Study Guide Exam 1 PDF

**GENERAL** **You should understand what this course is all about!** **RECURRING THEMES** **You should recognize that no system operates in a vacuum.** **You should understand the concept of homeostasis.** **Negative vs Positive feedback loops.** **Know the organ systems and their general func...

**GENERAL** **You should understand what this course is all about!** **RECURRING THEMES** **You should recognize that no system operates in a vacuum.** **You should understand the concept of homeostasis.** **Negative vs Positive feedback loops.** **Know the organ systems and their general functions** **Know the organelles and their functions (just the ones covered in the organelle table 3.4 on Educat)** **TISSUE: THE LIVING FABRIC** **You should be able to name the four tissue types and give some examples (general for the ones we haven't covered in detail)** **You should be able to describe the general features of epithelial tissue and give names and details of the different types.** - Describe epithelial tissue in more detail. Include its functions, general location, classification, and general characteristics. - Predict functions of epithelium based on structure - Name epithelial sheets based on their anatomy - exocrine glandular epithelium and how it secretes its products (ducts and secretory units) - Describe the types of multicellular exocrine glands as classified by shape and ducts - Describe merocrine and holocrine secretion and glands that use them. - Be able to compare exocrine gland effects and endocrine gland effects - Identify basal vs apical sidedness **Endocrinology** - Be able to compare and contrast exocrine vs endocrine glands - Why are endocrine glands able to influence the body globally? - Describe the functions of hormones - Differentiate the two types of hormones and the differences in receptor location - Describe the 3 ways that an endocrine gland can become activated (regulated) - What are the cellular outcomes of activation? - Describe in detail the regulation of GH release - How does the negative feedback loop of GH influence its levels? - What are the endocrine cells of the pancreas? What do they each release? - How do these two hormones influence blood sugar levels? - Explain how blood sugar levels are affected in Diabetes patients **INTEGUMENT** **You should be able to describe the layers of skin and the hypodermis and their general functions.** - What are the functions of the integument? - Name the layers of the skin (and the layer underneath the skin). - Which specific tissue type makes up the bulk of the hypodermis? What are the functions of the hypodermis? - How are the keratinocytes of the epidermis held together? - Describe how skin color is produced, including pigments involved. What is the benefit of darker skin pigmentation? Why is it necessary for UV radiation to penetrate the skin? - How does UV light influence melanin production and why is melanin important? - How does UV light cause cancer and how do our cells combat it? - What can cells do to combat mutations that have already occurred? - Know the different types of burns and how they are classified - What are the two layers of the dermis and what are the primary tissues in those layers? - Dermal papillae and epidermal pegs -- ID and function - Characteristics of the Dermis and how they differ from epidermis - Skin cancers **CT** - Describe the general composition of connective tissue, ie: the essential components - Major functions of CT - subtypes of CT and examples - Subtypes of CT proper and general anatomy/function