Summary Tut Group Case 8 Goed PDF

Cytoskeleton ============ -microfilaments (cytokinesis, cell motility, cell shape) e.g. actin -intermediate filaments (cell shape, cell-cell attachment) e.g. keratins, neurofilaments,... -thick filaments (muscle contraction) e.g. myosin -microtubules (hollow tubules, motors, spindle, transport i...

Cytoskeleton ============ -microfilaments (cytokinesis, cell motility, cell shape) e.g. actin -intermediate filaments (cell shape, cell-cell attachment) e.g. keratins, neurofilaments,... -thick filaments (muscle contraction) e.g. myosin -microtubules (hollow tubules, motors, spindle, transport inside cell, flagella cilia) Unicellular eukaryotic organisms ================================ Swallow bacteria and keep them alive (endosymbiosis theory) =\>split, after a long time=\>age and die =\>can mate with other paramecium-\>mitosis-\>refreshment of DNA (live eternally) *[Stem cells ]* Totipotent cell-\>embryo-\>can develop in all the tissues you want. Pluripotent cell-\>cells have a different tissue they will grow into Cell differentiation=\> one way? Once differentiated no way back? =\>the information is after differentiation still present in the nucleus-\>but has to be activated =\>from a differentiated cell back to pluripotent cell that can still become many different types of tissues. (with right transcription factors) Cancer cells are more differentiated Types of Tissues ================ =\>muscle (movement )-\> 2 types: voluntary (skeletal muscle)/ involuntary (cardiac, smooth muscle) =\>nervous (control)-\>reception, transmission, integration of information =\>connective tissue (support)-\>padding, structure, strength, transport, storage, metabolic support =\>epithelial (cover)-\> surfaces, linings, glands, secretion Origin of the tissues ===================== =\>embryonal germ layers (ectoderm=nervous + epithelial (skin), mesoderm=muscle and connective, endoderm= epithelial(mucosal epithelial tissue of the gastrointestinal tract) Muscle tissue ============= Skeletal muscle --------------- - Need of tendons and blood supply to move - Nerve cells for signals - Fast, short contractions - Generates heat - Moves skeleton 1. Cardiac - Moves blood trough body 2. Smooth - Slow, long contractions, moves materials trough organs - Also lining of vessels and arteries  !-\>no branching in skeletal muscle Afbeelding met tekst, schermopname, lijn, Lettertype Automatisch gegenereerde beschrijving  Afbeelding met tekst, schermopname, diagram, Parallel Automatisch gegenereerde beschrijving - See notes on pp for al the pictures  Afbeelding met kaart, schermopname Automatisch gegenereerde beschrijving ! axon of motor neuron branches when it reaches the muscle and can innervate very few fibers (small, delicate movements) or several hundreds of fibers (big movements like back muscles for posture) =\>neuron endings + fibers = motor unit Smooth muscle ------------- =\>all individual cells, no fusions  Afbeelding met roze, Magenta, Lila, violet Automatisch gegenereerde beschrijving ! no striation =\> contraction, but no organization, contract in a more random way than skeletal muscle.  =\>can contract together trough gap junctions When there is a calcium signal=\> 1 muscle cell contracts-\>all the others contract too Afbeelding met diagram, tekst, schets, Lettertype Automatisch gegenereerde beschrijving ! Smooth muscle can stretch more than skeletal muscle ! How can they stretch more?=\>...  -\>rearrangement to allow more stretch (e.g. muscles around pelvic are smooth muscles=\> can stretch to give birth) Cardiac muscle -------------- Afbeelding met Kinderkunst, tekening, schets Automatisch gegenereerde beschrijving =\>intercalated disk are used for simultaneous contraction  =\>adherent junctions and desmosomes keep hart cells together Nervous tissue ============== - In central (brain, spinal cord) and peripheral=2% (go to muscles and organs) nervous system - All glial cells in the peripheral nerve Connective tissue ================= Functions of connective tissue ------------------------------ Different types of connective tissue: ------------------------------------- - Loose/dense - Regular/irregular Interstitium ------------ Epithelial tissue ================= Mucociliary clearance (in lungs) -------------------------------- Tight- and gap junctions in epithelium -------------------------------------- Types of epithelia/ morphology (be able to distinguish the different types!) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Where to find epithelia? ------------------------ Glands = derivatives of epithelia ---------------------------------