Study Guide - Understanding Personality PDF

STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER I Understanding Personality What Is Personality keyfocus what makes people different characteristic patterns of thought emotion a behaviour alongwith the mechanics behindthem...

STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER I Understanding Personality What Is Personality keyfocus what makes people different characteristic patterns of thought emotion a behaviour alongwith the mechanics behindthem unique relativelyconsistent patterns of thinking feeling a behaving situationalcontexts canmake us behave differently keyconcepts in Personality internalcan'tsee risk taking spectrum ranges from highto Psychology behaving feeling lowrisk takers average external cansee extremes MMM extremes Funder's First Law great strengths can also begreat weaknesses TheGoals of Personality explain the whole person in daily life Psychology this is very complex IMPOSSIBLE Basic Approaches Paradigms to Trait Approach focus on traits that differentiate people most dominant Personality Biological Approach examines genetic physiological factors Studying Psychoanalytical Approach focus on unconsciousmind internal conflicts Freud Phenomelogical Approach focus on people's conscious experience culturalinfluences humanistic psychology consciousawareness can produce uniquely humanattributes cross culturalpsychology experiences of realitydifferingacross cultures Learning Approach basedon experiences ex behaviourism cognitivepsychology why No oneBig Theory Strengths inclusive comprehensive limitations overly broad lacksfocus BarnumEffect tendency to seevague or general personality descriptions as highly anurate for you TAPTER 2 Persons us Situations KeyDebate is behaviourmore influenced by personality or thesituation situationists situations are more predictive say personality psychologists responded that personality explains consistent behaviour acrossvaried situations casestudy The Stanford guards prisoners displayed extreme behaviours influenced by situational factors prison Experiment implications interactionism interplay of personalitytraits situations better explains behaviour Three Situationist Arguments 1 Predictability there is an upper limit to how wellone canpredict what aperson by Walter Mischel willdo based on measurement of personality upper limit is Low 0.3 0.4 Response poormethodology explains low correlations correlation of 0.4 is not SMALL 0.4 709 accuracy 2 Situationism situations are moreimportantthan personalitytraits in determiningbehaviour Response remainingvariancemayreflectotherpersonalitytraitsjust because ou is personality doesn'tmean the rest is situational 3 Everyday Perceptions assessing personality is flawed Response effents of personality on behaviour of significant enough to meansomething when it comes to personality onesize does not fit all situationalvariables predictbehaviour in CERTAIN situations personality traits predict behaviour Acrosssituations interactionism combinespersonality andsituationalinfluences 1 situational dependence the effect of a personalityvariesby context ex introverts caffeine vs extroverts casein 2 self selection peoplechoosesituationsthatalign their traits exwhogoestobikerbars 3 situation modifination peoplechangesituationsbasedon theirbehaviour ix escalatingaggressive becauseof multipleaggressivepeople cumulative continuity bornwith a bit of some trait but trait snowballs andaccumulates as you growup ex started a someshyness turnsintomore shyness movingagainst theworld HAPTER 223 ResearchMethods personality Research noperfectindicators of personality only clues and theyare always ambiguous gather asmany clues puttogether Tunesof Personality Data S data self reports BLIS describing own thoughts feelings ex questionnaires surveys advantages largeamount of info access to internal thoughts feelings definitional train easy disadvantages sociallydesirable responding active distortion of memory errors in general tooeasy 1 data informantreports frompeoplewho knowyou ex friends family coworkers advantages largeamount ofinfo realworldbasis sense multiple perspectives common disadvantages limited behavioural into error linelytorememberunusual behaviour bias L data lifeoutcomes obtained fromarchivedrecords self reports results or residue how apersonaffects the world ex socialmedia criminal records educational banground advantages objective verifiable psychologicalrelevance disadvantages multidetermination outcomescouldbeinfluenced bymanyfactors B data behavioural observations observationsof daily life or in a lab range of contexts Litigating appearance of minivity natural b data real life behaviour ex diaries cameras morders siredoutcomes laboratory b data make a tontrolledsituationhappen a record behaviour examine recitions ae fifty Research Designs in Personality casemethod in depth study of a particular person or event can bemisleading or anecdotal issues i generalizability Correlational Method examines relationshipsbetweenvariables P correlations ranging from 1 to 1 positive a negative a_ zero Experimental method manipulatesvariables independent to observeeffects on other variables sayqq.gs dependent testsdifferentes to see if it would be largerbychance  d data Personality Assessment Methods Projective Tests asks people to interpret ambiguous stimuli projective hypothesis peopleproiest aspects of theirpersonality controversial reliability validity disputed ObjectiveTests structured moreobjectives questions notopento interpretation madethe hog they 1rational based ontheory requires clear definition L 2 factor analytic identifies groupswhat do theseitemshave in common 3 empirical compares answers aross predefined groups cross validate exmenvswomen Ethical Issues in Research Purpose of Personality Testing informs researchaids selfawareness guides diminal decisions can enforce bias being described by setof scores degrading undignified Participant Protection privacy concerns deception should be kept to a minimum scientific Integrity sharing all dataeven failures harm doesn'texceed of a dailybasis anythey would experienne TAPTER 5 The Big Five WhatArePersonalityTraits traits enduring predispositions that influence our behaviouracrosssituations determine average tendencies what we're area to do Fourways to studyPersonality single Trait Approach examines correlationsbetween one trait and manybehaviours selfmonitoring degree towhithinner outerselvesand behaviours on thesame or different m.tk opi acrosssituations marissism associated msn.it man ManyTrait Approach explov sina.io california a set sorted intocolumns forces natural distribution A Essential Trait Approach identitiesmostimportanttraits lexital hypothesis themore importantthe trait themorewords there willbe to describe it Typologina Approach qualitative differences betweenpeople 1 welladjusted adaptableflexible 2 maladjusted overcontrolled toouptight 3 maladiastedunder controlled tooimpulsive limitations tapes don't behaviour cut off problem Bobaming predict TheBigFivePersonalityTraits Extraversion sociableoutgoing assertive experience positiveemotions more cons argumentative need to be in control matepoaching Neuroticism ineffective problemsolving sensitive to social threat associated with undesirable life outcomes conscientiousness dutiful careful rule abiding cons not super popular guiltwhen not meeting expectations Agreeableness conformity warmth friendly cooperative easy toget do with cons being takenadvantage of pushover tooaltruistic liberalmonlikelytousedress openness to Experience creative imaginative openminded east.sn a s i Ii Big Five Across Cultures I HEXACO an alternative Humility Honesty associated religiosity HAPTER 628 Personality Development PersonalityAcross time prediction of outcomes childhood traits exconscientiousness predict adult behaviours and life outromes ex success health longevity conscientiousness is linked to longer life influenced by faitouslikestress management selfregulation psychologicalmaturity becoming more self controlled interpersonally sensitive emotionally stable mainstann in iii iii i iii t.it.fi i itii iet evidenic for stability correlation of ro o o s over toyears childhood behaviours a personality predict adult behaviour and life outiomes Temperament Early Personality Temperament core emotional cognitive behavioral characteristisseenin infants develops into personalitytraits on building stones to personality environment can amplify effects of temperament Reactivity excitability responsivity ability of crous behavioural and physiological saste hmmatis.mn faggai it self regulation ability to manage emotions modulates underlain activity ex bring levels back down how fast how effectively emotional regulation ability to exert control over one's on emotionalstate babies o emotional regulation rely on parent to regulate age 2 5 co regulate simler suced with parent Behavioural inhibition approaches a cautiontoward new stimuli leads to being more reserved in adulthood higher arousal in response to new things not able to consistently regulate compensate for distress withattention shifting shyness specific to social novelty higher arousal aroundnew people situation fearful shyness fear of social situations emerges early primary emotion self conscious shyness preomupationwith theselfandother evaluations needstodevelop  selfawareness seen 18months rouge test will touch mark on mirror it not fully conscious of our being theory ofmind start to understand that people have thoughts feelings different fromyou own false belieftest finding out that another person doesn't have thesameintothey Socialization a and others Learning sociability province for being opgppgfhfff orthogonal unrelated in both extremesprone to have some mentalheath problems IIIM ahaffy Social Learning Theory Bandura humans learneverything throughobservat tammy Bobo MMshyness dollstudies kids watthed adults be aggressive doll modelled behaviour unsotiable MM avoidant shy Reciprocal Determinism a person's behaviour also causes the environment personality can ii it i MFTMtthhmi.am t.de ieins Imaioa.eanwt Effortful Control ability to inhibit a dominant response or activate a subdominat response to plan ahead or detecterrors focus shift attention as needed not something we control Negative Emotionality tendency to experiente negative affects baby neuroticism Surgency tendency to experience positive affect Heterotypic continuity what is appropriate forthis agegroup same underlying processes ex temperament personality underly different behaviours differ ages we hit as children but we don't do it as adultsbut it can look different likeyelling openness in childhood difficult to measure in childhood if measured only intellect measured converges with perceptual sensitivity tendency to be sensitive to changes inenviron appreciatethingsmore openness increases ages 111g melearn to how welearn to be part of society acculturation cultures vary on what is appropriate behaviour Operant conditioning help enforce culturally determinedgender differences t t.in eins cement punishmnt me rage ig.ge Transactions between PersonalityActiveTransaction person seeks out compatible environments avoids incompatible Environment environments ex quiet people going to library avoids theclub Reactive Person EnvironmentTransaction differentpeople responding differently to thesame situation based on personality ex extrovert vs introvert a party Evocative Person Environment Transaction someone's personality trait s leads to behaviour that changes the environment ex aggressiveperson bringing aggression toconversation Birthorder Personality little effett on personality more L Iduffin'ssooner based infront Firstborns higher in ness consciations p more dominant bossy Middleborn lower in conscientiousness difarent ideas frompeers Youngest higher in openness to experience more reeness exposure to thoughts feelings of siblings Onlychild better relationship parents no children to relate to big agegap in siblings different family systems being created HAPTER 7 BiologicalUnderpinnings Behavioural Geneties how genetic variationinfluences traits like personality cognitive social attitudes 3 Laws of behavioural genetics shared environment 50 genetics 1 all human behavioural traits are heritable 2 effect of being raised in the same family is smaller thanthe ett genes I 3 a largeportion of thevariation in human behavioural traits is not accounted forby genes or families unshadenvironmentson Twin Studies based on generis raisedapart should still besimilar based on environment raised apart should be different restriction of range adopted intosimilarhouseholds confined to one country notenoughrat The Brain Personality Functional Imaging detects when brain active electroencephalography EEG magnetoencephalograph MEG leftside of brain dominating motivation for approach rightsideof brain dominating motivation for avoidance structural Imaging detects specific areas of brainactivity computed tomography CTscan position emission tomography PETscan functionalmagnetic resistance imaging fMRI Big Five and BrainActivity Phtions s highagreeableness move activation in frontal lobe socialthreatfear highneuroticism moreresponsiveamygdala increased activation warmth positive emotionfeats high extraversion of amygdala rewardresponses low conscientiousness more activity in ventralstriatum high openness better shortterm memory The Biochemistry of Personality neurons communitate with neurotransmitters hormones stimulate or inhibitneural ie as rewards sociability extraversion openness novelty seeking motivated for approach reaching for ne things dimension's ofplasticity extraversion openness  inhibition serotonin of behavioural impulses stopping yourselffrom socio related to dimensions unacceptable behaviour of stability conscientiousness ssris better connections being made between neurons of serotonin agreeableness emotional stability oxytocin role in mother child bonding romantic attachment sexual responses hormone cuddle drug increases perceptions of trustworthiness and attractiveness in others Evolution Personality humansevolved personality traits are suited for hunter gatherer societies many preferences desires stuckin that time ex safe environment social group Sociosexuality attitudes towards uncommited sex different person to person men desire for uncommited sex more than women mommy's baby daddy'smaub higher soliosexuality short term mating wants more partners Need to belong people have an evolutionary need to belong to be ostracized can fatal leads to bad benaiour ostracism causes activation in brain region associated with physical pain environments aren't consistent overtime iceages pandemics neuroticism survives 1 ffitter as species with enough variation ix to adapt to different environments because neurotic people challenges animals take lessvisas ignores cultural influences impossible to prove or disprove can be used to explain any finding used to explain bad behaviour ex high soii sexuality cheating on partner LAPTER 9 Psychoanalytic Theory Freud's Psychoanalytictheory Sigmund Freud used free association freely letting peopletalli unconscious will comeout the talking care Psychic Determinism all thoughts actions have an unconscious cause no accidents no free will no inconsistencies answer is some here in your unconscious mind Levels of consciousness conscious mind preconscious unconscious oldmemorie conscious mind least important some of preconscious mind not iarrently are of it can be brought to awareness unconscious mind all the ID basicinstincts pleasure most of the EGO decisionmaker nearly all the SUPEREGO sense of morality all interact w̅ each other compromise formation middle course between competing demands of motivation morality practicality Mental Energy mind NEEDS energy to function energy fixed finite libido mind ian only do one thing at a time energy can build if not expressed it will build upover time energy not built this way expressingyour anger actually makes youmoreang Freud's Psychosexual Development believed we pass through psychological focus'sand each stage with some physical tages themes those who get fixated on a stage and can'tmore on an experience toomucho too little gratification 1 Oralstage birth to 18mos fo.us on independency and trust physiial focus mouth lips tongue adult character type overly independent vs passive 2 Anal stage 18mos to 3yrs forus on self control andobedience physical focus anus as pinneggs listening adult type overcontrolled us undercontrolled  3 Phallic Stage 3.5yrs to Turs focus on gender identity sexuality happens w̅ girlstoo Oedipus complex boys emotionally attached to mom want to replacedad e want a penis in love our feel love mom anger jealousy dad ads resolvedwhen inhealthy fearful of castration by father that anxietykeeps impulses incheck lationships make babies replaces figures out role in family resolve relationship w̅ parents ed for penis physicalfocus sexual organs adult type rigid moral code vs lack of moral lode 4 Latency stage Turs to puberty learning cognitive development 5 Genital Stage Puberty onward maturity enhancementof life work love heterosexualmonogamous S a mature adult psychologically healthy vs not sex mentalhealth theability to love and to work Key Psychoanalytic Theorists Erikson's Stages Psychosocial Development each life period characterizedbyspecitic development crisis healthypath vs unhealthypath Carl Jung metaphysical spirtual collective unconscious shared inherited memories in everyone inunconscious archetypes basicimages at the core ofhowpeopleviewthe worldexMotherEarth hero persona socialmask one wears in public frontyouput focused on thinking aid vs 0 it p Mers Briss 4 basinsways of thinking rational feeling sensing intuiting critiques of Psychoanalytic theory 1 excessively complex 2 ease studymethods allpatientswhitewomen w̅ daddy issues 3 vaguedefinitions 4 untestable cannotbe proven false 5 significant sexism females are deviations fromthe standardmale model Empirical findings supporting evident that we have unconscious mental pronesses Psychoanalytictheory parallel distributed processing onlysmall fration of whatmind is doingbecomes conscious consious thought is compromise emotional reaction to criticalwords words flash by quickly emotional words more emotionalresponse prosessing on some unconscious level early childhood influences shape our psychology YAPTER 14 Theself understanding the self Purposes of the self 4 main ones 1 self regulation restrains impulses andmaintainsfocuson long termgoals 2 information processing filter whatinformationmatters to us gatheringinformation about ourselves sometimesincludes distortion of self knowledge 3 relate to others usingown experiences engaging in empathy 4 empathy our life storyunderstandingwhere we fit in self conceptions influenced by culture westerncultures independentself Individualism independence self expression collectivism obedienne a Asiancultures interdependentself conformity self knowledge 3 tapes serve all 4 purposes of the self d 1 declarative knowledge facts impressions that weconsiously know 2 procedural knowledge being a are on a deeper leel expressed through actions 3 narrativeknowledge story youtell yourself aboutyourself selfesteem overall sense of worth andwell being attitude towardsoneself Baseline self Esteemgeneralover long period of time Barometric self Esteem fluctuatingsenseof self oneresponds to differ as Inhis experie 2 primary outcomes feels good has peopleto initiateaction orrelates with and negativeoutiomes does not causeother positiveoutcomes positive confidence natissism self esteemneeds to reflectreality can i actually do it or areyoujustboostingmycontiden sociometre Theory lowselfesteem signals risk of rejective motivation to restore reputation high selfesteem reflection of successandacceptance implicit us Explicit self Esteem implicit selfEsteem unconstious canbemeasuredwithimplicitAssociation usuallysimilarlevels ExplicitselfEsteem conscious aware of it test DonutPersonality highexplicit and lowimplint seemsconfidentbut missingsomething self efficacy belief in one's ability to reachgoals predicts work school performance works better for lowachievingstudentsmore we betterwe'll be thinggcgoqosht.name become self Discrepancy Theory selves p 9511 possible selves want I who I am who I fearbecoming if we are FARAWAY from ideal self causes depression won't feel good causesanxieta far from ought self feel likeyou'llexperiencebadevents bepunished hypothetic optimums can be source of motivation HAPTER11 Motivationand Humanism Approach vs AvoidanceMotivation Approach Motivation seek out rewards left brain higher in extraversion pull behaviours Avoidance Approach avoiding punishment rightbrain justwant to avoid tailing punishment performs poorer thinking about failure tends to hinderperformanie badenergy 2 different types of goals helplessness 5 judgementgoal seeking Provinsnominant development improvi orient in S goal Growthmindset passionfor learning learn agrowfromfailures iii iii iii IT i Motivation strategies Defensive Pessimism glass halfempty worst islikelytohappenso we over prepare so wecan stop it fromhappening coping performance sunless similar to optimists but overlydistressing aa.us Humanism whatmakes us differentfromotherspecies emphasizes uniquely humantraits Humanistic Psychology psychologicalstudy of awareness free will whatmakes us uniquely human t.EE i E.I mi i i iii man a T.EE I I s i men move likely to detect blame or threat women more likelytoperceiveneed for people to be supportive  huh exterii the Existentialism reactionagainst rationalism the industrial revolution regain contact with experience of being alive andaware what is thenature of existence howdoes it feel what does itmean Optimistic Humanism Carl Rogers people are basically good Self Actualization people have one tendency to enname pets iiinie unconditional positive regard essential for growth Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs progressionfrombasicneeds to self actualization incorporates evolutionary perspectives increasing of fitness DNA transmission to nextgen Fully Functioning Person being clearly aware of reality and yourself faceworld w o doubt fear neurotic defences I'm ini1ontrom Positive Psychology what makes peoplegreat unlovers human strengths promotes positivefanitionin Virtues core universal strengths how we should behave humanity justine most universal across cultures time courage lack of consensus Personality Prolessis Learning Behaviourism personality shaped through experiences learning of behaviour can be directly observed I 1 everyone should behave thesame in the same environment asituation habituation desensitization to repeated stimuli impact of major life events lessen overtime affective forecasting overestimation of the emotional impacts of future events  S 3 classical conditioning linking unconditioned stimulis to responses learned helplessness events will happen randomly so I won't try to avoid it operant conditioning reinforcements shape behaviour positive repetition negative avoidonie Social learning theory suspects behaviourism doesn'taccount foreverything ex Kohler's monkeys able to gain insight from understanding theproblem i behaviourism ignores thinking motivationemotion social dimension of learning  APTER 15 Personality Relationships Attachments Relationships first relationship i parents important for later relationships ygngEnEttn mn secure base security and protective from caregiver InfantAttachment Theory JohnBowlby believed early experiences shape personalities adult relationships separation hardtimetrustingothers stable develop stable relationships later on doesn't feelsafe pattern oftrust Attachmentstyles lisg.in ensesl secure attachment trusting open comfortable bestpsuchologital outcomes unreliable caregiver 2 anxious attachment clingyuncertain fear of abandonment 3 avoidant attachment avoids closeness distrustsrelationships absentcaregiver The BigFive Relationships mostpeople looking for some high in agreeableness conscientiousness low in neuroticism Extraversion good at maintainingrelationships high satisfaction but less involved Agreeableness positive satisfying relationships Neuroticism troubledunstablerelationships Conscientiousness reduces conflint violence in relationship tv Openness to Experiente keeps relationships close functioning well explorenewexperience thin sneyan selfexpansion motivated to incorporateaspects ofpartner's identity to expand theself similarity vs opposites similarity increases satisfaction bath.fi iiifor similar attitudes values moreattracted to eachother relationship lasts longer BigFive similarity leads to less satisfaction in marriages Dark Triad Harmful Traits iiiiii negativeforce on relationships everyone fall somewhere on spectrum morelikelytotake a gameplaningrolein fiif giIig a titi of b suffering o thers strings peoplealong lotsof shortterm things morelikely to engage in mate poaching Fakephysical attractiveness enhanceappearanceto appearm physicallyattractive draw people in to manipulatethem IEiiiii iimitmn tI in.is iicanenutvinneamasins go forthe brocollit makesyoufeelgood betterforyou HAPTER IS Culture Personality Introduction to culture customsvalues and behaviours of a nation ethnic group class timeperiodetc different social norms rules Socialization how children learn socialnorms of their culture learnhow to become members of society Mutual Constitution culture shapes us but we also shape the culture www.a tanager µ f westerncountries Cultural Dimensions Individualism foruses on self needs over group needs mom internal attribution dad explains behaviour is because of THEMandtheirchoic friend self sibling ex I wasnotchosen as teamleader because ionone I havepoor communicationskills indiffitalism mom external attribution dad explains behaviour is because of surrounding friend self situation to out ex I wasnotchosen as teamleader because coneftilism it was my coworker's turn to be one challenges in Cross Cultural Reference Group Effect people romparing themselves to peoplethey knowwhen completing a stage survey makes cross cultural comparison difficult ex cleanliness standards different based on upbringing Relevancy of Personality people in individualistic culturesmayfind traitsmore wet collectivists belie e roles and duties more important Cultural personality traits Extraversion linked to cultural individualism liberalviews on sexuality high Norway Canada Usa low Malaysia Taiwan lower in powerdistance morecasualw̅ authority declined in Agreeableness collectivist countriesfeel more empathy move agree.li 5 us politialdivide high Greece congo low Japan Ukraine II i conscientiousness higher in southern latitudes thanlover high Ethiopia Zimbabwe low Japan south Korea attthing thermal's forth influented by reference group effect Neuroticism high neuroticism countries have stricterrules to minimi sina.it imiguit high Japan Russia low Sweden Denmark hes Openness to Experiente lower in recent generations hittin.IEIiisi high Chile Belgium low Ukraine Japan  districtdysfunction HAPTER16 Personality Mental Health Basics of Mental Health MentalDisorders a patternof mentalsymptoms causing significant problems in life exist on spectrum from healthy to disordered psychopathology Personality vs Personality disorders Personality characteristic way a person behaves Fini shy a iii Personality Disorder long term rigid patterns of thoughts feelings behaviours causing dysfunction distress spe what noticeable by adolescence typically not diagnosed in adolescenceunlesspresentfor 14 challenges in Diagnosing EgoSyntonic behaviours align with personal values titlist it narcissism Ego Dustonic behaviours clash inconsistent with personalgoalsvalues beliefs theywantto chargedistressedbybehaviour substanceabuse OCD diagnosed using DSM 5 oralityfunctie alternative model continuum approach cluster a B c j it open emotionality extraversion agreeableness conscientiousness The BadFive Traits negative affectivity detachment antagonism disinhibition psychoticism to diagnose followsteps if none diagnose is PD trait specific Major PersonalityDisorders Schizotypal DD odd peculiar behaviours magical thinking no hallucinations suspiciousness paranoia ideas of reference 4.67 prevalence in us Borderline PD emotionalinstability impulsivity self destructive behaviours resistant treatment overvelianie on others had to set boundaries with NarcissisticPD grandiosity need for admiration lack of empathy react strongly to criticism shallow relationships charming but exploitative AntisocialPD pattern of disregard for personality conductdisorder rights of others violationof social norms highthrill seeking AvoidantPD excessive avoidance of social interactions feeling of inadequacy fear of criticism rejection obsessive compulsive PD patterns of inflexibility preoccupationwithorderliness control rigid to rules difficult to maintain relationship with need perfection will persist even if approach is failing sociopath label used to describe someone's who's psychopathictraits are assumed to be due to environmental factors