Study Guide Ch. 10-12 Test PDF

Chapter 10 Study Guide Chapter 10 Vocabulary What characteristics are true for all animals? Eukaryotic cells and they are consumers. Most animals can move for at least part of their lives, and they eat food rather than absorbing it. What characteristics do scientists use to classify animal...

Chapter 10 Study Guide Chapter 10 Vocabulary What characteristics are true for all animals? Eukaryotic cells and they are consumers. Most animals can move for at least part of their lives, and they eat food rather than absorbing it. What characteristics do scientists use to classify animals? Scientists use symmetry to classify animals. Symmetry is the property of an object that means that it can be divided by one or more imaginary lines into mirror-image halves. They also use guts and body cavities, whether an organism has complete or incomplete guts. Complete guts mean that an organism's digestive tracts have two openings. Organisms with incomplete guts have only one opening. Most organisms that have complete guts will have true body cavities. An example of an organism with complete guts would be an aardvark. Incomplete guts would be a planarian. Another characteristic scientist's use would be cephalization. Most animals have their sensory organs and brain clustered at one end of the body- the head. This arrangement is called cephalization. Distinguish between the different types of symmetry. There is bilateral symmetry, and it is when an organism can be split into two mirror halves. An example would be a crab. Radial symmetry is almost the same as bilateral, but it can be split into more than just two mirror halves. An example would be a starfish. The last one is asymmetry, or when an organism cannot be split into mirror halves. An example would be a tube sponge. What characterizes invertebrates? Vertebrates? The difference between the two would be if an animal has a notochord, or backbone. The animals that have these are called vertebrates, and ones without are called invertebrates. Invertebrates have exoskeletons instead of a notochord. Know the main groups of invertebrates and vertebrates and be able to distinguish between them. Major groups of invertebrates are sponges, cnidarians, worms, echinoderms, mollusks, and arthropods. Sponges have no symmetry, no cephalization, and no gut. Cnidarians would include jellyfish and anemones. Theu all have stinging cells called cnidocytes, which are used to capture food. They have radial symmetry. There are three types of worms. Flatworm, segmented worm, and round worm. They have bilateral symmetry. Echinoderms include sea stars, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers. Most of them have radial symmetry. Mollusks include gastropods (snails and slugs), cephalopods (octopus and squid), and bivalves (clams, oysters, and scallops). They have bilateral symmetry. Arthropods have exoskeletons and has the most species of any animal phylum. Insects, crustaceans, and chelicerates are included in the arthropods section. They have Sponges Cnidarians Segmented Worms Echinoderms Mollusks Arthropods --------------- -- --------- ------------ ----------------- ------------- ----------- ------------ Symmetry None Radial Bilateral Radial Bilateral Bilateral Cephalization No No Yes No Yes Yes Gut None Incomplete Complete Complete Complete Complete bilateral symmetry. Vertebrates include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Fish are aquatic and are ectothermic. They have fins, gills, and streamlined bodies that are designed for living in the world's oceans, lakes, and rivers. Amphibians are ectothermic and usually live in the water when young bat can live on land as adults. Reptiles are ectothermic and lay leathery shelled eggs. Birds are endothermic and has feathers. They also have beaks that lack teeth. Mammals are endothermic, have hair, and produce milk for their young. But two species of mammals, the echidna and platypus, lay eggs rather than live birth. How does the modern classification system compare to other systems of classification? It is much more diverse than the other systems of classification. I have more detail for each animal. Chapter 11 Study Guide Chapter 11 Vocabulary What is each organ system\'s main function? Be familiar with all the systems discussed in class and in the textbook. Skeletal System -- Provides structural support, protects internal organs, stores minerals, and enables movement (includes bones, cartilage, ligaments). Muscular System -- Allows movement, maintains posture, and generates heat (includes skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles). Nervous System -- Controls and coordinates body functions, processes sensory information, and enables responses (includes brain, spinal cord, nerves). Circulatory (Cardiovascular) System -- Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body (includes heart, blood vessels, blood). Respiratory System -- Facilitates gas exchange by bringing in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide (includes lungs, trachea, bronchi). Digestive System -- Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates waste (includes mouth, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas). Excretory (Urinary) System -- Removes waste products from metabolism and maintains fluid and electrolyte balance (includes kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra). Reproductive System -- Produces gametes (sperm and eggs) and enables reproduction (includes testes, ovaries, uterus, etc.). SMERRND Systems. What is the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion? Where does each happen? Mechanical digestion is where an animal uses its teeth and gizzard to break up the food. Then there is chemical digestion. Chemicals break down the food molecules into nutrients. The leftover matter is expelled through the anus. What are the major organs of the digestive system? The Mouth, esophagus, liver, stomach, gall bladder, pancreas, small and large intestines, and the anus. The complete path from mouth to anus is often called a complete digestive system. An incomplete digestive system has only one opening. What are ways that animals are adapted to the types of food that they consume? The digestive system helps animals be ok after eating food that is bad for them. But certain types of animals are made to eat different types of food. There are herbivores that only eat fruit and plants, carnivores that eat other organisms, filter feeders which will strain small things like algae, and scavengers, which are organisms that are not strong enough to hunt and kill their own food and depend on other organisms to do the job for them. There are also omnivores, which eat both plants and animals. What organs are considered a part of the excretory system? The kidney and the bladder. How do animals maintain homeostasis? Endotherms (warm-blooded animals like mammals & birds) generate internal heat through metabolism and regulate temperature by sweating or panting when hot and shivering when cold. Ectotherms (cold-blooded animals like reptiles & amphibians) rely on external sources. They do things like basking in the sun when cold and seeking shade when they are too hot. What are the differences between open and closed circulatory systems? Closed circulatory systems include a muscular heart for pumping blood through the system. A heart has one or two atria for collecting blood entering the heart. Closed systems are much more complex than open systems. Open systems have hemolymph circulated by the animal's movements. What are the structures involved in gas exchange for different animals? Many animals do at least a bit of gas exchange through their skin. Most insects have spiracles which allow air to reach all the insect's tissues. Gills only work under water. Lungs contain spongy tissues that increase the surface area for gas exchange. What are the different types of skeletons found in animals? What are characteristics of each type? There are hydrostatic skeletons, exoskeletons, and endoskeletons. Hydrostatic skeletons rely on fluid pressure to support an animal. The fluid fills a central body cavity and is surrounded by bands of muscle. Many soft bodied invertebrate including worms and cnidarians have these hydrostatic skeletons. The exoskeleton is rigid covering that supports an animal from outside of its body. Insects, spiders, crustaceans, and many mollusks have this type of skeleton. Endoskeletons are in an organism's body. All vertebrates have endoskeletons made of either cartilage alone or a combination of bone and cartilage. These can support more weight than exoskeletons can. What are different ways that animals move (or not move) in their environments? Running, crawling, swimming, hopping, gliding, flying, and more. The muscular system allows animals to do this. Locomotion. Chapter 12 Study Guide Chapter 12 Vocabulary Be able to identify the different reproductive organs and structures in animals. There is the sperm, the testes, ovaries, and eggs. Both eggs and ovaries are female, and testes and sperm are male. What is the difference between internal and external fertilization? Internal and external development? There is external fertilization, which is when the sperm and egg unite outside the parents' bodies. Then there is internal fertilization, in which the sperm and egg unite inside the female's body. Many animals that fertilize their eggs externally, such as salmon, often leave them without the parents' protection. But some animals that fertilize their eggs internally eventually release the developing offspring as eggs and wait for them to hatch. What is the difference between an innate behavior and learned behavior? Innate behavior is when an animal is born with this behavior. Reflexes are a type of innate behavior. Learned behavior is when and animal learns a behaviour by observing and training. What is the difference between a reflex and an instinct? Instincts are quite complex and occur over a longer period than reflexes. A reflex would be when I touch a hot stove and recoil, for it is hot and hurts. Instinct would be like a bird building a nest. What are the different types of communication that animals use Sound, sight, touch, and chemicals. Sound- wolves howl to communicate with pack mates and other packs. Sight- The rings of a blue ringed octopus indicate that it is preparing to attack with its deadly venom. Touch- In chicken flocks, the strongest chicken will peck other chickens to gain access to food and nesting material. Chemicals- The male cecropia moth's feathery antennae allow it to detect a female from over a mile away.