9 Geostationary satellite 7.10 GPS * **Elasticity** 8.1 Hooke's law: Force constant 8.2 Stress; Strain; Elasticity and plasticity 8.3 Elastic modulus: Young modulus, bulk modulus, shear modulus 8.4 Poisson's ratio 8.5 Elastic potential energy. ### Heat and Thermodynamics * **Heat and Temperature** 9.1 Molecular concept of thermal energy, heat and temperature, and cause and direction of heat transfer 9.2 Meaning of thermal equilibrium and Zeroth law of thermodynamics. 9.3 Thermal equilibrium as a working principle of mercury thermometer. 13.3 Kinetic-molecular model of an ideal gas 13.4 Derivation of pressure exerted by gas, 13.5 Average translational kinetic energy of gas molecule 13.6 Boltzmann constant, root mean square speed 13.7 Heat capacities: gases and solids. ### Waves and Optics * **Reflection at curved mirror** 14.1 Real and virtual images, 14.2 Mirror formula * **Refraction at plane surfaces** 15.1 Laws of refraction: Refractive index 15.2 Relation between refractive indices 15.3 Lateral shift 15.4 Total internal reflection. * **Refraction through prisms** 16.1 Minimum deviation condition 16.2 Relation between Angle of prism, minimum deviation and refractive index 16.3 Deviation in small angle prism. * **Lenses** 17.1 Spherical lenses, angular magnification 17.2 Lens maker's formula 17.3 Power of a lens * **Dispersion** 18.1 Pure spectrum and dispersive power 18.2 Chromatic and spherical aberration 18.3 Achromatism and its applications ### Electricity & Magnetism * **Electric Charges** 19.1 Electric charges 19.2 Charging by induction 19.3 Coulomb's law- Force between two point charges 19.4 Force between multiple electric charges. * **Electric field** 20.1 Electric field due to point charges; Field lines 20.2 Gauss Law: Electric Flux 20.3 Application of Gauss law: Field of a charge sphere, line charge, charged plane conductor 182 Advance Saraswati's Questions Bank- Grade XI 21. Potential, potential difference and potential energy 21.1 Potential difference, Potential due to a point, Charge, potential energy, electron volt 21.2 Equipotential lines and surfaces 21.3 Potential gradient * **Capacitor** 22.1 Capacitance and capacitor 22.2 Parallel plate capacitor 22.3 Combination of capacitors 22.4 Energy of charged capacitor 22.5 Effect of a dielectric Polarization and displacement. * **DC Circuits** 23.1 Electric Currents; Drift velocity and its relation with current 23.2 Ohm's law; Electrical Resistance; Resistivity; Conductivity 23.3 Current-voltage relations; Ohmic and Non-Ohmic resistance 23.4 Resistances in series and parallel, 23.5 Potential divider 23.6 Electromotive force of a source, internal resistance 23.7 Work and power in electrical circuits * **Nuclear physics** 24.1 Nucleus: Discovery of nucleus 24.2 Nuclear density; Mass number; Atomic number 24.3 Atomic mass; Isotopes 24.4 Einstein's mass-energy relation 24.5 Mass Defect, packing fraction, BE per nucleon 24.6 Creation and annihilation 24.7 Nuclear fission and fusion, energy released * **Solids** 25.1 Energy bands in solids (qualitative ideas) 25.2 Difference between metals, insulators and semi-conductors using band theory 25.3 Intrinsic and extrinsic semi-conductors * **Recent Trends in physics** 26.1 Particle physics: Particles and antiparticles, Quarks (baryons and meson) and leptons 26.2 Universe: Big Bang and Hubble law: expansion of the Universe. Dark matter, Radiation # Chemistry ## Syllabus - Grade XI **Be and Sequence of Contents** ### General and Physical Chemistry * **Foundation and Fundamentals** * General introduction of chemistry * Importance and scope of chemistry * Basic concepts of chemistry (atoms, molecules, relative masses of atoms and molecules, atomic mass unit (amu), radicals, molecular formula, empirical formula) * Percentage composition from molecular formula * **Stoichiometry** * Dalton's atomic theory and its postulates * Laws of stoichiometry * Avogadro's law and some deductions * 2.3.1 Molecular mass and vapour density * 2.3.2 Molecular mass and volume of gas * 2.3.3 Molecular mass and no. of particles * Mole and its relation with mass, volume and number of particles * 258 Advance Saraswati's Questions Bank- Grade XI * 2.5 Calculations based on mole concept * 2.6 Limiting reactant and excess reactant * 2.7 Theoretical yield, experimental yield and % yield * 2.8 Calculation of empirical and molecular formula from % composition (Solving related numerical problems) * **Atomic Structure** * 3.1 Rutherford's atomic model * 3.2 Limitations of Rutherford's atomic model * 3.3 Postulates of Bohr's atomic model and its application * 3.4 Spectrum of hydrogen atom * 3.5 Defects of Bohr's theory * 3.6 Elementary idea of quantum mechanical model:de Broglie's wave equation * 3.7 Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle * 3.8 Concept of probability * 3.9 Quantum Numbers * 3.10 Orbitals and shape of s and p orbitals only * 3.11 Aufbau Principle * 3.12 Pauli's exclusion principle * 3.13 Hund's rule and electronic configurations of atoms and ions (up to atomic no. 30) * **Classification of elements and Periodic Table** * 4.1 Modern periodic law and modern periodic table * 4.1.1 Classification of elements into different groups, periods and blocks * 4.2 IUPAC classification of elements * 4.3 Nuclear charge and effective nuclear charge * 4.4 Periodic trend and periodicity * 4.4.1 Atomic radii * 4.4.2 lonic radii * 4.4.3 lonization energy * 4.4.4 Electron affinity * 4.4.5 Electronegativity * 4.4.6 Metallic characters (General trend and explanation only) * **Chemical Bonding and Shapes of Molecules** * 5.1 Valence shell, valence electron and octet theory * 5.2 lonic bond and its properties * 5.3 Covalent bond and coordinate covalent bond * 5.4 Properties of covalent compounds * 5.5 Lewis dot structure of some common compounds of s and p block elements * 5.6 Resonance * 5.7 VSEPR theory and shapes of some simple molecules (BeF2, BF3, CH4, CH3CI, PCl5, F6, H2O, NH3) * 5.8 Elementary idea of Valence Bond Theory * 5.9 Hybridization involving s and p orbitals only * 5.10 Bond characteristics: * **Solid state** * 7.3.3 * 7.3.4 Crystallization and crystal growth * 7.3.5 Water of crystallization * 7.3.6 Introduction to unit crystal lattice and unit cell * **Chemical equilibrium** * 81 Physical and chemical equilibrium * 8.2 Dynamic nature of chemical equilibrium * 8.3 Law of mass action * 8.4 Expression for equilibrium constant and its importance * 8.5 Relationship between Kp and Kc * 8.6 Le Chatelier's Principle (Numericals not required) ### Inorganic Chemistry * **Chemistry of Non-metals** * 9.1 Hydrogen * 9.1.1 Chemistry of atomic and nascent hydrogen * 9.1.2 Isotopes of hydrogen and their uses * 9.1.3 Application of hydrogen as fuel * 9.1.4 Heavy water and its applications * 9.2 Allotropes of Oxygen * 9.2.1 Definition of allotropy and examples * 9.2.2 Oxygen: Types of oxides (acidic, basic, neutral, amphoteric, peroxide and mixed oxides) * 9.2.3 Applications of hydrogen peroxide * 9.2.4 Medical and industrial application of oxygen * 9.3 Ozone * 9.3.1 Occurrence * 9.3.2 Preparation of ozone from oxygen * 9.3.3 Structure of ozone * 9.3.4 Test for ozone * 9.3.5 Ozone layer depletion (causes, effects and control measures) * 9.4 Nitrogen * 9.4.1 Occurrence, preparation (action with CuSO4 solution, water, FeCl3 solution, Conc. HCl, * 9.4.2 Chemical properties of nitrogen and active nitrogen * 9.4.3 Mercuric nitrate paper; ammonia * 9.4.4 Harmful effects of ammonia * 9.4.5 Applications of ammonia * 9.4.6 Oxy-acids of nitrogen ( nitric acid (HNO3) as an acid and oxidizing agent (action with zinc, magnesium, * 9.4.7 Chemical properties of carbon, SO2 and H2S * 9.4.8 Testing for sulphate ion * 9.5 Halogens * 9.5.1 General characteristics of halogens (no diagram and description is required). * 9.5.2 Comparative study on preparation (water, alkali, ammonia, oxidizing character, bleaching action) and uses * 9.5.3 Comparative study on preparation (no diagram and description is required), properties (reducing * 9.5.4 Test for Cl2, Br2 and I2 * 9.5.5 Comparative study of Cl2, Br2 and I2 (no diagram and description is required), properties (reducing * 9.5.6 strength, acidic nature and solubility) and uses of halacid (HCl, HBr and HI) * 9.6 Carbon * 9.6.1 Allotropes of carbon (crystalline and amorphous including fullerenes (structure, general properties and * 9.6.2 properties) reducing action, reaction with metals and nonmetals) and uses of carbon monoxide * 9.7 Phosphorus * 9.7.1 Allotropes of phosphorus (name only) is required, properties (basic nature, reducing nature, action * 9.7.2 Preparation (no diagram) and uses of phosphine. * 9.7.2 with halogens and oxygen and description * 9.8 Sulphur * 9.8.1 Allotropes of sulphur (name only) and uses of sulphur * 9.8.2 Hydrogen sulphide (preparation from Kipp's apparatus with diagram), properties (Acidic nature, reducing * 9.8.3 Sulphur dioxide its properties (acidic nature, reducing nature, oxidising nature and bleaching action) and * 9.8.4 Sodium thiosulphate its properties (acidic nature, oxidising nature ,dehydrating nature, and uses * 9.8.5 Sodium sulphate and its formula and uses * **Chemistry of Metals and Metalloid** * 10.1 Definition of Metallurgy, * 10.1.2 Metallurgical Principles and its types (hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy, electrometallurgy) * 10.1.3 General principles of extraction of metals and amalgam * 10.1.4 Introduction of ores, flux and slag, alloy (different processes involved in metallurgy) - concentration, * 10.1.5 Calculation and roasting (smelling, carbon reduction, thermite and electrochemical reduction * 10.2 Refining of metals (poling and electro-refinement. * 10.3 Chemical properties, * 10.3.1 bicarbonate and nitrate of alkaline earth metals (general trends with explanation) * 10.3.2 introduction to Bio-inorganic Chemistry * **Basic Concept of Organic Chemistry** * 12.1 Introduction to organic chemistry and organic compounds * 12.2 Reasons for the separate study of organic compounds from inorganic compounds * 12.3 Tetra-covalency and catenation properties of carbon * 12.4 Classification of organic compounds * 12.5 Alkyl groups, functional groups and homologous series * 12.6 Idea of structural formula, contracted formula and bond line structural formula * 12.7 Preliminary idea of cracking and reforming, quality of gasoline, octane number, cetane number and gasoline * 12.7 additive * **Fundamental Principles of Organic Chemistry** * 13.1 IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds (upto chain having 6- carbon atoms) * 13.2 Qualitative analysis of organic compounds (detection of N, S and halogens by Lassaigne's test) * 13.3 Isomerism in Organic Compounds * 13.4 Definition and classification of isomerism * 13.5 Structural isomerism and its types: chain isomerism, position isomerism, functional isomerism, metamerism and * 13.5 tautomerism * 13.6 Concept of geometrical isomerism (cis & trans) & optical isomerism (d & I form) * 13.7 Preliminary Idea of Reaction Mechanism * 13.7.1 Homolytic and heterolytic fission * 13.7.2 Electrophiles, nucleophiles and free- radicals * 13.7.3 Inductive effect: +1 and -l effect * 13.7.4 Resonance effect: +R and -R effect * **Hydrocarbons** * 14.1 Saturated Hydrocarbons (Alkanes) * 14.1.1 Alkanes: Preparation from haloalkanes (Reduction and Wurtz reaction), Decarboxylation, Catalytic * 14.1.1 hydrogenation of alkene and alkyne * 14.1.2 Chemical properties: Substitution reactions (halogenation, nitration & sulphonation only), oxidation of * 14.1.2 ethane * 14.2 Unsaturated hydrocarbons (Alkenes & Alkynes) * 14.2.1 Alkenes: Preparation by Dehydration of alcohol, Dehydrohalogenation, Catalytic hydrogenation of all * 14.2.1.1 Chemical properties: Addition reaction with HX (Markovnikov's addition and peroxide effect) * 14.2.1.1 H2SO4 only * 14.3 A * 14.3.1 Prer * 14.3.1 carbon and hydrogen, 1,2-dibromoethane, chloroform/iodoform only * 14.3.1 addition reaction with (H2, HX, H₂O), Acidic nature (action with Sodium, * 14.3.1 ammoniacal CuCl2 * 15.2 Huckel's rule of aromaticity * 15.3 Kekule structure of benzene * 15.4 Resonance and isomerism * 15.5 Preparation of benzene from decarboxylation of sodium benzoate, phenol, and * 15.6 * 15.7 Chemical properties of benzene: Addition reaction: hydrogen, halogen, Electrophilic substitution reactions: * 15.7 orientationical properties of benzene: Add&p), nitration, sulphonation, halogenations, Friedal-Craft's reaction * 15.7 (alkylation and acylation), combustion of benzene (free combustion only) and uses * **Fundamentals of Applied Chemistry** * 16.1 Fundamentals of Applied Chemistry * 16.1.1 Chemical industry and its importance * 16.1.2 Stages in producing a new product * 16.1.3 Economics of production * 16.1.4 Cash flow in the production cycle * 16.1.5 Running a chemical plant * 16.1.6 Designing a chemical plant * 16.1.7 Continuous and batch processing * 16.1.8 Environmental impact of the chemical industry * **Modern Chemical Manufactures** * 17.1 Modern Chemical Manufactures (principle and flow sheet diagram only) * 17.1.1 Manufacture of ammonia by Haber's process, * 17.1.2 Manufacture of nitric acid by Ostwald's process, * 17.1.3 Manufacture of sulphuric acid by contact process, * 17.1.4 Manufacture of sodium hydroxide by Diaphragm Cell * 17.1.5 Manufacture of sodium carbonate by ammonia soda or Solvay process * 17.2 Fertilizers (Chemical fertilizers, types of chemical fertilizers, production of urea with flow-sheet diagram) ### Practical Work * **Total**. (**32**) * Practical work that students do during their course is aimed at providing them learning opportunities to accumulate knowledge and reinforce their learning of the theoretical subject content. This part of the curriculum focuses on skill development than knowledge building. Students must spend lots of time for working with chemical materials and making investigations can enhance student learning. Project work may consist of activities designed to demonstrate their learning through collecting, processing, analyzing and communicating data. * Students should learn to, * collect and identify * reserve * dissect * draw figure, chart, preparing models, slides etc * handle the equipment, instruments and laboratory handling with experimentation * draw conclusion * Students should perform at least 10 experiments, either listed below or designed by teacher, so that no more than 3 experiments from the same categories mentioned below: # Biology - Grade XI **Structure simplified knowledge of biology, skills in different disciplines of biology, including those in medical, veterinary, food, agriculture, biotechnology, biosecurity, quarantine, conservation and eco-tourism and so on** **Scope and Sequence of Contents** ## Part A: Botany **Contents** | Contents | TH | | ----- | ----- | | **Biomolecules & Cell Biology**|| | 1.1 Biomolecules: Introduction and functions of: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, minerals, enzymes andwater. | 4 | | 1.2 Cell: Introduction of cell, concepts of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, detail structure of eukaryotic cells (composition, structure and functions of cell wall, cell membrane, mitochondria, plastids, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies, lysosomes, ribosomes, nucleus, chromosomes, cilia, flagella and cell inclusions. | 8 | | 1.3 Cell division: Concept of cell cycle, types of cell division (amitosis, mitosis and meiosis) and significances | 3 | | **loral Diversity**|| | 1.1 Introduction: Three domains of life, binomial nomenclature, five kingdom classification system (Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia); status of flora in Nepal and world representation | 1 | | 1.2 Fungi: General introduction and characteristic features of phycomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes and deuteromycetes; structure and Reproduction of Mucor and Yeast, introduction of Mushrooms, poisonous and non-poisonous mushrooms, economic importance of fungi. | 3 | | 1.3 Lichen: General introduction, characteristic features and economic importance of lichen | 2 | | 2.4 Algae: General introduction and characteristic feature of green, brown and red algae; structure and reproduction of Spirogyra. Economic importance of algae | 3 | | **Bryophyta**|| | 2.5 Bryophyta: General introduction and characteristic features of liverworts, hornworts and moss; morphological structure and reproduction of Marchantia. Economic importance of bryophytes | 2 | | **Pteridophyta**|| | 2.6 Pteridophyta: General introduction and characteristic features of pteridophytes; morphological structure and reproduction of Dryopteris. Economic importance of pteridophytes | 2 | | **Gymnosperm**|| | 2.7 Gymnosperm: General introduction and characteristic features of Gymnosperms; morphology and reproduction of Pinus. Economic importance of gymnosperm | 3 | | **Angiosperm**|| | 2.8 Angiosperm: Morphology (root, stem, leaves, inflorescences, flowers and fruit); Taxonomic study: Definition, taxonomic hierarchy, classification systems (artificial, natural and phylogenetic) of angiosperms, taxonomic description of the families - Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Solanaceae, and Liliaceae with economic importance. | 16 | ## Part B: Zoology **Contents** | Contents | TH | | ----- | ----- | | **Introductory Microbiology**|| | 3.1 Monera: General introduction, structure of bacterial cell, mode of nutrition, bacterial growth; cyanobacteria (blue green algae). | 2 | | 3.2 Virus: General introduction, structure and importance of virus, bacteriophage | 1 | | 3.3 Impacts of biotechnology in the field of microbiology. | 1 | | **Ecology**|| | 4.1 Ecosystem ecology: Concept of ecology, biotic and abiotic factors, species interactions; concept of ecosystem, structural and functional aspects of pond and forest ecosystem, food chain, food web, trophic level, ecological pyramids, productivity, biogeochemical cycle - carbon and nitrogen cycles, concept of succession. | 3 | | 4.2 Ecological Adaptation: Concept of adaptation, hydrophytes and xerophytes. | 1 | | 4.3 Ecological Imbalances: Green house effects and climate change, depletion of ozone layer, acid rain and biological invasion. | 1 | | **Vegetation**|| | 4.4 Vegetation: Introduction, types of vegetation in Nepal, concept of In-situ (protected areas) and Ex-situ (botanical garden, seed bank) conservation. | 2 | | 4.4 Natural environment-vegetation and human activities | 2 | | **Introduction to Biology**|| | 5.1 Introduction to Biology: Scope and fields of biology. Relation with other science. | 1 | | **Evolutionary Biology**|| | 5.1 Life and its Origin: Oparin-Haldane theory, Miller and Urey's experiment. | 1 | | 5.2 Evidences of evolution: Morphological, Anatomical, Paleontological, Embryological and Biochemical. | 1 | | 5.3 Theories of evolution: Lamarckism, Darwinism & concept of Neo Darwinism. | 2 | | 5.4 Human evolution: Position of man in animal kingdom. Differences between new world monkeys & old world monkeys, apes & man. Evolution of modern man starting from anthropoid ancestor. | 3 | ### Faunal Diversity | Contents | TH | | ----- | ----- | | 6.1 Protista: Outline classification. Protozoa: diagnostic features and classification up to class with examples; Paramecium caudatum, Plasmodium vivax - habits and habitat, structure, reproduction, life-cycle and economic importance of P. falciparum. | 3 | | 6.2 Animalia: Level of organization, body plan, body symmetry, body cavity and segmentation in animals. Diagnostic features and classification of the following phyla (up to class) with examples:Porifera, Coelenterata (Cnidaria), Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes (Nemathelminthes), Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata and Chordata. | 4 | | 6.3 Earthworm (Pheretima posthuma): Habit and habitat, External features; Digestive system (alimentary canal & physiology of digestion), Excretory system (types of nephridia, structure and arrangement of septal nephridia), Nervous system (central & peripheral nervous system, working mechanism) & Reproductive system (structure, process), and Economic importance. | 4 |