BIO 121 Study Guide for Exam 2 PDF

**BIO 121 Study Guide for Exam 2** **Chapter 5** Plasma Membrane ----------------------------- Selectively Permeable Amphipathic Molecule Fluid Mosaic Model Glycoprotein Glycolipid Peripheral proteins Integral proteins Transport proteins Receptor proteins Passive Transport...

**BIO 121 Study Guide for Exam 2** **Chapter 5** Plasma Membrane ----------------------------- Selectively Permeable Amphipathic Molecule Fluid Mosaic Model Glycoprotein Glycolipid Peripheral proteins Integral proteins Transport proteins Receptor proteins Passive Transport Diffusion Osmosis Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic Lyse Turgid Flaccid Aquaporin Active Transport Endocytosis Exocytosis Facilitated diffusion Signal transduction pathway Paracrine Signaling Endocrine Signaling Ligand What is the plasma membrane (PM)? where found? what cells? major functions? What is the composition of the PM? What is meant by the fluid mosaic model? What influences membrane fluidity? (temp and cholesterol---know how influences) What 2 types of proteins are found associated with membranes? What are the roles/functions of proteins in membranes? (very general) What role do carbohydrates play in membrane function? know examples. What is meant by the term selectively permeable membrane? What types of molecules can easily cross the PM? Which types can't? What is the role of\ transport proteins? Know diff btwn passive and active transport. What is meant by osmosis? Be able to identify hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions. Know how they relate to\ osmosis (movement of water). Know the effect of diff tonicity of solutions on animal and plant cells? What does turgid/flaccid/lyse mean? What is meant by facilitated transport? What is an aquaporin? What is meant by active transport? Know example. Identify and distinguish between exocytosis and endocytosis as bulk flow on items into/out of the cell. Signal transduction pathway---what is it 4 types of signaling- define/identify each (paracrine, synaptic, hormones, and direct contact) Know 3 stages of cell signaling and what each does. What is a ligand? i.e. what does it do? What are 2 types of responses to cell signals? **Chapter 6** Metabolism ------------------------------ Catabolic pathways Anabolic pathways Kinetic Energy Potential Energy Chemical Energy First Law of Thermodynamics Second Law of Thermodynamics Entropy Free Energy Exergonic Reaction Endergonic Reaction Energy Coupling ATP Enzyme Activation Energy Substrate Active Site Cofactors Competitive Inhibition Noncompetitive Inhibition Allosteric Regulation Denaturation What is metabolism? What are metabolic pathways? What is the difference btwn catabolic and anabolic pathways? What is energy? Kinetic? Potential? Chemical? Know 2 laws of thermodynamics. What is entropy? Why do living organisms obey 2^nd^ law of thermodynamics? (think about heat and its effects on entropy) Know differences btwn spontaneous and nonspontaneous processes with respect to energy. What is free energy? Know differences btwn systems high vs low in free energy. Relate free energy to reactions (spontaneous or not). When is a system most stable? Know difference btwn exergonic vs endergonic reactions (with respect to free energy and ΔG). What does ATP stand for? What is it? How made? How used by cells? What is meant by hydrolysis of ATP? What is meant by the term phosphorylated? How is the energy of ATP coupled in a cell? How is ATP regenerated in a cell? What is an enzyme? Catalyst? What is meant by activation energy? How does it relate to enzyme function? How does an enzyme increase the speed of a reaction? Do enzymes change ΔG (free energy)? What is a substrate? Active site? What is meant by specificity? How does an enzyme function? Know major properties of enzymes. How it the rate of an enzyme reaction affected by heat and pH? What is a cofactor? Why are vitamins and minerals important? What are inhibitors? Compare competitive vs noncompetitive inhibition. What is meant by allosteric regulation? What is feedback inhibition? What is meant by cooperativity?