Biology 101 Final Study Guide PDF

Study guide for Biology 101 Final 1. Be familiar with classification of organisms. Know the characteristics of life and what they mean. 2. Be familiar with basic chemistry concepts such as atomic weight, atomic number, structure, etc. Understand pH, acids & bases, properties of water. 3. Be...

Study guide for Biology 101 Final 1. Be familiar with classification of organisms. Know the characteristics of life and what they mean. 2. Be familiar with basic chemistry concepts such as atomic weight, atomic number, structure, etc. Understand pH, acids & bases, properties of water. 3. Be familiar with the organic molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, etc. What are enzymes? Their functions? Describe ATP – structure, functions, etc. 4. Be familiar with cellular metabolic processes such as diffusion, osmosis, active transport, facilitated transport, etc. How are they alike? Different? Define hypotonic, isotonic, hypertonic and be able to describe what happens to mammal or plant cells placed in each type of solution. 5. Know the Laws of Thermodynamics and basic concepts of energy. 6. Be familiar with the structures associated with photosynthesis. What processes occur in photosynthesis and where in the plant cell do they occur? What is the end product of photosynthesis? 7. Be familiar with aerobic cellular respiration – the processes, the order of occurrence, where in the cell each process takes place, etc. What is the end product of cellular respiration? What happens when oxygen is limited or absent? 8. Be able to describe the stages of cell division. How do the chromosomes move during each stage of mitosis and/or meiosis? Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis? Purpose? End result? Occurs where in the body? 9. Be familiar with definitions such as haploid, diploid, dominant, recessive, heterozygous, homozygous, gametes, allele, genotype, phenotype. Understand genetics problems such as simple single-trait cross, two-trait crosses, incomplete dominance, sex-linked traits, blood-typing, etc. 10. Be familiar with chromosomal abnormalities and genetic abnormalities. Ex: trisomy, autosomal recessive and dominant disorders, sex chromosome disorders. 11. Know the structure of DNA and RNA. What are nucleotides? What is the structure of a nucleotide? What bases are associated with each? What is complementary base pairing? Semiconservative replication? Transcription and translation? 12. What are transgenic organisms? What are plasmids and how are they used to develop transgenic organisms? 13. Be familiar with evolutionary concepts such as natural selection, adaptation, genetic drift, gene flow, directional selection (microevolution), founder effect, bottleneck effect, etc. What are the conditions of Hardy-Weinberg law and why does it rarely occur in natural situations? 14. Be familiar with population definitions such as carrying capacity, birth rate, growth rate, exponential growth, biotic potential, etc. Know difference between growth curves of normal population growth compared to exponential growth (S-curves versus J-curves). 15. Be familiar with ecology definitions such as ecology, density-dependent (-independent) factors, biotic, abiotic, autotrophs, heterotrophs, producers, consumers, etc. Understand energy flow through ecosystems and the use of pyramids such as pyramids of energy or biomass. 16. Understand terminology such as biological magnification, resource partitioning, competition, limiting factors, symbiotic relationships, trophic levels, etc. Be familiar with succession and climax communities. 17. Be familiar with basic characteristics of biomes – terrestrial and aquatic.