BIO 212 Study Guide Test PDF

BIO 212 STUDY GUIDE test Monday UNIT 1 Chapter 2  Distinguish between an element and a compound An element is a substance made of only one type of atom ex is hydrogen and oxygen. A compound is substance made of two or more differen...

BIO 212 STUDY GUIDE test Monday UNIT 1 Chapter 2  Distinguish between an element and a compound An element is a substance made of only one type of atom ex is hydrogen and oxygen. A compound is substance made of two or more different elements chemically bonded ex water (H2O)  Identify the four elements that make up 96% of living matter. Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen  Describe the structure of an atom A nucleus made up of protons and neutrons with a electron cloud surrounding  Define and distinguish among atomic number, mass number, atomic weight, and valence. Atomic number is number of protons. Mass number is sum of protons plus neutron in the nucleus of an atom. Atomic weight is the relative weight that given to element in relation to other elements. Valence is the outermost electrons.  Given the atomic number and mass number of an atom, how do you determine the number of its neutrons? You can subtract the atomic number from mass number to determine neutrons.  List and explain two uses of radioactive isotopes that are important to biologists. one the radioactive decay rates can be used to date fossils. Two the radioactive can be use to trace atoms in metabolism  Explain how an atom’s outer shell electrons influences the chemical behavior of an atom With a complete outer shell the atom will be unreactive and with incomplete the atom is chemically reactive.  Distinguish among nonpolar covalent, polar covalent and ionic bonds. Nonpolar covalent bond have electrons shared equal, happens with atom with similar or identical electronegativities ex O2. Polar covalent bond have electron shared unequally creating partial positive and partial negative charge happen with atom moderate electronegativity differences ex. H2O. Ionic bond when electrons are transferred from one to another forming ions happens when the large electronegativity difference ex NaCL  Explain why weak bonds are important to living organisms Weak bonds are important to building and supporting important molecules, help molecules work together, allowing flexibility and movement, shaping cell membrane and regulating water behavior  Describe and compare hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions Bond form when hydrogen atom covalently bonded to N, O,or F is attracted to another electronegative atom. Van der Waals Weak interaction caused by temporary shift in electron distribution between molecules. Hydrogen bonds are stronger and need specific atom (H with N,O, or F). Van der Waals forces are weaker and occur due to random electron shift, affecting all molecules, even nonpolar Chapter 3  Describe how water contributes to the fitness of the environment to support life. Temperature regulation- High specific heat stabilizes climates and body temperature. Cohesion and adhesion- helps water transport in plants and creates surface tension. Universal solvent- dissolves nutrients and gases for biological processes. Ice floats-insulates aquatic life in cold environments. Evaporative cooling- regulates body and environmental temperatures. Chemical reaction- needs for photosynthesis and cellular respiration. pH stability- acts as a buffer to maintain balanced conditions.  Describe the structure and geometry of a water molecule, and explain what properties emerge as a result of this structure. Oxygen is more electronegative, make water polar. Bent shape, polar molecule with partial charges, leading to hydrogen bonding  Explain the relationship between the polar nature of water and its ability to form hydrogen bonds. Oxygen is highly electronegative, creating partial charges, allowing water molecules to form hydrogen bonds  List four characteristics of water that are emergent properties resulting from hydrogen bonding Cohesion- water sticks to itself (surface tension). Adhesion- water sticks to surfaces (capillary action). High specific heat- stabilizes temperature. Ice Floats- less dense when frozen, insulating water below  Describe the biological significance of the cohesiveness of water. Helps in water transport in plants and surface tension in organisms  Explain how water’s high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, and expansion upon freezing affect both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. High specific heat- stabilizes ocean and body temperatures. High heat of vaporization- Cooling effect (sweating). Ice expansion- Prevent bodies of water from freezing solid.  Distinguish among a solute, a solvent, and a solution. Solute- Dissolved substance. Solvent- Liquid that dissolves solute. Solution- Mixture of solute + solvent.  Explain how the polarity of the water molecule makes it a versatile solvent Its polarity allows it to dissolve ionic and polar substances.  Distinguish between hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances Hydrophilic- water loving (Polar, Ionic). Hydrophobic- water fearing (nonpolar).  Write the equation for the dissociation and re-formation of water. 2H2O=H3O++OH-   Explain the basis for the pH scale; know some common acids and bases Acids (pH7) accept H (ex bleach)  Explain how a buffer works Buffers resist pH changes Chapter 4  Explain how carbon’s electron configuration determines the kinds and numbers of bonds that carbon will form Carbon's bonding forms 4 covalent bonds, allowing diverse molecular structures  Describe how carbon skeletons may vary and explain how this variation contributes to the diversity and complexity of organic molecules. Can be straight, branched, or rings, leading to diverse organic molecules  Name the major functional groups and describe the chemical properties of the organic molecules in which they occur. Hydroxyl - polar, in alcohols Carboxyl- acidic, in amino acids amino- basic, in proteins. Phosphate- Energy transfer (ATP) Chapter 5  Know the elements found in each class of biomolecules Carbohydrate, Lipids, proteins -CHO. Proteins, nucleic acids- CHON nucleic acids- CHONP  Know the building blocks (monomers) for each class of biomolecules Carbohydrates- monosaccharide (glucose) Lipid- Glycerol+fatty acids Proteins- Amino acids Nucleic acids - nucleotides  Describe the reaction that forms larger molecules (polymers) when monomers are linked (condensation or dehydration synthesis) Dehydration- links monomers, removes water Condensation- Breaks polymers, adds water  Describe the reaction that results in monomer formation when larger molecules are split apart (hydrolysis)  Know the types and different levels of structure for each biomolecule. Carbohydrate- Glycosidic linkage Lipids- Ester linkage Proteins- Peptide bond Nucleic acids- Phosphodiester bond  Know food sources for each biomolecule Carb- Bread lipid-butter Protein-meat  Know the functions for each type of biomolecule Carb- provides quick energy and structural support. Lipid-store long- term energy, form cell membranes and act as signaling molecules. Proteins- perform structural, enzymatic, transport and immune functions. Nucleic acids- store and transmit genetic information  Know the name of the bonds formed during dehydration synthesis for each biomolecule o Carbohydrate: glycosidic linkage o Lipid: ester linkage o Protein: peptide linkage o Nucleic Acid: phosphodiester linkage  Know the differences between starch and cellulose and glycogen Starch- energy storage in plants. Cellulose- structural(plant cell walls) Glycogen- energy storage in animals  Know the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid Saturated- No double bonds solid at room temp. Unsaturated- double bonds liquid at room temp.  Know the different types of amino acids Polar, nonpolar, electrically charge (acid, basic +Charge)  Know the four levels of structure of proteins Primary- amino acid sequence. Secondary- alpha helices and beta sheets. Tertiary- 3D shape. Quaternary- multiple polypeptides  Know how nucleic acids differ from other biomolecules They store genetic information (DNA/RNA) The structures you need to know are as follows: 1. The functional groups 2. Carbohydrates: Ring structure of glucose, glycosidic linkage between glucose molecules 3. Proteins: Structure of a "generic" amino acid, be able to add any given side group (R), and be able to illustrate the peptide bond. 4. Nucleic Acids: Model of a nucleotide, general arrangement of nucleotides in DNA and RNA. 5. Lipids: Structure of fatty acids (saturated and unsaturated,), glycerol, triglyceride with ester linkage, phospholipid, steroid backbone Chapter 6  Distinguish between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell. Prokaryotic- no nucleus, no membrane- bound organelles (bacteria). Eukaryotic- has nucleus, organelles (plants, animals)  Describe the structure of the nuclear membrane. Double membrane with pores for RNA transport  Be able to label the major structures in prokaryotic, plant and animal cells  Know the structure and function of each component of the cytomembranous system (nuclear membrane, ER, vesicles and Golgi apparatus).  Know the general structure and function of ribosomes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts  Know the components of the cytoskeletal system, their relative size, composition, and function.  Know the different type of intercellular junctions.