Biology for Pre-Health Sciences Cells Study Guide PDF

Study Guide for Biology for Pre-Health Sciences PADD Bio 190 Cells Chapter 3 1. The basic unit of life is: Cells 2. What are the two main types of cells? Prokaryotic and eukaryotic 3....

Study Guide for Biology for Pre-Health Sciences PADD Bio 190 Cells Chapter 3 1. The basic unit of life is: Cells 2. What are the two main types of cells? Prokaryotic and eukaryotic 3. Name at least 3 structures that are present in eukaryotic cells that are not present in prokaryotic cells Nucleus, mitochondria, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes 4. Small cells have a __________ surface area to ____________ ratio. Large; volume 5. Light microscopes magnify specimens up to _____________ times life size. 1000-1500 6. Plasma membranes are able to help cells maintain homeostasis because they are: Selectively permeable 7. The basic structure of plasma membranes is a: Lipd bilayer 8. The name of the structural nature of a plasma membrane is: Fluid mosaic 9. Name at least two types of transport by which substances can cross a plasma membrane. Passive transport, active transport, facilitated diffusion, bulk transport 1 10. Diffusion moves substances FROM where they are _______ concentrated TO where they are ____________ concentrated. More; less 11. Define the term ‘osmosis’. Osmosis refers to the diffusion of water. 12. Which type of transport requires energy? Active transport 13. Why? Substances are being moved AGAINST their concentration gradient; from lower concentration to higher concentration 14. Define endocytosis. Endocytosis is the bulk transport of substances, in vesicles, from the exterior environment into the cell 15. What is osmotic pressure? The amount of pressure, exerted by a volume of water, that will oppose osmosis. 16. Facilitated transport/diffusion uses ________________ to move substances across the plasma membrane. Membrane transport proteins 17. Give an example of a substance that is moved across plasma membranes using facilitated diffusion. Glucose 18. Exocytosis moves substances ________________ the cell. Out of 2 19. How does the vesicle empty its contents to the exterior of the cell during exocytosis? The vesicle’s membrane fuses with the plasma membrane 20. Receptor proteins are able to transfer information into the cell’s interior from the exterior environment because they ___________________. Span the entire width of the membrane. 21. The event that is necessary for receptor proteins to send a signal into/out of a cell is: Binding of the signal/receptor molecule specific for that receptor. 22. What helps to maintain cell volume? The sodium/potassium pump. 23. How many sodium ions (Na+) are exchanged for K+ ions by the sodium/potassium pump? 3 Na+ for 2K+ 24. Define tonicity. The relative concentration of solutes in two fluids 25. Be able to define isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic. See slide #s 51, 52, 53 26. The sum total of all chemical reactions in the body is known as: Metbolism 27. The type of metabolic reaction that breaks larger, more complex molecules down into smaller subunits, and releases energy in the form of ATP at the same time, is: CATABOLISM 28. The type of metabolic reaction that builds larger, more complex molecules from simpler subunits, and USES energy in the form of ATP, is: ANABOLISM 3 29. What process produces ATP for doing cellular work in the cells of our bodies? AEROBIC RESPIRATION 30. The main, or first-choice, molecule used to produce ATP is: Glucose 31. Other fuel molecules that can also be used to make ATP include: Additional carbohydrates, fats, and as a last resort, proteins. 32. The stages of aerobic respiration, in order, are: Glycolysis, (preparatory step), Citric acid cycle/Kreb’s cycle, electron transport chain 33. Know the basics of glycolysis (slide 60); in cytoplasm, per glucose molecule you get 2 pyruvate, net 2 ATP 34. Know the basics of the preparatory step (slide 62); in mitochondria, conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA 35. What is the source of the CO2 that we exhale as we breathe? The preparatory step of aerobic respiration 36. Know the basics of the Kreb’s/citric acid cycle (slides 64 & 65); in mitochondrial matrix, per glucose (NOTE! TWO pyruvates were produced per glucose); 2 ATP and 4 CO2 are produced plus NADH and FADH2 which enter the ETC as electron-carriers 38. Know the basics of the ETC (slide 66 & 67); across inner mitochondrial membrane, produces a further 34 ATPs, H2O (‘metabolic water’) and. ‘Chain’ of electron transfer with O2 being the final electron acceptor. 39. Fuel stores: glycogen (long chain of glucose molecules linked together); primarily stored in skeletal muscle and liver; fats (i.e. adipose tissue) are concentrated source of energy with 2-3X the amount of energy as carbohydrates; proteins (same amount of energy as carbohydrates) 4 40. Why are proteins NOT generally used as energy stores? Proteins serve primarily as molecules of structure, metabolic regulation (in the form of enzymes), cell ID marker molecules, transport molecules, etc. The human body only uses proteins as a source of energy AS A LAST RESORT (i.e. under starvation conditions). If proteins were readily used for energy, and our diet didn’t supply enough carbohydrates, then we would start to break down our own protein-containing tissues to obtain needed energy. Proteins in our diet are largely used as a source of amino acids so that we can build more proteins in our bodies. 41. Anaerobic metabolism fills in when O2 is not available in sufficient quantities to support aerobic (meaning ‘in the presence of oxygen’ or ‘requiring oxygen’) respiration, but only 2 net ATP are generated. Anaerobic respiration ferments pyruvate to lactic acid. As lactic acid levels build up in muscles, there is burning and stiffening of those muscles. 42. What is ‘oxygen debt’? Oxygen debt is the AMOUNT of oxygen required to convert the built-up lactic acid in the muscles and liver back to pyruvate and then metabolize it via aerobic respiration. 5 6