Corendon CCOM Survival, Search and Rescue PDF

Page CCOM – 07-1 CCOM – SURVIVAL, SEARCH and RESCUE Rev No 2.0...

Page CCOM – 07-1 CCOM – SURVIVAL, SEARCH and RESCUE Rev No 2.0 Rev Date 15 March 2022 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 7 – SURVIVAL SEARCH AND RESCUE TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 7 – SURVIVAL SEARCH AND RESCUE............................................................................ 1 07- SURVIVAL SEARCH AND RESCUE.............................................................................................................................. 2 07.01- BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SURVIVAL..................................................................................................................... 2 07.01.01- Signalling................................................................................................................................................ 4 07.01.02- Survival On Sea...................................................................................................................................... 5 07.01.03- Survival On Land.................................................................................................................................... 6 07.02- POLAR SURVIVAL............................................................................................................................................ 7 07.03- DESERT SURVIVAL........................................................................................................................................... 7 07.04- JUNGLE SURVIVAL.......................................................................................................................................... 8 07.05- RESCUE........................................................................................................................................................... 8 07.06- SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS – TOO HOT OR TOO COLD WEATHER CONDITIONS............................................ 8 07.07- FIRST AID AND HYGIENE................................................................................................................................. 9  Page CCOM – 07-2 CCOM – SURVIVAL, SEARCH and RESCUE Rev No 2.0 Rev Date 15 March 2022 07- SURVIVAL SEARCH AND RESCUE 07.01- BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SURVIVAL GM1 ORO.CC.115 In daily life most of us develop a will to tackle different situations, some of them difficult. We encounter difficult situations at work, at home, in traffic etc. We have learned to react in such a manner that we survive the situations. Survival in a place and circumstances unfamiliar to us, force us to think in a new way, but our daily will to survive in life enables us to deal with even the most threatening stations. Our will to survive along with preparation for surviving in dangerous and strange environments helps us to stay alive. The preparation consists of several things: 1. Realization 2. Knowing what will help you 3. Knowing what will harm you 4. Leadership and planning 1. Realization Be aware that you may face the station where you will have no one but yourself to rely on for surviving.  Realize that you may die.  Realize that a problem may lead to another problem.  Decide what to do to save your life and the lives of others.  Determine what to do to get out of the station you and others are in. 2. Knowing What Will Help You There will be numerous things around you that can be of help.  Someone in the group may be an expert.  Provision and shelter may be close by if you look in the right places.  There may be natives nearby that can help you. 3. Knowing What Will Hurt You Possibly there will be dangers in the environment that you must be aware of:  It may be too cold or too hot.  There may be dangerous animals or insects around.  Provisions may be difficult to find.  Hostile natives may be nearby.  Signalling may be difficult.  The mental state of the group may be a hazard. 2. Leadership and Planning It is very likely that you as a crew member will be looked upon as a leader from the beginning.  Be prepared and know what to do.  Be prepared to control the actions of the group.  Decide in what order things are being done and delegate duties.  Organize first aid, signalling, rationing and other situations.  Keep a positive outlook.  Reassure others.  Formulate plan of actions.  Everyone must know who the leaders are.  Everyone must agree on following the plans made.  Page CCOM – 07-3 CCOM – SURVIVAL, SEARCH and RESCUE Rev No 2.0 Rev Date 15 March 2022 Formulating a Plan of Action When people are safe on ground outside the aero plane, priorities have to be agreed on. In the beginning:  Help seriously injured people  Provide temporary shelter  Activate signalling equipment. Later:  Assemble any available things on the airplane if possible.  Collect wood or other material for fire.  Establish food rationing.  Fix your position, if possible.  Establish a point of rendezvous.  Decide on a suitable place for durable shelter.  Decide whether to stay or go.  Look for food and water.  Find out if there is any habitation near the site.  Make a plan for the rescuing process Your actions in the beginning and how you plan your survival and rescue can mean the difference between life and death. Make the right decisions.  Page CCOM – 07-4 CCOM – SURVIVAL, SEARCH and RESCUE Rev No 2.0 Rev Date 15 March 2022 07.01.01- Signalling Operator Procedure Your primary concern is to be rescued. Your signalling equipment is vital for being seen and heard. Check the equipment available and use it correctly. Use it only when you hear or see possible rescue. Equipment available to you  ELT (if available)  Flash light  Anything that has the elements of a good signal, anything that is bigger or brighter than the surroundings can be used. Parts from the aeroplane, such as wreckage, slides, seats or wood and rocks may be used to start international signalling. The purpose of lighting a fire is to be seen. Light the fire at a higher area in the open. Smoke is clearly seen during the day time while flames a seen at night. Be sure to prepare everything beforehand. It is too late to start building a fire or preparing a message, when the aeroplane is flying over you. When the rescue team sees you, they will confirm it by rocking the wings during day light and, flashing the green signal lamp at night.  Page CCOM – 07-5 CCOM – SURVIVAL, SEARCH and RESCUE Rev No 2.0 Rev Date 15 March 2022 07.01.02- Survival On Sea Operator Procedure The slides of the B737-800 aircraft are used as floating devices after being turned upside down.  Tie rafts together.  Distribute passengers evenly around the slides.  Place elderly and children onto the slides.  Empty out water from slides.  Keep life vests on.  Activate the ELT (if available).  Reassure passengers.  Those who cannot hold onto the slide should stay in the "help" or "huddle" position. Survival at sea is very difficult. Keeping up the spirit is a hard job but is essential until rescue arrives.  Page CCOM – 07-6 CCOM – SURVIVAL, SEARCH and RESCUE Rev No 2.0 Rev Date 15 March 2022 07.01.03- Survival On Land Operator Procedure Location It is very important to gather maximum information about the surroundings:  Are there any imminent dangers?  What are the possibilities of getting water and food?  Is there any habitation nearby?  What will be the best shelter? Proper planning can be made only when these questions have been answered. Shelter A shelter is "a shell" you create around yourself. It protects you from weather and animals. Remember that your clothes are your primary shelter, they protect you from cold, wind, sun and insects. The area for shelter:  Should be chosen in daylight so you know what is around you.  Choose solid, dry ground.  Look for natural shelter, such as caves.  Stay near water but be aware of flood.  Look for dangers, such as snakes and other animals that may have chosen the "desirable place" before you. Do not take too long to choose, no place is perfect. When building a shelter use your imagination and initiative, use;  Debris from the aeroplane.  Slides, seats, blankets etc.  Other available things nature offers such as wood, leaves and rocks.  Ensure that there is good ventilation inside the shelter. Water and Food Water is very essential. People can go without water for an average of 48 hours under difficult circumstances.  Drink flowing water.  Do not drink sea water. The fuel for the human body is food. Still people can survive without food for weeks. In a cold climate you need more food than in a hot climate.  Do not waste energy Unnecessary activity will increase your need for water and food.  Page CCOM – 07-7 CCOM – SURVIVAL, SEARCH and RESCUE Rev No 2.0 Rev Date 15 March 2022 Keep the Group Together To make sure no one will get lost, a meeting point should be determined. Make sure everyone knows where it is so they can always find their way back to the group. Expeditions can be made to investigate the surroundings and it is wise to send only a small group on each expedition. They may find useful things about near surroundings, e.g. habitation. Staying or Leaving It is likely that the question will be asked whether to stay or leave. Circumstances will dictate which is feasible, but with modern communication and search procedures along with good signalling on site it is usually better to stay. Consider:  Walking with equipment. This will use a lot of energy.  People in the group may be too weak to leave.  Do you know where to go? If you decide to leave, leave a sign behind 07.02- POLAR SURVIVAL Operator Procedure The most imminent danger in polar survival is the cold climate.  Snow can be used to make a shelter.  Make use of snow to get water.  Stay close together to keep body heat up.  Stay in the shelter as much as possible.  Be aware hypothermia and monitor loss vital sings. 07.03- DESERT SURVIVAL Operator Procedure The most imminent danger in the desert is the hot climate and lack of water.  Stay in the shade.  Minimize activity to lessen need for water.  Collect dew in the morning as drinking water.  Keep your clothes on for protection from the sun and insects.  Deserts can be cold at night, put on additional clothes  Avoid activity during the day, the cool morning and evening hours should be preferred.  Page CCOM – 07-8 CCOM – SURVIVAL, SEARCH and RESCUE Rev No 2.0 Rev Date 15 March 2022 07.04- JUNGLE SURVIVAL Operator Procedure The most imminent danger in the jungle may be the hot climate, vegetation, and animals. The chances of getting food and water are good if you use your initiative. The wood is plentiful for making shelters.  Elevate your ELT at a high area and make a clearing for your signalling.  Vegetation increases the danger of getting lost and loosing people. When travelling in the jungle mark your route so you will find your way back if needed.  Follow streams or rivers. 07.05- RESCUE Operator Procedure Pre-plan your rescue. Rescue is a complicated action, and your group must be prepared. You might see an aeroplane or a ship that appears to have seen you. Be prepared for the disappointment if you have not been spotted. Be prepared to wait for a while after you have been found. When you have been spotted, the rescue team may have to go away and come later. Stay where you are. Decide in advance who will be rescued first. When rescued by helicopter, one survivor goes at a time, board device as directed. When rescued from water remember that helicopters produce static electricity, let the device touch water first. The importance of keeping up the spirits within the group cannot be over emphasized. It will be your job to:  Reassure  Involve people group activities.  Enforce the will to live. Tell people they will survive and they can do it! 07.06- SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS – TOO HOT OR TOO COLD WEATHER CONDITIONS Operator Procedure 1. Heat The human body absorbs heat from:  Contact with hot surfaces.  The sun.  Hot wind. Protection against these elements is vital. Take care to protect your head. In hot climate you may face:  Severe sunburn.  Dehydration.  Diarrhoea.  Heat cramps.  Heat stroke. Know how to react and protect you:  Cover your body to avoid insect bites.  Shake clothes and shoes before putting them on.  Stay in the shade, protect your head. This can avoid serious problems such as heat cramps, exhaustion, or strokes.  Cool down sunburned skin.  Page CCOM – 07-9 CCOM – SURVIVAL, SEARCH and RESCUE Rev No 2.0 Rev Date 15 March 2022 2. Cold The human body loses heat because of:  Exposition to cold wind.  Contact with cold surfaces.  Contact with cold water. In cold climate you may face:  Sunburn.  Sore eyes from sun-glare.  Reduced motor and mental function.  Frostbite.  Hypothermia. Know how to react and protect you:  Protect yourself from the sun.  Insulate the bottom of your shelter from the cold ground.  Do not give in if you get sleepy. Try your best to stay awake.  Reduced motor function causes difficulties in speaking, walking and using your hands. Keep your body warm by moving and stay close to others.  Take off wet clothes and try to dry them if possible.  Take off jewellery.  Do not rub frostbites. Use body heat to thaw areas affected by it. Do not walk on frostbitten feet. As hypothermia sets in you will notice lessening of vital sings, body temperature goes down and the heart beats slower. Heat loss begins at the hands and feet and then moves to inner core of the body. Use body heat to keep hypothermic persons warm. Always start warming up the centre of the body and the head, then the whole body. Do not rub hands and feet, this can cause the heart to stop beating. A person can stay alive for quite some time though appearing dead.  Warm a cold body slowly. 07.07- FIRST AID AND HYGIENE Operator Procedure The basic rules of first aid are of course the same wherever you are. The primary concern will be personal hygiene.  Lack of water will directly lead to lack of hygiene causing several diseases.  Try to keep your shoes dry and clean.  Remove pressure from blisters and do not break them. They are the body’s defences and repair mechanism. Listen to your body and act accordingly. Rest when you are tired.