Student Book - Decision Making PDF

‫ﻛﺘﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﺘﺪرب‬   ‫ﻣـﻘـﺪﻣــﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻬﻨﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻳﻤﺮ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎ ﻭﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺑﻬﺎ‪.‬ﺗ‪‬ﻌﻮﻕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ‪‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪‬ﺗﺤ‪‬ﻮﻝ...

‫ﻛﺘﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﺘﺪرب‬   ‫ﻣـﻘـﺪﻣــﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻬﻨﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻳﻤﺮ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎ ﻭﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺑﻬﺎ‪.‬ﺗ‪‬ﻌﻮﻕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ‪‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪‬ﺗﺤ‪‬ﻮﻝ ﺑﻴ‪‬ﻨﻪ ﻭﺑﻴ‪‬ﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﻮﺓ؛ ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥﱠ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻳﺮﻏﺐ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻞﱢ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻭﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻨﺠﺤﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺗﻬﻢ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻓﺎﺋ‪‬ﻘﺔ ﻗ‪‬ﻠﱠﺔ؛‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‪‬ﺍ ﻟﺘﻌﻘﱡﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﺨ‪‬ﻄﻮﺍﺕ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔﹶ ﻟﺤﻠﱢﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﻘﻒ ﻋﺎﺋﻘﹰﺎ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻓﻴﺤﺘﺎﺭ ﻭﻳﻤﺮ‪ ‬ﺑﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞﹼ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺨﻴﻞ ﺃﻥﹼ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻠﻪ ﻻ ﺣﻞﹼ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺴﻮ‪‬ﺩ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻴﻨﻴﻪ ﻭﻳﺼﻴﺮ ﻣﻬﻤﻮﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻐﻤﻮﻣ‪‬ﺎ ﻫﺎﺋﻤ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻬﻪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨ‪‬ﻪ ﻟﻮ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﺓ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﻛﹼﺰ ﻃﺎﻗﺘﻪ ﺑﺤﻠﹼﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻔﻜﻴﻜﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯﻫﺎ ﻻﺟﺘﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﺑﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺨﻮﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻠﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺑﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﺑﻮﺱ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﺘﺪ‪ ‬ﻟﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﻳﻈﻠﻤﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﻮﺍء ﺑﺸﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺋﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻠﺰﻡ ﺑﺎﻻﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻭﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﻟﻮ ﺗﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎء‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﻮﺃ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎء ﻛﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻧﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻭﺃﺳﺒﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻭﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻄﺮﻕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﺋﻞ ﻭﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ‬ ‫‪٥‬‬ ٦  ‫ﺟﺪول اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﻣـﻘـدﻣــﺔ ‪٥...........................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺑطﺎﻗﺔ ﺗوﺻﯾف اﻟﺑرﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪۹........................................................................................................... ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺗوﺟـﯾـﮭـﺎت ﻋــﺎﻣــﺔ ‪۱۱............................................................................................................. ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻣﺧطط ﺗﻧﻔﯾذ اﻟﺑرﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺗدرﯾﺑﻲ ‪۱۳............................................................................................... ‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻷوﻟﻰ ‪۱٥..............................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﻔﮭوم وأﻧواع وﻣﻛوﻧﺎت اﻟﻣﺷﻛﻼت ‪۱٦.............................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﻔﮭوم اﻟﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ وﺣﻠﮭﺎ‪۱٦....................................................................................................................... :‬‬ ‫ﻣﻛوﻧﺎت اﻟﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ‪۱۷............................................................................................................................ :‬‬ ‫اﻟﻧﺎس ﻋﻧد ﻣواﺟﮭﺔ اﻟﻣﺷﻛﻼت‪۱۷.............................................................................................................. :‬‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻔﻛﯾر ﻋﻧد ﻣواﺟﮭﺔ ﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ‪۱۸................................................................................................................. :‬‬ ‫أﻧواع اﻟﻣﺷﺎﻛل‪۱۹.............................................................................................................................. :‬‬ ‫ﻣﻔﮭوم اﺗﺧﺎذ اﻟﻘرار‪۲۰......................................................................................................................... :‬‬ ‫أﻧواع اﻟﻘرارات واﻷﺧطﺎء اﻟﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻋﻧد اﺗﺧﺎذ اﻟﻘرار ‪۲۱...........................................................................................‬‬ ‫أﻧواع اﻟﻘرارات‪۲۱............................................................................................................................. :‬‬ ‫ﺗوﺟﮭﺎت ﻧﺣو اﺗﺧﺎذ اﻟﻘرار‪۲۱..................................................................................................................:‬‬ ‫أﺧطﺎء ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻋﻧد اﺗﺧﺎذ اﻟﻘرار‪۲۲............................................................................................................. :‬‬ ‫ﺧطوات ﺣل اﻟﻣﺷﻛﻼت وﺻﻧﻊ اﻟﻘرار ‪۲٤..........................................................................................................‬‬ ‫)‪ (۱‬ﺗﻣﯾﯾز اﻟﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ وﺗﺣدﯾدھﺎ‪۲٤............................................................................................................... :‬‬ ‫)‪ (۲‬ﺗﺣﻠﯾل اﻟﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ واﻟﺗﻌرف ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺑﺎﺑﮭﺎ‪۲٥................................................................................................. :‬‬ ‫)‪ (۳‬إﻧﺗﺎج ﺣﻠول ﻟﻠﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ )ﺑداﺋل( وﺗﻘﯾﯾﻣﮭﺎ‪۲۷................................................................................................. :‬‬ ‫)‪ (٤‬اﺧﺗﯾﺎر اﻟﺣل اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳب )اﻟﺑدﯾل( وﺗﻧﻔﯾذه‪۲۸................................................................................................ :‬‬ ‫)‪ (٥‬ﺗﻘﯾﯾم اﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ‪۲۸............................................................................................................................ :‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪۲۹.............................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫أدوات ﺗﺣﻠﯾل أﺳﺑﺎب اﻟﺟذرﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ ‪۳۰..........................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﺧطط ﻋظﻣﺔ اﻟﺳﻣﻛﺔ ‪۳۰............................................................................................:Fishbone Diagram‬‬ ‫"ﻣﺑدأ ﺑﺎرﯾﺗو" أو اﻟﻘﻠﺔ اﻟﻣؤﺛرة‪۳۱.............................................................................................................. :‬‬ ‫اﻟﺳؤال ﻟﻣﺎذا ﺧﻣس ﻣرات ‪۳۳........................................................................................................ 5Whys‬‬ ‫ﺗطﺑﯾﻖ اﻟﻌﺻف اﻟذھﻧﻲ ﻹﻧﺗﺎج اﻟﺣﻠول واﻟﺑداﺋل ‪۳٦.................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﻔﮭوم اﻟﻌﺻف اﻟذھﻧﻲ‪۳٦......................................................................................................................:‬‬ ‫ﻣدة ﺟﻠﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﺻف اﻟذھﻧﻲ وﻋدد اﻟﻣﺷﺗرﻛﯾن‪۳٦...............................................................................................:‬‬ ‫اﻹﻋداد ﻟﺟﻠﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﺻف اﻟذھﻧﻲ‪۳۷............................................................................................................. :‬‬ ‫ﻗواﻋد ﺗطﺑﯾﻖ اﻟﻌﺻف اﻟذھﻧﻲ‪۳۹.............................................................................................................. :‬‬ ‫ﻣرﺣﻠﺔ ﺗوﻟﯾد اﻷﻓﻛﺎر ﻓﻲ ﺟﻠﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﺻف اﻟذھﻧﻲ‪٤۰............................................................................................:‬‬ ‫ﻣرﺣﻠﺔ ﺗﻘﯾﯾم أﻓﻛﺎر ﺟﻠﺳﺔ اﻟﻌﺻف اﻟذھﻧﻲ‪٤۱.................................................................................................. :‬‬ ‫اﺳﺗراﺗﯾﺟﯾﺎت اﻟﻌﺻف اﻟذھﻧﻲ‪٤۲.............................................................................................................. :‬‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻔﻛﯾر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﻠول واﻟﺑداﺋل ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام ﻗﺑﻌﺎت اﻟﺗﻔﻛﯾر اﻟﺳت ‪٤٤....................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪۷‬‬ ‫ﻗﺑﻌﺎت اﻟﺗﻔﻛﯾر وﻋﻼﻗﺗﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﺗﺧﺎذ اﻟﻘرار‪٤٤...................................................................................................... :‬‬ ‫أﺳﺋﻠﺔ ﻋﻧد اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻘﺑﻌﺎت اﻟﺗﻔﻛﯾر اﻟﺳﺗﺔ‪٤٥.................................................................................................. :‬‬ ‫ﻣﺻﻔوﻓﺔ اﻟﻧﻘﺎط ﻻﺗﺧﺎذ اﻟﻘرار ‪٤٦...................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﻔﮭوم ﻣﺻﻔوﻓﺔ اﻟﻧﻘﺎط ﻻﺗﺧﺎذ اﻟﻘرار‪٤٦....................................................................................................... :‬‬ ‫ﺧطوات اﺳﺗﺧدام ﻣﺻﻔوﻓﺔ اﻟﻧﻘﺎط‪٤٦............................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ ‬اﻟﻣﺻﺎدر واﻟﻣراﺟﻊ ‪٤۹............................................................................................................ ‬‬ ‫‪۸‬‬  ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫اﺳﻢ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺪف اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺑﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺋﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﺍء ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﻲ ﻭﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪