Fats, Carbohydrates Summary Tut Group Case 1 PDF

**FATS** =\>fats= triglycerides \[triglycerides= triesters of glycerol+ long chain of carboxylic acids (fatty acids)\] =\>most important feature-\>insoluble in water *[4 groups of lipids:]* - Simple - Complex - Steroids - Prostaglandin, thromboxane, leukotrienes *[complex lipids ]*...

**FATS** =\>fats= triglycerides \[triglycerides= triesters of glycerol+ long chain of carboxylic acids (fatty acids)\] =\>most important feature-\>insoluble in water *[4 groups of lipids:]* - Simple - Complex - Steroids - Prostaglandin, thromboxane, leukotrienes *[complex lipids ]* 2 groups=\> phospholipids and glycolipids - Phospholipids - Glycolipids Lipids that contain carbohydrates (sugars in structure of lipids) Lipids \| PPT *[Unsaturated- and saturated fats ]* Saturated fats = denser at room temperature because of the trans isomers Unsaturated fats: contain one or multiple (polyunsaturated) double bond(s) *[Trans lipids ]* = saturated fats=\> raise the LDL cholesterol levels + lowers HDL cholesterol levels LDL= lipoprotein lipase *[Essential fatty acids ]* =\>fatty acids our body can't produce itself: we have to obtain them through nutrients e.g. omega 3 fatty acids, ALA, alpha-linoleic,... =\>usually polyunsaturated *[Omega fats ]* The ω designation is more useful because in the body fatty acids can only be elongated by reacting with the carboxyl group.  For example, if oleic acid is elongated by two carbons at the carboxyl end, the product is no longer a Δ 9 fatty acid but Δ 11 , but it is still an ω 9 fatty acid.    The structures of unsaturated fatty acids can be described by a formula    ( chain length : number of double bonds : locations of the double bonds)     *[ nomenclature]*  -you could go the IUPAC route (useless) because they are basically just large carboxylic acids \ -they all have a specific name  Afbeelding met tekst, schermopname, Lettertype, nummer Automatisch gegenereerde beschrijving   -The carbons of the fatty acids are numbered, starting with the carboxyl carbon. Alternatively, they are designated by Greek letters. As in the amino acids, the α-carbon is the one next to the carboxyl carbon, the β-carbon is carbon 3, and so forth. The last carbon in the chain is the ω-carbon.    The double bonds of the polyunsaturated fatty acids are always three carbons apart, with a single methylene (---CH 2 ---) group in between.    The double bonds location can be taken in relation to - the carboxyl group (A Δ 9 double bond, for example, is between carbons 9 and 10.)   *[Trans- and cis unsaturated fatty acids ]* Afbeelding met tekst, Lettertype, lijn, diagram Automatisch gegenereerde beschrijving =\>where the double bond is =\> H on same side= cis, on t=different sides= trans **Functions of lipids** - Energy storage - Membrane components - Chemical messengers - Isolators, protectors for some organs - Cholesterol: vitamin D , hormones, sheath of the body cells **Digestion of fats** =\>lipase = made in pancreas=\>hydrolyses lipids in fatty acids and glycerol =\>liver: produces bile (stored in gallbladder) to help digest/emulsify fats =\>fats have to be broken down from the outside (enzymes are water-soluble) =\>use of bile salts (making the big droplets into smaller particles-\>chylomicrons) =\>juices delivered to small intestine trough ducts Fat digestion (most part) =\> takes place in the small intestine (where nutrients are absorbed ) =\>chylomicrons are formed (tiny particles of fats and cholesterol) =\>the lymphatic system: small vesicles (lacteals) = center of each callus in the intestine -\>help to absorb fat/fat soluble nutrients from the gut =\>transportation of the glycerides: micelles can transport the monoglyceride trough body =\>digested fats for e.g. stored in adipocytes/ adipose tissue  2. **Carbohydrates (sugars)** **Name and structure of carbohydrates** = carbon + water: general formula = C~n~(H2O)~n~ (can also contain N and P) = very polar molecules (soluble in water (except for starches and glycogen) *[Simple saccharides ]* - Aldoses - Ketoses *[Different structures/projections ]* e.g. the different structures for glucose - linear - Haworth projection - 3D drawing (chair conformation) *[Mono- di- polysaccharides ]* - Monosaccharides - Disaccharides - Polysaccharides/ fibers *[Alpha/beta- and L/D sugars ]* D-monosaccharide=\> OH-group to the right (on bottom chiral center) L-monosaccharide=\>OH-group to the left (on bottom chiral center)  In cyclic structures... Alpha-sugars=\> OH-group below ring Beta-sugars=\>OH-group above ring Afbeelding met tekst, schermopname, diagram, lijn Automatisch gegenereerde beschrijving How to know if alpha or beta =\>locate the oxygen =\>locate anomeric carbon (carbon on the right next to the O ) =\>up= beta, down=alpha *[Refined and natural sugars ]* Refined= produced in lab, no fibers, doesn't make you full/saturated, no nutrients and antioxidants Natural= has fibers (help slower digestion and absorption of glucose), makes you saturated/full, contain nutrients like vitamin B and minerals, contain antioxidants, polysaccharides are the most abundant in nature. **Function of carbohydrates** - Stored in liver as glycogen - Provide energy in form of ATP - Essential component in DNA/RNA (sugar backbone) - Need sugars to form glycolipids **Digestion of carbohydrates** 1: poly-, oligo- and disaccharides have to be digested in monosaccharides (so they can pass trough the bloodstream) How?: glycosidic bonds are broken down by hydrolyses =\>done by amylases (alpha-amylase-\>mostly in saliva and beta-amylase) alpha-amylase: attacks polysaccharides at random beta-amylase: attacks in an order(cutting one by one from the nonreducing end ) 2: amylase works in the mouth/saliva, the pancreas breaks down complex carbohydrates (there are different enzymes for specific carbohydrates =\> lactose-lactase, maltose-maltase etc.)