Study Guide Book Exam 1 PDF

Study Guide Book Exam 1 MC, Essay/Short Answer Penicillin Antibiotics that helped save many lives Discovered by alexander Fleming Jesuits Bark Cinchona bark; natural medicine for malaria Found in Peru’s forest Histori...

Study Guide Book Exam 1 MC, Essay/Short Answer Penicillin Antibiotics that helped save many lives Discovered by alexander Fleming Jesuits Bark Cinchona bark; natural medicine for malaria Found in Peru’s forest Historical Figures (Jenner, Snow, Fracastoro, Fleming Etc.) You need to be familiar with the others as well at least enough to identify what they did. Edward Jenner o Given credit for inventing smallpox vaccine using cowpox John Snow o Mapped and recorded cholera cases in London to track down the source of the cases o Disabled Lambeth street pump where the cholera cases were coming from Alexander Fleming o Discovered penicillin, which helped millions of Americans since up until today with many diseases Hippocrates o Trusted science over magic o Categorized disease o Used words like epidemic Fracastoro o Believed “seminaria” invisible molecules caused infectious disease Giovanni Morgagni o “On the Seats and Causes of Diseases Investigated through Anatomy” book o Studied corpses to find out more about all kinds of diseases and their effect on the body Thomas Sydenham o “Observations Medicae” book o Detailed and accurate records of patients o Called “English Hippocrates” o Founder of epidemiology Peter Panum o Observed the importance of immunities when observed that people over 65 who had survived to previous measles epidemic had long life immunity. Ignaz Semmelweis o Investigated the often postpartum deaths and found the doctors and medical students did not wash their hands between patients which passed disease to mothers o Introduced handwashing protocol Britons Sir Wiliam Petty & John Graunt  oStarted the whole keeping data numbers of disease, births, christening and deaths specifically Edwin Chadwick o Hygiene, health and morality were closely associated he said o Observed the struggles of the working poor Infectivity Pathogen’s ability to infect Incubation Period The time between a person was exposed to disease to the time they start showing symptoms Pathogenicity Ability of pathogen causing disease Virulence How harmful a disease is Sensitivity & Specificity Specificity is the ability of a test to identify a disease Sensitivity a test has to the disease in order to detect it Latency Period The time between exposure and the appearance of symptoms Immunogenicity Ability of a pathogen to trigger immune response Measles vaccine (what effects did it have on the rate of disease) First live activated (LAV) vaccine approved in early 1960s Late 1960s, Enderson-Edmonston strain LAV introduced o Bigger impact, measles cases dropped about 99% since then Vaccine types with examples Two main types o Inactivated ▪ Contains pathogens that have been killed/inactivated ▪ i.e flu, polio, hepatitis A o Live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) ▪ Vaccine that is created by reducing the virulence of a pathogen but still keeping it alive ▪ i.e. MMR, smallpox, yellow fever Subtypes:  o Recombinant ▪ Genetically modified organisms to produce certain antigens so the body’s ready to defend it ▪ i.e. HPV, hepatitis B, some flu vaccines o Polysaccharide ▪ Has sugar molecules on the organisms ▪ i.e. typhoid, HiB o DNA ▪ Have DNA in them to introduce certain antigens in body ▪ i.e. rabies, rubella, COVID 19 Population without proper sanitation or water most susceptible to al kinds of disease that don’t have to happen if there was proper sanitation and clean water, like cholera, polio, typhoid, e. coli, and NTDs like guinea worm. Nutritional supplements used to help with diarrhea pepto Bismol? Outbreak, pandemic, endemic and epidemic Outbreak: an epidemic that is geographically and time constrained Epidemic: health related state or event in a defined population above the expected over a given period Endemic: persistent, usual, expected health-related state or event in a defined population over a given period Pandemic: epidemic affecting many people, multiple countries, continents or regions Polio Vaccines/where is there still transmission Jonas Salk’s: inactivated intramuscular vaccine o Very effective but outbreaks would still happen among fully vaccinated children Albert Sabin’s: oral LAV (live activated vaccine) o Preferred polio vaccine, more effective than Salks Still transmission in Pakistan and Afghanistan Types of immunity role the immune system plays & parts of the immune system and roles T cells o Kill of pathogens, help coordinate immune responses B cells o Produce antibodies Immune response o The immune system does not fully prevent disease, they mainly prevent you from getting worse o Things like fever are designed to help your body respond to pathogens o too strong of an immune response can do more bad than good  o immune system is not able to protect you from everything ▪ autoimmune diseases immune system attacks itself ie. Allergies, asthma, diabetes, etc. Meningitis, Polio, Yellow Fever Meningitis o Inflammation of the membranes that cushion head and spinal crd o Can be bacterial, viral, protozoan or fungal o Can be fatal Polio o Viral and contagious o Can cause paralysis on some patient o Can stiffen up diaphragm area, making some patients get “iron lung” treatment in order to breath before there was a vaccine o Transmitted through fecal-oral route, contaminated food/water and droplets (cough/sneeze) o Incubation period can be as long as a month Yellow fever o Vector-borne, mosquitos o Attacks liver, causes jaundice (yellowing of the skin) o Mainly found in Africa and South America o Organ failure, seizures, delirium o Incubation period can be up to a week Most effective study design for infectious diseases Case-control design; because it examines all potential sources and connections to a disease, so it can help with discovering the roots of the problem and help make a solution Internal and external validity Internal validity: the accuracy that information holds in a specific area or population External validity: the accuracy that observations a Properties of a perfect vaccine Cost-effective Easy administration Simple storage (doesn’t need to be kept at certain temperature) Long-life immunity after Reasons for lower vaccine rates in developing countries Lack of resources Poverty Government does not prioritize public health  Lack of access to clinics and hospitals Lack of education WHO’s 5 keys to safer foods Keeping space clean Separating raw and cooked foods Cook thoroughly Keeping food at safe temperatures Using safe water and raw materials Vaccine requirements for children MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) Hepatitis B Chickenpox/varicella DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis/whooping cough) Polio (IPV) Hib Smallpox Eradication (Reasons why and Reasons why it was not an issue) Smallpox is easy to identify from the spots a person developed from it, so cases were easy to track down The vaccine was very easy, accessible and gave people life-long immunity Jacobson V Massachusetts Jacobson was fined $5 by Supreme Court for refusing to get vaccinated for smallpox His argument was that he got a bad reaction from vaccines when he was a kid Appealed multiple times and refused to pay fine Koch’s Postulates It’s a tactic made by Robert Koch in order to figure out if a certain microorganism is causing a disease 1. Isolating microorganism a. Find microorganism and isolate it 2. Grow in culture a. The microorganism has to be found and grown in pure culture 3. Tested on animal a. The microorganism needs to be taken and passed into a healthy susceptible animal and it must cause the same disease 4. Re-isolation a. Microorganism must be isolated again from the new host (the animal) Chain of Infection A chain or cycle that shows how an infection spreads  Must break the chain in order to stop it 1. Infectious agent (pathogen; virus, bacteria, etc) 2. Reservoir (place where agent lives/multiplies) 3. Portal of exit (contaminated saliva, blood, cough, sneeze) 4. Mode of transmission/transport (how pathogen moves from reservoir to susceptible host, like skin contact, bite, droplets, etc.) 5. Portal of entry (opening where the pathogen can infect susceptible host, like wound opening or breathing in air where a person with disease has coughed, etc.) 6. Susceptible host (the person at risk, like healthcare worker, patient, etc) Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) Infectious diseases where the most who get it live in very poor tropical parts of the world Examples: Leprosy, Buruli ulcer, dengue, Dracunculiasis (guinea worm), rabies, chikungunya o People can get discriminated from diseases, cannot work or go to school o Major causes ▪ Governments where these diseases happen the most do not prioritize in managing these diseases, lack of political intervention ▪ Lack of access to clinics due to physical isolation (people living in tropical villages) ▪ Stigma surrounding these diseases including social isolation ▪ Poverty and limited resources They can cause disabilities, disfigurements, etc. How many affected by NTDs Millions and millions of people in developing countries MMR & Autism “Dr.” Wakefield directed a study on the supposed link between autism and MMR vaccine and claimed that it would be better to get vaccines “separately” Study only included a handful of kids who already had development and behavioral concerns before Did unnecessary procedures like colonoscopies and somehow made up this “discovery” that the MMR vaccine caused an intestinal inflammation making it release proteins that led to the brain and made it cause autism Very unethical and information/data was faked Conflict of interested was found, Wakefield was funded by lawyers suing MMR vaccine manufacturers Wakefield’s medical license revoked Herd Immunity When a population is immune to a certain infectious disease Vaccine Exemptions  Pregnant people People with certain allergies or reactions to vaccines Philosophical reasons Religious reasons Vaccine Preventable Disease PPT Diphtheria o Bacterial o Vaccine: diphtheria o Treatment: antitoxin o The Diphtheria Outbreak of Nome, Alaska ▪ “Race of Mercy”: sled dog rushing to transport medicine to children with Diphtheria Pertussis (whooping cough) o Bacterial o Transmission: droplets o Vaccine: Tdap ▪ No lifelong immunity; need boosters o Sounds like a whip when coughing from patients finding it hard to breathe Rubella o Viral o Also called “3-day measles” or “German measles” o Mild in both kids and adults but can be a problem if a woman in early pregnancy is infected, can cause Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) o Vaccine: MMR (mumps, measles, rubella) Mumps o Viral o Affects parotid gland (lateral to the head, from around ear to jaw), making it look like there’s a ball in your jaw o Vaccine: MMR Meningitis o Inflammation of the meninges; a membrane that cushions the spinal cord and brain o Can lead to the inflammation of the brain if severe o Can be bacterial (more serious ad can be fatal or permanently damaging) or viral (more common and normally gets better without the need for treatment) o Diagnostic test includes collecting cerebrospinal fluid in lumbar puncture o Teens and kids under 5 most susceptible, overcrowded conditions like freshman dorms and military training camps o Incubation period ▪ Enteroviruses: 3-6 days ▪ Arboviruses: 2-15 days o “meningitis belt”  ▪ Bacteria that causes meningitis that is very easy to spread from the bacteria getting in the back of the throat. Impoverished and overcrowded places most spreadable ▪ Meningitis outbreaks in Africa Vaccine shortages Mainly in Niger and Nigeria o Prevention for bacterial meningitis ▪ Meningococcal: MCV4 (meningococcal conjugate vaccine) 11-12 should be vaxxed and a booster at 16 College freshmen living in a dorm military recruit Travelling or living in countries where this disease is common ▪ Pneumococcal: PCV13 Should be given to infants routinely, 4 doses ▪ Hemophilus meningitis: HiB (Haemophilus influenza B vaccine) o Treatments for bacterial meningitis ▪ Antibiotics o Viral/Aseptic Meningitis ▪ Etiological agents (causes) Varicella Measles virus Herpes simplex virus Enteroviruses arbovirus Etc ▪ Reservoirs Humans for infectious diseases Birds, rodents, etc. ▪ Modes of transmission Person to person mostly ▪ Treatment Most patient recover without needing treatment o Complications ▪ Sepsis: extreme response to infection, high mortality ▪ Neurological complications Deafness Other cranial nerve lesions May improve or recover ▪ Arthritis of fingers and knees is common ▪ Skin necrosis (skin tissue death), scarring and painful lesions Tetanus o Bacterial ▪ Tetanus toxin  o Found in ▪ Soils, especially soils with a lot of manure ▪ Intestinal tracts/feces of many animals o Pathogenicity ▪ Surgery ▪ Burns ▪ Deep puncture wounds ▪ Ear infections ▪ Dental infections ▪ Animal bites ▪ Abortion ▪ Pregnancy ▪ No person-to-person transmission o Considered as a neurotoxin o unique characteristics ▪ muscular contraction ▪ spasms o Common types of tetanus ▪ Generalized tetanus Lockjaw, neck stiffness, difficulty swallowing, rigidity of abdominal/back muscles Spasms continue for a few weeks Can take months to recover ▪ Neonatal tetanus Happens in newborn infants without passive immunity (mother is not immune, so there’s no immunization for tetanus passed into newborn) Usually happens through unhealed umbilical stump, especially when cut with unsterilized instrument Viral Hepatitis o Acute: less than 6 months o Chronic: more than 6 months o Types ▪ Hepatitis A (HAV) ▪ Hepatitis B (HBV) ▪ Hepatitis C (HCV/ non-A/ non-B) ▪ Hepatitis D (HDV/ Delta type) ▪ Hepatitis E o Infectious agents ▪ Viruses ▪ Bacteria ▪ Fungi ▪ Protozoa o Toxic damage ▪ Alcohol  ▪ Drugs ▪ Poisons/chemicals o HAVirus ▪ Usually mild and not chronic ▪ Risk is directly related to age Majority of infections in children, normally asymptomatic Normally lasts less than 2 months Acute liver failure is very rare ▪ Treatment No specific treatment ▪ Prevention Vaccine and immunoglobin (IG) In class videos Homework with answers posted