Sustainability Science PDF

Task 2 - The Basics of Sustainability Science The world faces critical sustainability challenges, such as: - Climate change - Biodiversity loss - Resource depletion Traditional scientific approaches are insufficient to address these complex problems. Sustainability Science has emerged as...

Task 2 - The Basics of Sustainability Science The world faces critical sustainability challenges, such as: - Climate change - Biodiversity loss - Resource depletion Traditional scientific approaches are insufficient to address these complex problems. Sustainability Science has emerged as a distinct field to understand and guide interactions between society and the environment. It integrates knowledge from multiple disciplines, promoting a shift from: - Traditional “mode 1” science to - “Post normal” or “mode 2” science. Post normal science emphasizes the need for: - Managing uncertainty - Including societal participation through an extended peer community Funtowicz and Ravetz discuss the importance of post normal science for addressing environmental risks with high uncertainty and decision stakes. Kates et al. highlight sustainability science as a problem driven, transdisciplinary approach that requires simultaneous knowledge production and practical application. Matson et al discuss the pursuit of sustainable development strategies within complex social environmental systems. The task involves applying these concepts to the CCUS (Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage) case study, addressing its social, environmental, and ethical challenges. 1  Concept Explanation References Social environmental system interconnected, adaptive systems Matson et al. where human societies and the (2016) environment co - evolve, with changes in one part affecting the other Complex adaptive systems Systems with multiple interconnected Matson et al. components, characterized by (2016) feedback loops, self organization, and emergent behavior Stocks and Flows Stocks are quantities of resources in a Matson et al. system, and flows are the rates of (2016) change (inputs/outputs) that affect these stocks over time. 5 Capital Assets Refers to natural, manufactured, Matson et al. human, social, and knowledge (2016) 2  capital, which are necessary for sustainability and inclusive well-being. System The defined limits of a system being Matson et al. Boundaries studied, identifying which (2016) elements and interactions are included for analysis. Time Scale Refers to the temporal dimension over Matson et al. which system dynamics unfold, (2016) including long- term trends and historical influences. Geographical Scale The spatial extent of a system, which Matson et al. can range from local to global levels, (2016) affects how we understand and manage sustainability. Feedback Cycles where changes in one part of a Matson et al. Interactions/Loops system affect other parts, which in (2016) turn influence the original component (e.g., reinforcing or balancing feedback loops). Invisibilities in Impacts of actions that may not be Matson et al. Space and Time immediately visible, either because (2016) they are distant in space (affecting others elsewhere) or time (affecting future generations). Complexity The interconnectedness of social Matson et al. environmental systems, where (2016) interventions can have unpredictable and widespread consequences. Tipping point, regime shifts Critical thresholds where small Matson et al. changes can lead to significant, often (2016) irreversible shifts in the system’s behavior or structure Vulnerability and resilience Vulnerability refers to susceptibility to Matson et al. harm, while resilience is the system’s (2016) ability to absorb disturbances and still function effectively. Wicked problem Problems that are difficult to solve due Funtowicz & to their complexity, uncertainty, and ravetz (1993) 3  involvement of conflicting values, Maston & AL often with no clear solution (2016) Values and facts The recognition that scientific decision Funtowicz & making is influenced by both empirical Ravetz facts and social values, especially in (1993) sustainability science Dealing with uncertainties Approaches in science that Funtowicz & acknowledge and manage Ravetz uncertainties, particularly when (1993) dealing with complex systems and sustainability challenges Sustainability science A transdisciplinary field focused on Kates & Al (2001) understanding the interactions between nature and society and applying this knowledge to promote sustainable development Normal science / mode 1 Traditional science focused on problem Funtowicz & solving within established disciplines, Ravetz often with an assumption of certainty (1993) and control. Post normal science / mode Science that is issue driven, Funtowicz & 2 transdisciplinary, and involves Ravetz extended peer communities to address (1993) high stakes, uncertain problems like sustainability challenges Linear model of science A traditional model where scientific Kates & Al (2001) policy knowledge is generated first and then applied to policy decisions, assuming a straightforward flow of information Extended peer community Involvement of non scientists, Funtowicz & including stakeholders and affected Ravetz individuals, in scientific processes, (1993) especially in post normal science contexts 4  Issue driven Research or scientific activity focused Funtowicz & on addressing pressing societal or Ravetz environmental issues, often (1993) characterized by high uncertainty and decision stakes. Study Questions 1. What is a dynamic social-environmental system? Social-environmental systems (SES) are systems where human and environmental components are interdependent and adaptive, each influencing the other. 2. What are the five most challenging features of complex SES? - Interconnectedness : components of the system are linked. An action or a change in the system part can impact directly/ indirectly another part of the system. - Feedback loops : action influence other part of the system - Non-linear changes : the relationships between the components of an SES do not always follow a proportional (linear) logic. Small changes can have disproportionate impacts or, conversely, major changes can have few discernible consequences. This complicates planning and risk assessment. - Tipping points : SES can reach critical thresholds beyond which the system changes suddenly and radically, often irreversibly. - Invisibilities in space and time : Impact of the SES are not immediately visible (take time) 3. What is Mode 1 science? Traditional science focusing on well-defined problems, where facts and values are separated, and uncertainty is low. Opposite to post normal science 4. What is post normal science ? A type of science that deals with high uncertainty and high decision stakes, incorporating values and societal input through an extended peer community Normal science Post normal science Focus on well defined problem Issue driven fac and values are separates Transdisciplinary science uncertainty is low Extend peer community (incorporate social 5  interaction ) deal with high stake and uncertainty problems 5. What is sustainability science? A problem-driven, transdisciplinary field that integrates knowledge to address the dynamic interaction between society and nature, emphasizing both knowledge production and practical application. Discussion questions 1. Why is it difficult to pursue sustainability? The complexity of social-environmental systems (SES), including feedback loops, invisibilities, and tipping points, makes it challenging to predict the outcomes of interventions, often resulting in unintended consequences. 2. Why is post-normal science relevant for sustainability problems? Sustainability issues are marked by high uncertainty and high decision stakes, necessitating the broad societal engagement advocated by post-normal science. 3. What is an extended peer community, and why is it important for pursuing sustainability? An extended peer community includes stakeholders in the scientific process, playing a critical role in tackling complex, high-stakes sustainability challenges where facts and values are deeply intertwined. Negative part : too many opinion, complicated to take a decision and make sure that the knowledge is relevant 4. Can simultaneous knowledge production and application compromise science? Although acting simultaneously may risk undermining thorough research, the urgency of sustainability challenges often demands rapid responses that integrate scientific inquiry with practical applications. 6  Task 3 - worldview and knowledge production Worldviews and knowledge types are essential in shaping how societies understand and interact with nature and the environment. You are encouraged to consider how different worldviews especially scientific and indigenous knowledge can shape and inform sustainability approaches. Van Opstal and Hugé argue that: - Sustainable solutions must respect the cultural lenses through which societies perceive their relationship with the environment. Fitzpatrick highlights: - The limitations of traditional sustainability frameworks - The importance of exploring alternative worldviews that go beyond conventional sustainability approaches. Mazzocchi emphasizes: - The value of indigenous knowledge systems , which offer insights that can deepen our understanding of sustainability. Indigenous knowledge systems provide holistic lessons that can complement scientific approaches. The central issue is to create a pluralistic approach to sustainability that: - Acknowledges diverse ways of knowing and being. - Actively incorporates different worldviews in the pursuit of sustainable solutions. You will apply this understanding to the CCUS (Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage) case, aiming to: - Ensure a more holistic and culturally sensitive approach. - Align CCUS technology with broader sustainability goals, making it more effective and inclusive. Ask question 7  Concept Explanation Reference Worldview A comprehensive perspective or “len” thought which Van Opstal individuals or societies understand and intercept & Hugé with the world (2013); Wordview worldview are dynamic and can evolve thought Van Opstal construction collaborative action and share learning & Hugé (2013); Moderne worldview Promotes an approach based on rationality, Fitzpatrick predictability and the control of nature, often (2023) associated with economic growth and technological advances Indigenous worldview A holistic perspective emphasising interconnection, Mazzocchi reciprocity and respect for the intrinsic value of (2020) nature. Human-nature The idea that humans and nature are profoundly Fitzpatrick connectedness linked, underlining the importance of sustainable (2023) relationships. Knowledge types include scientific, indigenous, local and place -based Fitzpatrick knowledge systems that contribute to sustainability. (2023) 8 Reflective knowledge A knowledge creation process that critically reflects Van Opstal production on biases and integrates diverse perspectives. & Hugé (2013); interconnectedness The notion that all living and non-living elements are Mazzocchi linked, forming complex relationships that are (2020) essential to sustainability. interdependence Mutual dependence between humans and Mazzocchi ecosystems, emphasising coexistence and mutual (2020) care. Fitzpatrick (2023) Reciprocity The principle of giving back to nature, while ensuring Mazzocchi that human actions also benefit ecosystems. (2020) Caretaking A central value in indigenous worldviews, where Mazzocchi humans see themselves as the guardians of nature (2020) rather than its dominators. knowledge The process of incorporating multiple knowledge Van Opstal pluralization types and worldviews into sustainability science & Hugé (2013); Fitzpatrick (2023) Local place based Knowledge rooted in specific environmental and Fitzpatrick knowledge cultural (2023) contexts, often associated with indigenous practices Study questions : 1. What is a worldview? ○ According to Maarten Van Opstal and Jean Huge, a worldview is a framework of fundamental beliefs and ideas through which individuals and societies interpret reality and interact with the world. This includes notions about nature, social relationships, values, and cultural practices. This framework influences how we approach environmental and sustainability issues. 9  ○ For Haley Fitzpatrick, worldviews also shape our relationship with nature and influence decisions regarding human-environment interactions. They define our understanding of the world and the relationships within it, which is crucial for developing a sustainable approach. A worldview is a comprehensive perspective through which individuals or societies interpret their environment, shaping their actions toward sustainability. (Van Opstal & Hugé, 2013; Fitzpatrick, 2023. 2. What are the characteristics of the modern (Western) worldview? How does it differ from the Indigenous worldview? - The modern Western worldview, according to Opstal and Huge, is characterized by a separation between humans and nature, where nature is viewed as a resource to be exploited for economic and technological progress. This worldview often values rationality, technology, and economic growth as primary drivers of development. - The Indigenous worldview, in contrast, as explained by Mazzocchi, is based on a deeply integrated relationship between humans and nature. Indigenous peoples see nature as a living entity with which they share a relationship of respect and interdependence. This worldview is holistic and spiritual, with a cyclical understanding of time and a focus on future generations. The key difference lies in how each worldview perceives nature: the Western view sees it as a resource to dominate, while Indigenous peoples see it as a partner with whom to coexist. 3. What are the requirements for knowledge (development) to be relevant for sustainable development? According to Optsal/ huge serval critics to be relevant : - Plurality: It is necessary to incorporate diverse worldviews and sources of knowledge, including Indigenous and local knowledge, to address complex challenges holistically. - Interdisciplinarity: Sustainability requires knowledge from different disciplines, integrating scientific, social, cultural, and economic perspectives. - Contextualization: Knowledge must be adapted to local contexts, considering the ecological, social, and cultural specificities of communities. 10  4. Why plurality of knowledge and worldview are important for sustainability challenges ? What do the below quotes have in common and why do you think this is needed for sustainability science? a. ‘an explicit pluralization of knowledge for SD’ (Opstal/Huge) b. ‘greater attention should be focused on the interconnectedness of ideas, theories, and methods for human-nature connectedness’ (Fitzpatrick) c. ‘establishing a pluralist framework, which allows the coexistence of distinct worldviews, knowledge, and ways of life’ (Mazzocchi) These quotes all emphasize the plurality of knowledge and worldviews as essential for addressing sustainability. This plurality is crucial in sustainability science because it allows: - Inclusion of diverse perspectives, enriching the solutions by incorporating varied approaches. - Recognition of the interdependence between humans and nature (Fitzpatrick), moving away from the fragmented thinking typical of the modern Western worldview. - Establishment of pluralist frameworks (Mazzocchi), where different systems of knowledge can coexist and contribute to a more balanced and inclusive approach to sustainable development. - Democratization of knowledge The complexity of sustainability issues can be understood by only by one knowledge. Discussion questions : 1. Why are worldviews relevant for pursuing sustainable development? Worldviews shape how individuals and societies understand environmental problems and frame their responses. Integrating diverse worldviews ensures that sustainable development policies are culturally sensitive and inclusive. Ignoring the plurality of worldviews risks creating solutions that are not suitable for different cultural and environmental contexts. 11  2. Fitzpatrick presents six broad knowledge themes for human-nature connectedness such as indigenous knowledge, local place-based knowledge, etc. Which theme or body of knowledge appeals to you most and why? (Fitzpatrick) Fitzpatrick presents six broad knowledge themes for human-nature, all these knowledge are overlapping between them ! Not always just one. Indigenous Knowledge: This theme encompasses the traditional ecological knowledge and practices of indigenous peoples, focusing on their deep understanding of the interconnectedness of all living things and the environment. Local, place-based knowledge: Local, place-based knowledge refers to the understanding and insights that individuals and communities develop about their specific environments based on their experiences, cultural practices, and interactions with the local ecosystem. This type of knowledge is often context-specific and deeply rooted in the history, culture, and social dynamics of a particular area. It emphasizes the importance of context, culture and community in developing sustainable practices and ecological management. Systems Thinking : because it focuses on understanding complex systems and their relationships, often using frameworks that emphasize the links between social, ecological and economic systems. Spiritual and Religious Knowledge : This theme encompasses the beliefs and practices related to spirituality and religion that influence people's relationships with nature, often emphasizing a sense of reverence and interconnectedness. Subjective, Inner Knowledge : Understand each person’s experience; self-awareness. Mindfulness in connection to science and economics. Relational thinking: agency of non-human. How a creature can make such a big influence on the system (wolves example) One of the themes that stands out is Indigenous knowledge. This knowledge is based on a harmonious relationship between Indigenous communities and their natural environment. It is particularly appealing because it offers a holistic approach to sustainability, integrating spiritual, social, and ecological values, while being rooted in millennia-old practices adapted to local realities. The most humane one. Medicine maybe hasn’t lost all connection to nature 12  3. Do you think Indigenous knowledge is transferable to ‘external’ people (people not part of the indigenous community). Give arguments for your opinion (Fitzpatrick; Mazzocchi). It can be transferable, indigenous knowledge offers valuable lessons but it must be done with care and respect. Mazzocchi points out that Indigenous knowledge is often contextual, rooted in local, cultural, and spiritual practices. While it can be useful for non-Indigenous people, it is essential not to detach it from its original context. A respectful approach involves collaborating with Indigenous communities, valuing their leadership in sustainable development processes. Solution : - Polycentric approach : creating spaces where various from of knowledge can interact collaborate and enrich one another → Integration 4. Relation between Post normal science and wordview Post-normal science emphasizes the inclusion of diverse perspectives, especially in situations of high uncertainty and conflicting values. Worldviews are central to this approach, enriching decision-making processes. - Post-normal science requires the integration of multiple worldviews since it recognizes that scientific solutions cannot be universal and must incorporate local values and diverse perspectives. - Extended peer community bring these different worldviews 13  5. What might be the pitfalls of attempting to integrate different types of knowledge? How can you integrate different types of knowledge (Mazzocchi) One of the potential pitfalls of integrating different types of knowledge is the dominance of certain knowledge types, particularly Western scientific knowledge, at the expense of Indigenous or local knowledge. This could lead to the marginalization of non-Western worldviews Consequences of transfer : - Reductionism of the knowledge , oversimplification of the knowledge. - Instrumentalization of knowledge. - Create power imbalance, Westner ( modern) worldview may dominate or dismiss other forms of knowledge. - Conflict goals Solution : - Mazzocchi suggests that for successful knowledge integration, it is important to respect knowledge diversity and create a pluralistic framework where different forms of knowledge are treated equally. This requires open intercultural dialogues and equitable collaborations among different stakeholders. 14  Task 4 - knowledge integration and problem structuring Learning Outcome: Students analyse and explain how to integrate different types of knowledge in sustainability science, focusing on problem structuring, salience, credibility, legitimacy, and the role of boundary work in addressing sustainability challenges. Tackling complex sustainability issues like CCUS requires more than just technical knowledge; it demands a deep understanding of how different types of knowledge can be integrated and how problems can be effectively structured. Types of Knowledge: Drawing from Buser & Schneider and Karrasch et al., three types of knowledge are identified: - Systems Knowledge: Understanding the interconnections within the system - Target Knowledge: Awareness of the goals and desired outcomes - Transformation Knowledge: Knowledge about how to change the system to achieve these goals Integrating these types of knowledge is essential when dealing with the complex, multi-faceted issues that characterize sustainability issues. Problem Structuring: Understanding knowledge types alone is insufficient; problem structuring is critical for navigating “wicked” sustainability problems. Key aspects include: - Recognizing the spectrum of societal problems from well structured to highly complex - Utilizing Hoppe's outlined stages to clarify complex issues for policy and practice (problem structuring) Stakeholder Perspectives in CCS: Effective problem structuring in the context of CCS involves: - Recognizing diverse stakeholders and their perspectives - Framing the problem to balance: - Technological feasibility - Ethical and social considerations - Ensuring that solutions are effective and equitable 15  Concept Explanation References system knowledge Understanding of the components, dynamics, and interactions within socio ecological systems. It involves analyzing and describing scientific facts, theories, and empirical data related to social ecological systems (SES). Target knowledge Knowledge about stakeholders' goals, interests, preferences, values, and normative beliefs. It focuses on what stakeholders believe should happen within a system transformative Knowledge about how to achieve and knowledge manage change within a system. It includes practical expertise, problem solving skills, and implementation strategies Integration knowledge The process of combining different types of knowledge contributed by researchers and non-academic actors to enhance understanding and decision-making. Indigenous local Knowledge that is place-based and knowledge context-specific, often held by Indigenous 16  Peoples and local communities, providing valuable insights for sustainability efforts. Citizen science A scientific approach that involves non-professionals in data collection and analysis, contributing to formal scientific research and bridging gaps between communities and scientists Multiple evidence based An approach that combines multiple (MEB) approach forms of evidence from diverse knowledge systems without forcing them into a single framework, enhancing ecosystem understanding. Problem - structuring The process of defining and clarifying complex issues to transform them into manageable problems that can be addressed effectively Structured problem Well-defined problems with clear cause-effect relationships and broad agreement on values or goals, making them easier to address Unstructured problems Complex problems characterized by uncertainty and conflicting values, lacking clear solutions, making them challenging to resolve Moderately structured Problems based on solid knowledge but problem (means ) with disagreement on values or goals to be achieved Moderately structured Problems with partial agreement on problem (end) values or goals, but lacking complete knowledge of the solutions Framing The process of framing issues to guide (=encadrement) understanding and decision making, shaping how problems are perceived and addressed science - based framing A specific approach to framing that relies on structured, empirical methods, 17  primarily conducted by professional scientists Knowledge system An approach that values the integration approach of diverse knowledge systems, recognizing the validity of each and ensuring their contributions are respected Joint knowledge The collaborative process of producing production knowledge by integrating the perspectives of various stakeholders, including researchers and non-academic actors Study question 1. What are systems, target, and transformative knowledge, and what barriers exist for their integration? How do you overcome these barriers? These 3 knowledge are interlinked, systeme knowledge informs understanding, target knowledge shapes goals and transformative knowledge helps to achieve these goals. But we need transdisciplinary to overcome the barriers of these knowledges. Systems Knowledge Definition: ○ Understanding the components, dynamics, and interactions within socio-ecological systems (SES). ○ Involve facts which are in the sphere of science, with scientists as the most credible actors Barriers: ○ Complex and technical language. ○ Discipline-specific thinking that limits interdisciplinary collaboration. Solutions: ○ Develop glossaries to clarify terminology. ○ Use visual aids like illustrations or diagrams to simplify concepts. ○ Involve stakeholders in co-design processes to ensure shared understanding. 18 Target Knowledge Definition: ○ Knowledge about stakeholders' goals, interests, and normative beliefs, essential for aligning efforts toward shared objectives. ○ Involve value and norms are in sphere of political actors depending on public debate and governments for their legitimacy Barriers: ○ Conflicting stakeholder interests. ○ Lack of motivation or engagement among participants. Solutions: ○ Facilitate mutual learning sessions, such as focus groups, to build trust and identify common ground. ○ Use participatory approaches to actively involve stakeholders in decision-making. Transformative Knowledge Definition: ○ Knowledge about how to implement change within a system, including strategies for applying research findings in practical contexts. ○ Involve agency/action link to the sphere of practice with legitimacy resting with practitioners who know how things are done. Barriers: ○ Difficulty translating academic research into actionable strategies. ○ Challenges in bridging the gap between theory and practice. Solutions: ○ Collaborate on joint publications that clearly articulate practical applications. ○ Develop clear and accessible communication strategies tailored to non-academic audiences. 19  2. Which five tasks are central to the Multiple Evidence Based (MEB) approach to guide collaborations between diverse knowledge systems? (Tengo et al, Fig.2, pag.509) The MEB (Multiped evidence based) approach including the following 5 tasks to guide collaborations between different knowledge systems and facilitated interaction between them. The MEB promotes respectful interactions between stakeholders and ensures that the knowledge generated is relevant and useful for all parties involved. - Mobilize: Bringing together different knowledge systems. - Translate: Making knowledge comprehensible to all stakeholders. - Analyze: Comparing insights from different knowledge systems. - Synthesize: Weaving different types of knowledge to form an enriched understanding. - Apply: Implementing the synthesized knowledge to address ecosystem management​ 3. What are the current challenges of trying to engage with indigenous and local knowledge? (Tengo) - Power imbalances between scientific and Indigenous knowledge systems. - Lack of respect for Indigenous knowledge’s legitimacy. Recognition ILK is often undervalued and not included in decision making. - Difficulties in integrating local knowledge with global scales without losing its context-specific relevance. - The need to acknowledge historical and cultural contexts in which Indigenous knowledge operates - Terminology Challenges: Misalignment of terms with Indigenous epistemologies can cause misunderstandings 4. What are the factors that contribute to successful citizen science? - Recognition of ILK: Acknowledge ILK as a legitimate knowledge system without undermining its legitimacy - MEB Approach: Respect and integrate diverse knowledge systems. Establishing respectful partnerships and collaboration with Indigenous and local communities. - Clear Roles: Engage local communities as legitimate partners - Continuous Engagement: Maintain ongoing dialogue and consent - Capacity Building: Promote mutual learning and support skill enhancement 20  5. What are the four types of policy problems, and how do they differ? - Structured Problems: High knowledge certainty, low normative ambiguity (e.g., waste management) - Moderately Structured Problems: High knowledge certainty, high normative ambiguity (e.g., environmental policies) - Unstructured Problems: Low knowledge certainty, high normative ambiguity (e.g., climate change) - Moderately Unstructured Problems: Low knowledge certainty, low normative ambiguity (e.g., new technologies) Discussion Questions : 1. Why is knowledge transfer from non-academic actors to researchers mainly concerned with target and transformative knowledge? (Karrasch et al.) - Non-academic actors, such as community members and industry professionals, provide practical and context-specific insights (target knowledge) and contribute experiential knowledge needed for implementation (transformative knowledge) - Their involvement ensures that research is grounded in real-world applications, enhancing relevance and actionability - Not for system knowledge because it focuses on researchers. 21 Target knowledge : Main reason : Les acteurs non-académiques, tels que les membres de la communauté ou les professionnels de l'industrie, possèdent des informations spécifiques au contexte local, comme leurs objectifs, intérêts, et valeurs normatives. Ces éléments permettent aux chercheurs de mieux comprendre : ○ Les priorités des parties prenantes. ○ Les contraintes réelles qui influencent la prise de décision. Pourquoi est-ce crucial ? Cela aide à aligner les recherches académiques avec les besoins réels et les attentes des parties prenantes, rendant les résultats plus pertinents et applicables. Transformative Knowledge Main reason : Les acteurs non-académiques apportent une expérience pratique sur la manière d’appliquer des idées ou des solutions dans le monde réel. Cette connaissance inclut : ○ Les méthodes éprouvées pour résoudre des problèmes spécifiques. ○ Les obstacles et opportunités pratiques dans le processus de mise en œuvre. Pourquoi est-ce crucial ? Cela garantit que les chercheurs peuvent formuler des solutions réalistes et adaptables aux conditions du terrain, facilitant ainsi la mise en œuvre de leurs recommandations. System knowledge NON Systems Knowledge concernent les dynamiques complexes, les interactions et les composantes des systèmes socio-écologiques (SES). Ces connaissances sont généralement issues de recherches scientifiques et théoriques réalisées par les chercheurs eux-mêmes. Les acteurs non-académiques ne sont pas nécessairement formés pour analyser ou conceptualiser les systèmes complexes, bien qu'ils puissent fournir des données pratiques pour compléter ces analyses. 22  2. How can citizen science help to promote knowledge integration and what problems may this cause? Promote integration : Citizen science can bridge the gap between local and scientific knowledge by encouraging public participation in data collection and analysis. It fosters inclusivity, enhances the legitimacy of research, and connects Indigenous and Local Knowledge (ILK) with broader scientific data. Challenges : Issues include power imbalances that can marginalize ILK, conflicts arising from differing knowledge systems, and potential misinterpretations of local knowledge Intellectual property and digital ownership 3. How does science-based framing differ to knowledge system approaches and why is this important for solving sustainability challenges (Tengo et al ) Science-based framing Knowledge system approaches Science-based framing often privileges knowledge system approaches (like MEB) scientific data and perspectives, potentially emphasize the integration of multiple marginalizing local or Indigenous knowledge forms, acknowledging their knowledge systems. unique contributions to sustainability - Citizen are data providers - Citizen are see as knowledge - Data replicable approach to holders generalize scientific observations - Data is on depth place -based and - Capacity to build context -specific knowledge - Mutual learning Important : Integrating both approaches offers a holistic understanding of complex socio-ecological systems, addresses power imbalances, and enhances the legitimacy and applicability of sustainability solutions 4. Why is problem structuring relevant for sustainability challenges? And how may joint knowledge production influence the structure of a problem? (Hoppe) Problem structuring helps to break down complex, "wicked" sustainability challenges into manageable components.. Sustainability challenges are often unstructured and complex. Problem structuring breaks these challenges into manageable parts, allowing policymakers to identify priorities and create actionable solutions 23 Influence of Joint Knowledge Production : Integrating diverse stakeholder expertise (scientists, citizens, policymakers) enriches understanding, revealing hidden dimensions of problems and making solutions more adaptive and inclusive. Joint knowledge production encourages multiple perspectives, helping to reframe problems and uncover more holistic solutions. 5. In your opinion, is it worth integrating more (and different) knowledge types with the risk that this may inhibit (e.g., slow down or create more conflict within) the problem-solving process? Positive : Integrating diverse knowledge systems is crucial for addressing complex sustainability issues, as it enriches the understanding of problems and potential solutions. Enhances understanding, fosters innovation, and leads to context-specific solutions Negative : this can slow decision-making and increase conflict due to differing priorities and perspectives. Need : Managing these conflicts through dialogue and iterative processes is key. You need to have a cultural sensitivity -> speak in foreign languages sometimes 6. How do you think research institutions (e.g. universities) try to practically integrate different knowledge types to solve sustainability challenges? - Research institutions utilize interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary approaches, engage in collaborative partnerships, apply problem based learning, establish sustainability science centers, and incorporate citizen science. Research institutions foster transdisciplinary collaborations, encouraging the integration of academic, Indigenous, and local knowledge. They create platforms for co-production of knowledge, facilitate workshops, and promote dialogue to align diverse perspectives - They also aim to implement sustainable practices in their operations, serving as living labs for sustainability solution 24