Summary

This document provides study notes on human anatomy and physiology, covering the different body systems. It includes descriptions of body systems, such as Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Circulatory, Immune/Lymphatic, Endocrine, Reproductive, Respiratory, Digestive, and Excretory systems. It also explains concepts like cells, anatomy, physiology, and histology and covers their functions.

Full Transcript

Tab 1 Figure 2 -1 Basic Structure of the Cell Body Systems Table 2-1 ​ Integumentary System: ○​ Largest organ, first line of defense against infection and water loss. ○​ Regulates temperature. ○​ Perceives sensation. ○​ Produces vitamin D and has absorpt...

Tab 1 Figure 2 -1 Basic Structure of the Cell Body Systems Table 2-1 ​ Integumentary System: ○​ Largest organ, first line of defense against infection and water loss. ○​ Regulates temperature. ○​ Perceives sensation. ○​ Produces vitamin D and has absorption capabilities. ○​ Composed of skin and accessory organs (sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair, nails). ○​ Important for understanding skin care success. ​ Skeletal System: ○​ Forms the physical foundation of the body. ○​ Composed of bones, movable and immovable joints. ○​ Important for protecting the body's mechanics and physical landmarks in treatments. ​ Muscular System: ○​ Covers, shapes, and supports skeletal tissue. ○​ Contracts and moves various body parts. ○​ Important for massage, makeup applications, and electrical treatments. ​ Nervous System: ○​ Carries messages (through the central nervous system), controlling and coordinating all bodily functions. ○​ Includes brain, spinal cord, and nerves. ○​ Important for understanding facial nerve locations and muscle movements. ○​ Understanding muscle movement prevents repetitive motion fatigue. ​ Circulatory System: ○​ Controls steady blood delivery throughout the body; works with the lymphatic system. ○​ Composed of heart and blood vessels. ○​ Important for understanding the health of the circulatory system which affects skin tissue health. ○​ Knowing circulatory issues is important for contraindications and precautions regarding treatments. ​ Immune/Lymphatic System: ○​ Protects the body from disease, developing resistance, and destroying disease-causing toxins and foreign material. ○​ Involves Spleen and lymph. ○​ Many treatments require actions within this system, including lymphatic massage. ​ Endocrine System: ○​ Affects growth, development, sexual activities, and normal regulatory processes of the body. ○​ Composed of specialized glands including the adrenal gland, pituitary gland, and pancreas. ○​ Hormones excreted have significant effects on skin. ​ Reproductive System: ○​ Produces and passes on genetics, differentiating between the sexes. ○​ Composed of organs like uterus, ovaries, penis, and testes. ○​ Understand hormonal influences regarding skin care treatments. ​ Respiratory System: ○​ Enables breathing, supplies the body with oxygen, and eliminates carbon dioxide. ○​ Includes lungs, trachea, bronchi. ○​ Crucial for adequate tissue oxygenation and cell function. ​ Digestive System: ○​ Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients. ○​ Include Esophagus. ○​ Necessary for good nutrition. ​ Excretory System: ○​ Eliminates waste matter. ○​ Composed of kidneys, bladder, stomach, gall bladder, liver, small and large intestines. ○​ Essential for optimum functioning of all body systems. 1.​ Explain Why Estheticians Need Knowledge of Anatomy and Physiology. ​ Estheticians need to understand how the human body functions as a whole. ​ Recognizing skin changes from previous visits is important, potentially requiring treatment plan adjustments or referrals to medical providers. ​ Understanding the service's impact on tissues, organs, and body systems is crucial. ​ Treatment plans and protocols are personalized based on comprehensive skin analysis, intake forms, and consultation. ​ Analyzing the interconnectedness of human body systems aids in developing effective treatment plans and recommending appropriate skin care. 2.​ Define a.​ Anatomy. ** i.​ Study of organs and systems b.​ Physiology. ** i.​ Study of structure and function of the organs and systems c.​ Histology. ** i.​ Study of structure too small to be seen except through a microscope 3.​ Describe the Basic Structure and Function of a Cell. ** ​ Cells are the basic units of living organisms ​ Cells perform all life processes ​ There are trillions of cells in the human body ​ Cells vary in size, shape, and purpose 4.​ Define each structure. ❖​ Nucleus ** ​ Dense, active protoplasm in the cell center ​ responsible for cell reproduction and metabolism ​ likened to the yolk of a raw egg. ​ Contains nucleoplasm (proteins) and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), dictating genetic makeup (eye color, skin, hair) ❖​ Mitochondria ** ​ Take in nutrients, break them down, and create energy for the cell. ​ Work to keep the cell full of energy. This chemical energy used within cells for metabolism is called ATP (adenosine triphosphate). ​ Small organelles floating freely throughout the cell. ​ Some cells have several thousand mitochondria, such as muscle cells, while others have none, like red blood cells. ​ Muscle cells need a lot of energy, so they have many mitochondria. ​ Neurons or nerve cells (cells that transmit nerve impulses) don’t need as many. ❖​ Cell Membrane ** ​ Part of the cell that encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble substances to enter and leave. ​ It is selectively permeable, controlling the introduction of beneficial substances into the cell and the removal of waste and other substances that do not benefit the life of the cell. ​ The cell membrane protects the cell from its surroundings. It also communicates with other cells, linking like cells together to form tissues. 5.​ Cell Reproduction and Division. ** ​ Cells have the ability to reproduce, thus providing new cells for the growth and replacement of worn or injured ones. ​ Mitosis is the normal process of cell reproduction in human tissues that occurs when the cell divides into two identical cells called daughter cells. ​ As long as conditions are favorable, the cell will grow and reproduce. ​ Favorable conditions include an adequate supply of nutrients, oxygen, and water; suitable temperatures; and the ability to eliminate waste products. ​ Unfavorable conditions include toxins (poisons), disease, and injury, where the cell will become impaired or may be destroyed. 6.​ Cell Metabolism. ** ​ A chemical process that takes place in living organisms. ​ Metabolism converts nutrients to energy so the cell can function. ​ Metabolism also eliminates waste. ​ These functions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, respond to their environments, and maintain their structures. ​ Men’s bodies contain more water than women’s bodies do. ​ Water content differs throughout various tissues in the body ​ Blood is made up of 83 percent water, and muscle is 75 percent water. ​ The human brain is 73 percent water. ​ Even bones are about 31 percent water. 7.​ Describe the Four Types of Tissue Found in the Body. ❖​ Connective Tissue ** ​ Supports, protects, and binds together other tissues of the body. ​ Examples of connective tissue are bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, fascia (which separates muscles), blood, and fat, which is also called adipose tissue. ​ Adipose stores energy and gives smoothness and contour to the body. ​ Collagen and elastin are protein fibers, and also a part of connective tissue. ❖​ Epithelial Tissue ** ​ A protective lining on cavities of the body and surfaces of organs. ​ Examples are skin, mucous membranes, the lining of the heart, digestive and respiratory organs, and the glands ❖​ Muscle Tissue ** ​ Contracts and moves the various parts of the body ❖​ Nerve Tissue ** ​ Carries messages through the central nervous system to control and coordinate all bodily functions. ​ Nerve tissue is composed of special cells known as neurons, which make up the nerves, brain, and spinal cord 9.​ List the Five Accessory Organs to the Skin. ** ​ Hair ​ Nails ​ Sweat glands ​ Sebaceous glands ​ Sensory receptors 10.​What part of the cell has a colorless, watery, gel-like fluid containing the nutrient material necessary for cell growth, reproduction, and self-repair? ​ Protoplasm ** 11.​Where is deoxyribonucleic acid found? ​ The nucleus 12.​Mitochondria are organelles that float freely throughout the cell take in nutrients, break them down, and create energy for the cell. True or False? ​ True 13.​Describe selectively permeable. ** ​ Its ability to differentiate between different types of molecules, only allowing some molecules through while blocking others. 14.​Can our cells reproduce to provide new cells for the growth and replacement of worn or injured ones? ** ​ Yes, our cells do have the ability to reproduce to provide new cells for the growth and replacement of worn or injured ones. 15.​CIMA Activity watch the video, Organs. ❖​ Organs ** ​ Structures composed of specialized tissues designed to perform specific functions 16.​ Cells structures and the role those structures play in perpetuating healthy skin and body. ❖​ The Nucleus ​ Within the nucleus of the cell is the nucleoplasm, which is a fluid that contains proteins, and a very important acid known as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA is what determines our genetic makeup, including the color of our eyes, skin, and hair. ❖​ Mitochondria ​ Mitochondria work to keep the cell full of energy. ❖​ The Cell Membrane ​ Protects the cell from its surroundings. It also communicates with other cells, linking like cells together to form tissues. ​ Permits soluble substances to enter and leave. It is selectively permeable, controlling the introduction of beneficial substances into the cell and the removal of waste and other substances that do not benefit the life of the cell. 17.​ The process of cells building and reproducing.** ➔​ Mitosis is the normal process of cell reproduction in human tissues that occurs when the cell divides into two identical cells called daughter cells. 18.​ How metabolism influences the development of healthy tissues. ** ➔​ Metabolism converts nutrients to energy so the cell can function. Metabolism also eliminates waste. 19.​ How body tissues combine to build various body organs and keep the body functioning in a healthy manner. ** ​ Organs become capable of performing the complex tasks necessary for life. Each tissue type contributes its unique properties, ensuring the organs and the entire body function smoothly and remain healthy. 20.​ Identify the types of tissues found in the body. ** ​ Connective tissue ​ Epithelial tissue ​ Muscle tissue ​ Nerve tissue 21.​ How two or more tissues combine together to build an organ. ** ​ A collection of tissues that have an identifiable structure and that perform specific functions.

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