Summary -G12-U2 (24-25) PDF

U2: Diseases of the body systems Diseases L1: What are diseases? (condition that stops the body from working normally) I...

U2: Diseases of the body systems Diseases L1: What are diseases? (condition that stops the body from working normally) Infection Time/ length Can be transmitted/ Period of time? spread/ passed? Yes No Less than 3 months 3 months or more Communicable diseases Non-communicable diseases (CDs): ‫أمراض معدية‬ (NCDs): ‫أمراض غير معدية‬ Acute “short-term” Chronic “long-term” ‫مزمن‬ can be passed or spread from cannot be passed from (most of CDs) (all NCDs & some CDs) one person to another. one person to another. *Influenza (flu) ‫الزكام‬ *Epilepsy ‫الصرع‬ *COVID-19 *Arthritis ‫التهاب المفاصل‬ *COVID-19 *Hypertension ‫ضغط الدم المرتفع‬ *Common cold ‫الرشح‬ *Diabetes ‫السكري‬ )‫مويه (تجمع سوائل في الرئة‬ *Gastroenteritis (stomach bug/ flu) ‫التهاب المعدة‬ *Heart disease ‫أمراض القلب‬ *Pneumonia ‫االلتهاب الرئوي‬ *Asthma ‫الربو‬ ‫واألمعاء‬ *Multiple sclerosis (MS) ‫التصلب اللويحي‬ *Influenza (flu) ‫الزكام أو االنفلونزا‬ *Allergies ‫الحساسية‬ *Malaria ‫المالريا‬ ‫المتعدد‬ Each disease has its remarkable: Signs: ‫عالمات‬ Symptoms: ‫أعراض‬ Evidence that can be seen Can be felt (patient’s feelings) (can be measured) Skin rash ‫طفح جلدي‬ Coughing ‫كحة‬ Pain/ ache ‫ألم‬ Sneezing ‫عطسة‬ Tiredness/ fatigue/ Vomiting )‫ترجيع (زواع‬ exhaustion ‫التعب‬ Fever )‫حمى (رقم نقدر نشوفه‬ Nausea ‫الغثيان‬ Swelling ‫تورم‬ 13  Coughing ‫في المرض يتأثر عمل‬ Signs: evidence that can be seen ‫العضو ومن الممكن أن‬ ‫يتوقف عن العمل وفي‬ ‫بعض الحاالت الخطيرة‬ Each disease has its Skin rash ‫يسبب الوفاة‬ remarkable signs & symptoms: Dis-ease ‫المرض‬ A medical condition that stops Symptoms: patient’s feelings the body from working normally. Pain a) How does disease affect the body? b) What is the difference between a sign and a symptom? Pain Medical specialists: osteo + arthr = ortho Possible results Orthopedic surgeon: skeletal system specialist. (bones + joints) Stops body Neurologist: nervous system specialist. (brain/ spinal cord/ nerves/ muscles) of a disease: parts Pulmonologist: respiratory system specialist. Gastroenterologist: digestive system specialist. Cardiologist: circulatory system specialist. Immunologist: immune system specialist. (asthma/ allergies) death 14 Unit2: Diseases of the body systems Diseases Musculoskeletal Respiratory Nervous system Digestive system Circulatory system Immune system system system joint bone Abnormal activity Food + germs = contaminated food ‫أكل ملوث‬ Arthritis Osteoporosis Epilepsy Starts in childhood Gastroenteritis Hypertension Multiple sclerosis Allergy(NCD) (NCD) (NCD) (NCD) ‫التهاب المعدة واألمعاء‬ (NCD) MS (NCD) ‫الحساسية‬ Asthma ‫التهاب المفاصل‬ ‫هشاشة العظام‬ (stomach bug/ flu) ‫التصلب المتعدد‬ Over 100 types ‫الصرع‬ ‫أزمة أنابيب‬ ‫ارتفاع ضغط الدم‬ seizure (CD) Severe (NCD) ‫الربو‬ Mild ‫متوسطة‬ ‫ التسمم الغذائي‬:‫مثال‬ (anaphylaxis) Osteoarthritis ‫ مفرطة‬/‫شديدة‬ ‫التهاب المفاصل العظمي‬ Food intolerance Grating Alzheimer's disease ‫عدم تحمل الطعام‬ Anti- ‫دوم ينسى‬ COPD ‫عسر هضم‬ Atherosclerosis histamine Epi-pen (dementia) (NCD) Chronic obstructive (NCD) (NCD) (Epinephrine ‫مرض الزهايمر (أشهر‬ Rheumatoid arthritis )‫أمراض الخرف‬ pulmonary disease blOating ‫تصلب الشرايين‬ auto- injector) ‫التهاب المفاصل الروماتيدي‬ “NCD” ‫مرض انسداد الرئة المزمن‬ !‫يصيب المدخنين‬ Starts in 30-35 ‫التهاب الشعب الهوائية‬ ‫انتفاخ الرئة‬ Bronchitis Emphysema All NCDs are chronic Easily fractured bones Chronic cough ‫كحة مزمنة‬ Stooped with phlegm “mucus” ‫بلغم‬ posture 15 ‫فِ ِلم‬ U2: Diseases of the body systems L2: Diseases of the musculoskeletal system Body system Musculoskeletal system (muscular + skeleton) ‫الجهاز العضلي الهيكلي‬ Organs/ parts 1. Bones (206 in adults/ 300 in infants) 2. Bone joins bone = joint ‫مفصل‬ (anatomy) Skeleton 3. Bone + bone = ligament ‫رباط‬ Connective tissue 4. Muscle on bone = tendon ‫وتر‬ 5. Cartilage ‫غضروف‬ 6. Muscles ‫عضالت‬ Function (physiology) provides form, stability and support and allows the body to move. Diseases What is it? (definition) Who dose it affect?/ risk factors Signs & symptoms: Treatment: Arthritis (NCD) A disease of the joints → More common in adults over ▪ Pain & swelling around the joint. ✓ Medication (anti-inflammatory (There are over 100 different the age of 65 ▪ Lack of motion (movement) drugs + painkillers). types of arthritis) → Can develop in children/ ▪ Stiffness. ▪ Grating (grinding sounds because ✓ Physiotherapy ‫العالج الطبيعي‬ The 2 most common types: teenagers & young adults Osteoarthritis: degenerative → Affects women more of rubbing). ✓ Surgery to replace joint (e.g., knee disease. ‫مرض تآكلي‬ replacement) Rheumatoid arthritis: auto- immune disease. ‫مرض مناعي ذاتي‬ Osteoporosis (NCD) A disease of the bones → Middle-aged people ▪ Easily fractured bones. ‫سهولة‬ ✓ Eat calcium-rich-foods (spinach/ (weak/ brittle bones) → Affects women more ‫تكسر العظام‬ sardines/ almonds/ beans/ milk & yogurt → Low levels of calcium (Ca2+) & ▪ Back pain. ✓ Get enough vitamin D (sunlight + vitamin D ▪ Stooped posture. ‫حدبة‬ supplements) ▪ Loss of height. ✓ Weight-bearing exercises (running/ walking & weight-lifting) ‫نقص‬ ✓ Medication to slow down the weakening of the bones Degenerative disease: worsen slowly by the time. 16 Autoimmune disease: when the immune system attack the healthy tissue of the body. U2: Diseases of the body systems L3: Diseases of the nervous system Arthritis What is it? Inflammation of the joints How many types? There are over 100 types. 2 common types: X Osteoarthritis ‫التهاب المفاصل العظمي‬ What is it? X Rheumatoid arthritis‫التهاب المفاصل الروامتيدي‬ Weak bones When a part of the body becomes: X swollen ‫متورم‬ X red ‫أحمر‬ X painful ‫مؤلم‬ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o9BLbV4ze1c X More common in older adults over 65 Who do arthritis & osteoporosis affect? X Middle-aged people X Can affect children/ teenagers & young adults Affects more women than men X Not exercising X Low levels of calcium (Ca2+) & vitamin D Sings & symptoms: X Pain & swelling of the in joints ‫ألم وتورم‬ Sings & symptoms: X Grating ‫أصوات طحن‬ X Bones break easily ‫تتكسر العظام بسهولة‬ X Stiffness ‫تيبس‬ X Stooped posture ‫تحدب الظهر‬ X Lack of motion (hard to move) ‫مشاكل في الحركة‬ ‫ الكالسيوم أعمى يحتاج‬:‫تذكروا‬ ‫فيتامين "د" عشان يروح للعظام‬ Treatment: Treatment: ✓ Eat calcium-rich-foods ‫لوز سمك السردين سبانخ‬ ‫فاصوليا‬ ‫روب وحليب‬ ✓ Medication to manage inflammation & pain ‫أدوية‬ (spinach/ sardines/ almonds/ beans/ milk & yogurt ✓ Physiotherapy ‫العالج الطبيعي‬ ✓ Get enough vitamin D (sunlight + supplements) ✓ Surgery to replace joint (e.g., knee replacement) ‫عملية‬ ✓ Weight-bearing exercises (running/ walking & weight-lifting) ✓ Medication 17 U2: Diseases of the body systems L3: Diseases of the nervous system System Nervous system a) Describe the difference between dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Organs/ parts b) What is dementia? (anatomy) Analysis/ processing Function (physiology) PNS carries information to and from the CNS. CNS then processes this information and tells the body how to react. Diseases What is it? (definition) Who dose it affect?/ risk factors Signs & symptoms: Treatment: Epilepsy (NCD) Chronic abnormal brain → Anyone can develop epilepsy, but it Seizures are the main sign of epilepsy: ✓ Anti-epileptic drugs activity which can lead is more common in children and ▪ Stiff body with arching back. ‫سيبي لبسي‬ ✓ A diet (healthy fats & low carbs) to seizures. older adults ▪ Noisy, difficult breathing. → The cause of most cases is ▪ Sudden uncontrolled movements. ✓ Brain surgery to remove the area of the ‫ من ضمن اإلسعافات األولية‬:‫تذكر‬ unknown ▪ Fall down. brain that causes the seizures ‫للمريض عدم لمس أو تثبيت المريض‬ ‫يحدث فرط نشاط في كهربائية المخ‬ → It can be caused by brain injury/ ▪ Become unresponsive/ unconscious ‫أثناء النوبة‬ serious illness/ high fever (febrile seizure)/ stroke Recommended movie: first do no harm Alzheimer’s disease (NCD) A degenerative disease → Aging (65 or over) ▪ Memory loss + forgotten people’s ✓ no cure that causes brain cells to → Family history names or things + getting lost in ✓ Some medications can slow down the waste away and die (brain → Women are more likely to develop familiar places ▪ Trouble with words & following up disease shrinkage) causing the disease Normal Alzheimer memory loss (type of conversations ✓ Non-drug treatments: dementia) ▪ Difficulty concentrating & thinking ▪ Behavioral changes (mood swings/ ✓ group therapy sessions depression( ✓ Activities to improve memory Dementia ‫الخرف‬: decline in mental ability. (not a disease) ✓ Speak about events from the The main cause of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease past using music or photos 18 U2: Diseases of the body systems ‫الصرع‬ L3: Diseases of the nervous system ‫مرض الزهايمر‬ Epilepsy Alzheimer’s disease What is it? Abnormal brain activity Abnormal: away from normal ‫غير طبيعي‬ What is it? Brain cells death Who does epilepsy affect? More common in young children & older adults Who does epilepsy affect? X Old people 65 years old or over X Family history X Affect women more than men Sings & symptoms: Dementia vs. Alzheimer's disease Seizures: ‫التشجنج‬ ‫أهم عالمات‬ X Fall down ‫سقوط‬ ‫الصرع هي نوبة‬ X Stiff body with arching back ‫تيبس الجسم مع تقوس الظهر‬ ‫التشنجات‬ X Sudden uncontrolled movements‫حركات الإرادية مفاجئة‬ X Become unresponsive & unconscious ‫عدم االستجابة واإلغماء‬ “seizures" Sings & symptoms: X Memory loss (difficulty remembering) https://www.youtube.com/w X Forgetting people’s names atch?v=gynQdWDHbeI X Getting lost in familiar places X Speaking/ walking/ eating difficulties X Depression & behavior change Treatment: Treatment: ✓ No cure ✓ Medication ‫أدوية‬ ✓ Medication to slow down the disease ✓ Diet (healthy fats + low carbs) ✓ Non-drug treatments: ✓ Brain surgery ‫عملية‬ ✓ group therapy ‫ العالج الجماعي‬+ activities + use photos & music + speak about the past 19 U2: Diseases of the body systems L4: Diseases of the respiratory system System Respiratory system Organs/ parts (anatomy) 1. Nose and mouth 2. Trachea 3. Bronchus 4. Bronchioles 5. Lungs (made up of alveoli) a) What are the parts of the respiratory system? b) What are common conditions of the respiratory system? Function (physiology) Allows us to breathe & provide the body with oxygen Diseases What is it? (definition) Who dose it affect?/ risk factors Signs & symptoms: Treatment: Asthma (NCD) ‫أزمة تنفسية‬ inflammation “swollen” of → Starts in childhood and lasts ▪ Coughing ‫كحة‬ ✓ No cure the airway making it into adulthood ▪ Shortness of breath when exercising ✓ Long-term daily medication difficult to breath. ‫التهاب‬ → Family history ▪ Chest tightness ✓ Inhaler during asthmatic attack ‫المجاري الهوائية‬ → Exposed to smoking ▪ Wheezing/ whistling sound → Having allergies ✓ Lifestyle changes to reduce asthma attacks: ✓ healthy diet ✓ exercise regularly !‫انتبهوا في أعراض كثيرة متشابهة‬ ✓ keep healthy weight ✓ not smoking COPD (NCD) A group of respiratory → Starts at 30-35, but diagnosed ▪ Chronic coughing with phlegm “mucus” No cure Chronic obstructive diseases that cause at older age ▪ Shortness of breath Lifestyle changes: not smoking pulmonary disease breathing difficulties. → People who: ✓ Medications: ✓ Chronic bronchitis → smoke ▪ Chest tightness ✓ Inhaler (narrowing of airway) → have asthma ▪ Wheezing ✓ Anti-inflammatories ✓ Emphysema → exposed to: ✓ Pulmonary rehabilitation (increase lung ▪ Frequent chest infections capacity) → air pollution → chemicals 20 → dust U2: Diseases of the body systems L4: Diseases of the respiratory system ‫الربو‬ Asthma COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) ‫مرض انسداد الرئة المزمن‬ What is it? Inflammation/ swollen of the airway What is it? Narrowing of making it difficult to breathe A group of respiratory diseases the airway Who does COPD affect? ‫التهاب الشعب الهوائية‬ Who does asthma affect? Affect smokers & these diseases begin bronchitis Usually starts in childhood around 30-35 Sings & symptoms: X Coughing X Shortness of breath X Chest tightness X Chronic cough + phlegm “mucus” emphysema ‫كحة مزمنة‬ ‫بلغم‬ X Wheezing ‫صفير‬ ‫انتفاخ الرئة‬ X Frequent chest infection https://youtube.com/shorts/GJiNJ2yS- 7I?si=q6Ft7o4SrOhZB02l Treatment: Treatment: ✓ Long-term medication ✓ Not smoking ✓ Inhaler during the attack ✓ Pulmonary rehabilitation (increase lung capacity) ✓ Lifestyle changes: ✓ Medication: inhaler + anti-inflammatories ✓ Healthy diet ✓ Regular exercise ✓ Healthy weight ✓ Not smoking 21 U2: Diseases of the body systems a) What digestive disease happens as a result of poor hygiene? L5: Diseases of the digestive system b) Who does gastroenteritis affect? System Digestive system Organs/ parts Mouth (tongue/ teeth/ salivary glands ‫)الغدد اللعابية‬ (anatomy) Esophagus ‫المريء‬ Stomach ‫المعدة‬ Small intestine ‫األمعاء الدقيقة‬ Large intestine (colon) ‫ األمعاء الغليظة‬/‫القولون‬ Rectum ‫الكبد‬ ‫المرارة‬ ‫البنكرياس‬ Pancreas/ liver & gall/ bile bladder Function (physiology) Responsible for breaking down (digesting) the food into small nutrients Diseases What is it? (definition) Who dose it affect?/ risk factors Signs & symptoms: Treatment: Viral or bacterial infection → Any person of any age ▪ Watery diarrhoea Prevention: ‫الوقاية‬ Gastroenteritis (CD) causing inflammation of the (stomach flu/ bug) stomach & intestines → More dangerous for: ▪ Cramps and pain in the stomach ✓ Good personal hygiene ‫انفلونزا المعدة‬ Caused by: children/ older adults & ▪ Nausea, vomiting or both (handwashing) eating contaminated food or people with other serious Treatment: ‫العالج‬ drinks/ poor hygiene/ contact ▪ Muscle aches, headache, or fever with animals conditions ‫أعراض التسمم الغذائي‬ ✓ No cure ✓ Rest plenty Acute disease (~1week) ✓ Keep hydrated (drink water) Mostly CD (NCD in case of ✓ Stop eating solid food food poisoning) ‫بالذات لو كان السبب‬ ‫غي معدي يف هالحالة‬ ‫كيماويات بيكون ر‬ ✓ Seek help if: no improvement + high fever for infants & children ▪ Stomach pain Food intolerance *Difficulty digesting certain Any person of any age A diet that removes a certain food that foods. ▪ Bloating causes the symptoms of food (NCD) *Examples: lactose (dairy intolerance. ▪ Headaches products), gluten, eggs. ▪ Nausea *It is not a life-threatening condition, but it can be painful ▪ Diarrhoea 22 U2: Diseases of the body systems L5: Diseases of the digestive system ‫التهاب المعدة واألمعاء‬ ‫عدم تحمل الطعام‬ Gastroenteritis Food intolerance blOating Common names: What is it? ‫انفلونزا المعدة‬ Stomach flu or stomach bug Difficulty digesting certain foods "ose“ ‫المقطع‬ What is it? ‫أسماء للسكرمثل‬ "gluten“‫الـ‬ Common intolerances? (types) Germs (viruses + bacteria) cause inflammation in /‫الجلوكوز‬ ‫بروتين في القمح‬ ❖ Lactose (milk & dairy products) ‫سكر الحليب‬ the stomach & intestines ‫ الفركتوز‬/‫السكروز‬ ‫ويعطي العجين‬ ❖ Gluten (wheat & its products) ‫بروتين في القمح‬ ‫قوام متماسك مثل‬ Why & when it happens? ❖ Eggs "glue“‫الـ‬ X Poor hygiene ‫الوصاخة‬ X After contacting with animals Is it dangerous? X After eating contaminated food or drinks ‫أكل وشرب ملوث‬ No, it is not life-threatening, but it is painful Who do gastroenteritis & food intolerance affect? Any person of any age Vomiting ‫ترجيع‬ Sings & symptoms: Muscle aches ‫آالم عضلية‬ Stomach pain ‫ألم معدة‬ Bloating ‫انتفاخ‬ Fever ‫حمى‬ Nausea ‫غثيان‬ Diarrhea ‫إسهال‬ Headache ‫صداع‬ ‫في حالة "عدم تحمل‬ ‫الطعام" األكل يسبب‬ ‫غازات ونفخة وألم‬ Treatment: ،‫في المعدة وإسهال‬ ✓ Remove the food that causes the symptoms ‫ويكون الحل ببساطة‬ Prevention: ‫الوقاية‬ ‫مقاطعة الطعام الذي‬ ✓ Good personal hygiene (handwashing) ‫يحفز األعراض‬ Treatment: ‫العالج‬ ✓ Keep hydrated (drink water) ✓ Stop eating solid food 23 Unit2: Diseases of the body systems Lesson6: Diseases of the circulatory system System Circulatory system Organs/ parts Heart (pumps blood) (anatomy) Veins (take blood back the heart) Arteries (take blood away from the heart) Blood (carries nutrients and oxygen to all body parts) Function (physiology) Provides oxygen & nutrients to all parts of the body Diseases What is it? (definition) Who dose it affect?/ risk factors Signs & symptoms: Treatment: Hypertension (NCD) It means that the blood → Can affect anybody They show when blood pressure is too ✓ Lifestyle changes:healthy pressure in the arteries is → Risk factors include: high (140/90 mmHg) weight, exercise regularly, (high blood pressure) higher than it should be aging ▪ Severe headache. diet with less salt & low fat family history ▪ Tiredness or confusion. Overweight ✓ Medications to lower blood ▪ Vision problems. pressure Smoking too much salt ▪ Chest pain. ▪ Irregular heartbeat. ✓ Checking blood pressure high stress levels lack of physical activity ▪ Irregular breathing. regularly (normal 120/80 mmHg) Atherosclerosis/ A disease in which → Being overweight **If the blockage in the heart: (heart attack) ✓ Lifestyle changes ▪ Severe chest pain Arteriosclerosis (NCD) plaque (fat) builds up → Unhealthy diet ✓ Medications to lower body slowly inside arteries' → Not exercising fat (cholesterol) & blood **If the blockage in the brain: (stroke) walls till a blockage pressure ▪ Body weakness happens. ▪ Loss of vision ✓ Surgery to remove plaques ▪ Difficulty speaking from the blood vessels **Pain in the arms or legs if the blockage is in either of those area 24 U2: Diseases of the body systems L6: Diseases of the circulatory system Normal artery https://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=I-hoizWFdKI Over-weight + not doing High-stress levels physical activity Too much salt Signs & symptoms: Hypertension ▪ Severe headache ‫صداع شديد‬ Hypertension ‫ضغط الدم المرتفع‬ ▪ Tiredness or confusion ‫تعب وارتباك‬ (high blood pressure) ▪ Vision problems ‫مشاكل في الرؤية‬ Atherosclerosis ‫التصلب العصيدي‬ ‫اسم أخر؟‬ Atherosclerosis Arteriosclerosis ‫تصلب الشرايين‬ Arterio = artery = ‫شريان‬ Blockage Blockage ‫انسداد‬ (clot/ thrombus/ ‫)تجمع دموي‬ Heart Brain Arms / legs (heart attack ‫)جلطة قلبية‬ (stroke ‫)سكتة دماغية‬ Body weakness Signs & symptoms Severe chest pain Pain in the arms & legs Vision/ speaking problems ‫العالمات واألعراض‬ 25 System Immune system ‫الجهاز المناعي‬ a) What are the signs and symptoms of a mild allergic reaction? Tonsils and adenoids ‫اللحمية واللوزتان‬ b) What is an allergy? Organs/ parts (anatomy) Thymus gland ‫الغدة الزعترية‬ Lymph nodes ‫العقد الليمفاوية‬ Bone marrow )‫نخاع العظم (ينتج خاليا الدم بأنواعها‬ Spleen ‫الطحال‬ Appendix ‫الزائدة الدودية‬ Peyer’s patches (in the intestine) ‫جريبات باير على اسم العالم‬ Function (physiology) Fights off diseases (white blood cells produce antibodies that destroy germs) Diseases What is it? (definition) Who dose it affect?/ risk factors Signs & symptoms: Treatment: Multiple sclerosis MS *An autoimmune disease of → Affects people between 16-55 They come & go or get worse including: ✓ No cure for MS (NCD) the brain and spinal cord → Women are more likely to ▪ Tiredness and weakness. develop the disease ▪ Vision problems. *The immune system attacks ▪ Mobility problems. ✓ Medication to slow down the → Family history the protective covering ▪ Pain or numbness in arms and legs. progression & manage attacks “myelin” of the nerve cells a)What is multiple sclerosis? ▪ Cognitive problems. b) What is an autoimmune disease? *The communication between ✓ Physical therapy to stretch & the brain & the rest of the strengthen muscles + help with body will be disturbed walking & everyday tasks Allergy (NCD) Happens when the immune → Affect anyone Allergy system over-reacts to a → Family history *Swelling of the substance (allergen): dust/ *Severe shortness of face, lips, or throat Severe animal hair/a type of food Epi-pen breath *Watering, red Mild (anaphylaxis) & produces antibodies. life-threatening *Skin rash swollen eyes *Rapid weak pulse *Sneezing Epi-pen Antihistamine autoinjector *Loss of *Itchy mouth or Prevention: avoid things that cause (Epinephrine/ consciousness nose the reaction *Bumpy red rash adrenaline) 26 U2: Diseases of the body systems ‫مواد غير مؤذية‬ Harmless substances L7: Diseases of the immune system (allergen ‫ مسبب الحساسية‬/‫)مولد‬ Examples: dust/ animal hair/ a type of food The immune system over- react by mistake Antibody ‫الجسم المضاد‬: a substance produced by the Antibodies + histamine immune system to fight disease ‫الجسم كله يتورم ويلتهب بسبب الهستامين‬ Inflammation of the: skin + eyes + airway (allergy ‫)الحساسية‬ Severe ‫ مفرطة‬/‫شديدة‬ Very dangerous/ life-threatening/ Mild (anaphylaxis) lead to death ‫ قاتل‬/‫مميت‬ ‫الحساسية المفرطة ممكن أن‬ Signs & symptoms: Signs & symptoms: ‫تشمل أي من أعراض‬ "mild“ ‫الحساسية العادية‬ *Sneezing *Severe shortness of breath ‫بسبب‬ ‫االختناق الكامل وانسداد مجرى الهواء بالكامل‬ ‫إضافة إلى أعراض االختناق‬ *Swelling of the face, lips, or throat ‫الكامل من توقف التنفس‬ *Skin rash ‫وازرقاق الشفاه نتيجة نقص‬ *Watering, red swollen eyes *Rapid weak pulse ‫بسبب هبوط الدم‬ ‫األكسجين واإلغماء‬ *Itchy mouth or nose ‫المفاجئ‬ *Bumpy red rash *Loss of consciousness ‫اإلغماء‬ Allergy prevention: ‫الوقاية من الحساسية‬ avoid the things (allergen) that cause Treatment: the reaction Treatment: Medications called Adrenaline auto-injector 27 antihistamines  Multiple sclerosis MS U2: Diseases of the body systems L7: Diseases of the immune system ‫التصلب المتعدد‬ Signs & symptoms come & go: Immune system #Numbness & weakness in arms & The communication between legs ‫ضعف وتنميل في األطراف‬ The “myeline” will be CNS (brain + spinal cord) the brain and the rest of the damaged The immune body will be disrupted ‫يتعطل‬ #Mobility problems ‫مشاكل في الحركة‬ system attack the myelin #Vision problems ‫مشاكل في الرؤية‬ Auto-immune disease Damaged myelin Healthy neuron ‫مرض مناعي ذاتي‬ (when the immune system MS attacks healthy cells by mistake) Who does MS affect? ▪ Ages of 16-55 ▪ Women ▪ Family history Treatment: ✓ Medication ✓ Physiotherapy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TiuNtb_nJg4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=geQP_zYS-6s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-k9B661tJEQ 28  More diseases: Musculoskeletal Nervous Respiratory Digestive Circulatory Immune Musculoskeletal system Nervous system Respiratory system Digestive system Circulatory system Immune system Disease Description Arthritis ‫التهاب المفاصل‬ Asthma ‫الربو‬ Epilepsy ‫الصرع‬ Gastroenteritis Hypertension ‫ارتفاع‬ Multiple Affects the nervous Chronic obstructive ‫التهاب المعدة واألمعاء‬ ‫ضغط الدم‬ sclerosis (MS) system Osteoporosis ‫هشاشة العظام‬ ‫التصلب اللويحي‬ Parkinson’s disease pulmonary disease Gastritis/ stomach Arteriosclerosis/ ‫المتعدد‬ ‫ باركنسون‬/ ‫الشلل الرعاش‬ COPD Osteopenia ‫ضعف العظام‬ ‫أمراض االنسداد الرئوي المزمنة‬ ulcers ‫قرحة المعدة‬ atherosclerosis Certain types Affects the Alzheimer's ‫تصلب الشرايين‬ of arthritis musculoskeletal Pneumonia ‫االلتهاب الرئوي‬ disease ‫مرض الزهايمر‬ Irritable bowel system Rickets ‫الكساح‬ syndrome Angina ‫الذبحة الصدري‬ Sciatica ‫عرق النسا‬ COVID-19 Certain bowel Affects the (IBS) ‫متالزمة القولون‬ diseases digestive system Gout ‫النقرس‬ ‫العصبي‬ Heart failure ‫فشل‬ Food intolerance ‫القلب‬ Bowel = Sarcopenia ‫الضمور العضلي‬ ‫عدم تحمل الطعام‬ intestine = Stroke ‫السكتة الدماغية‬ Constipation ‫اإلمساك‬ ‫أمعاء‬ Spine, back and neck pain Venous thrombosis ‫تجلط وريدي‬ 29