General Concepts of Science, Technology, and Society - PDF

General Concepts and Historical Developments of Science, Technology and Society What scientist do you remember from elementary/SHS? Attendance Questions: What App do you use the most? What type of device do you use the most? Lesson 1: Understanding Science and the Scientific Revolution Lesson Obje...

General Concepts and Historical Developments of Science, Technology and Society What scientist do you remember from elementary/SHS? Attendance Questions: What App do you use the most? What type of device do you use the most? Lesson 1: Understanding Science and the Scientific Revolution Lesson Objectives: At the end of this lesson, you are expected to: ​ Discuss the concept of science ​ Explain the concept of the scientific revolution The Concept of Science When and where science began can not be determined. Science existed from the beginning, with humans and nature. When humans began to ask questions about the environment and observe nature and its activities, that is when science began. There are many literary definitions of science: (Alata, Calano, Pawilen, 2021 Science, Technology, and Society) How can science be defined? 1.​ It is an idea. It comprises ideas, beliefs, theories, and all systematic reasons and observations on the natural and physical world. 2.​ It is a personal and social activity. It includes activities of human beings to acquire better understanding of the world. 3.​ It is a course or field of study. It is a subject in basic education, a discipline or a field of study in higher education that deals with the process of teaching and learning about the natural and physical world. This is what we call as school science. 4.​ It is an intellectual activity. It incorporates a methodical and applied study of the natural and physical world that involves observation and experimentation. *** The public understanding of science and scientific ideas is influenced by their experiences and observations. The desire to survive, coexist with nature, and their curiosity to study the activities of nature, inspired scholars to develop science ideas that eventually evolved into the different branches of science. Scientific Revolution Some facts: ​ It started in the early 16th century up to the 18th century. ​ This is triggered by the invention of the printing machines, that allowed the printing of books and other materials, and the flourishing intellectual activities of scholars in different places. (Scholars in Europe investigated different questions and issues that are important, interesting, and relevant to all people.) ​ This allowed critical thinking and creativity among the people. ​ It is a period of persecution or judgment (for some scientists) from religious institutions having opposing views with science. What is it: “The scientific revolution is…” ​ An era of enlightenment and intellectualization that nurtured the developments in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry that changed the observations of society about the environment. Why is it important: ​ The scientific revolution is meaningful in the development of human beings, growth of knowledge, transformation of society, and in the invention of scientific ideas. Lession 2: Intellectual Revoultions that Defined Society Lesson Objective: discuss how the ideas proposed by Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud added to inspire the advancement of the scientific revolution. Nicolaus Copernicus In his book (On the Revolutions of Spheres, 1543), he presents a model of the universe in which everything moves around the sun. The sun is the centerpiece and the planets orbit the sun every year. The moon orbits the Earth. There are two kinds of planetary motion: ​ The orbits of Venus and Mercury lay inside the orbit of the Earth, this, closer to the Sun; and ​ The orbits of Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter lay outside the Earth’s orbit, thus, farther from the sun. During his time, this was a heretic and unacceptable idea. The Roman Catholic Church prohibited and ignored the publication of his book for the rest of the 16th century (over 60 years). Charles Darwin His book, The Origin of Species 1589, presented evidence of how species evolved over time and how traits and adaptation are unique for different species. His other book, The Descent of Man was very controversial, stating that organic life, including human beings, goes through evolution. This was against the religious or biblical views that God created human beings. He made major contributions on evolutionary and philosophy of science. He challenged religious and unscientific ideas, which gave more value to evidence-based science. Sigmund Freud He developed psychoanalysis, the method to study the human mind and neurotic illnesses, scientifically. He focused on the evil nature of man and human sexuality in his studies. This posed huge challenges to scholars and ordinary citizens because of the difficulty in accepting Freud’s explanations on sexuality.