STS 01 Science, Technology, and Society - Unit 1A.1 PDF

 STS 01 Science, Technology, and Society CAMILLE RAFAL Instructor I College of Arts and Sciences Department of Physical Sciences COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Phys...

 STS 01 Science, Technology, and Society CAMILLE RAFAL Instructor I College of Arts and Sciences Department of Physical Sciences COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences  Unit I: General Concepts and STS Historical Developments HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN WHICH SOCIAL CONSIDERATIONS CHANGED THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY  Learning Objectives At the end of this topic, you should be able to: 1. Reflect on the interactions between science and technology, and society throughout history; 2. Synthesize how scientific and technological developments affect society and the environment; and, 3. Identify, make, and present by group the timeline of the paradigm shifts in history. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences  KNOWLEDGE OBSERVATION SYSTEMATIC SCIENCE THEORIES/ LAWS/PRINCIPLES DISCOVERY HYPOTHESIS EXPERIMENT COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences  SCIENCE SYSTEMATIC KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY OBSERVATION THEORIES/ EXPERIMENT HYPOTHESIS LAWS/PRINCIPLES Science is the systematic persuit of knowledge that involves the discovery and understanding of natural phenomena through observation, experimentation, and the formulation of hypothesis. It builts theories, laws, and principles based on empirical evidence to explain and predict the behaviors of the Natural World. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences  Natural World Gravity Atoms Plants and Animals COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences  Scientific Method A set of techniques used to investigate natural phenomena by providing an objective framework in which to make scientific inquiry and analyze the data to reach a conclusion about that inquiry. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences Steps of the Scientific Method Identify the Problem Information/background Hypothesis Testing/Data Gathering Conclusion Result COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences TECHNOLOGY COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences  TECHNOLOGY Came from 2 Greek words: “techne" (skill, craftsmanship, art) “logos” (discourse, reason) The human attempt to change the world A human activity involved with the making and using of material artifacts As a human activity, technology is on the same level as art, politics, economics and the like. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences  Technology involves … tools techniques procedures for putting the findings of science to practical use COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences  Interconnection Between Science and Technology Science explores for the purpose of knowing Technology explores for the purpose of making something useful from that knowledge Science drives technology by making new technology possible through scientific breakthroughs COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences Interconnection Between Science and Technology COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences Directions: Identify which step in the Scientific Method is described in each statement. A. Recognize a Problem B. Formulate a Hypothesis C. Test the Hypothesis D. Draw a Conclusion __________1. Mark thought that cactus would grow faster if he puts pebbles through the soil in which they were planted. __________2. Hanna’s data showed that ants moved away from raw cucumber slices. __________3. Maria wondered if she could extract dye out of gumamela flowers and leaves. __________4. Peter grew molds from spoiled bread. He placed drops of different vinegar to see how bread molds react with the substance. __________5. Aling Nena’s experiment showed that duck eggshells were whiter and stronger when she fed the ducks with commercial feeds combined with corn, to which extra calcium had been added. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences Directions: Identify which step in the Scientific Method is described in each statement. A. Recognize a Problem B. Formulate a Hypothesis C. Test the Hypothesis D. Draw a Conclusion __________6. Jose saw ticks crawling in his dog’s body. He asked the veterinarian, “How are ticks able to grow with his dog?” __________7. Vivien soaked her stained white blouse in water for 24 hours. She used different kinds of soap and detergents to get rid of the stain. __________8. Jojo said, “If I plant monggo seeds in the afternoon, I think the plants will grow more robust than the plants grown in the morning.” __________9. If 50 mL of water are added to my plants each day and they grow, then adding 100 mL of water each day will make them grow even more. __________10. After working in the laboratory, the student found out that bacteria grow more on less acidic environments. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences A Brief History of Science Antiquity to 20th CE The pre-Socratic For most of human history, Mathematics was born in philosophers in Ancient questions about the world Egypt. The Babylonians were Greece were the first to were answered by religious the first to apply it to authorities. develop a systematic Science Astronomy. Thales of Miletus (624-546 BC) In the 7th Century he was dubbed “The Father of Science” He was the first to posit non- supernatural explanations for earthquakes, lightnings, etc. He predicted solar eclipses, droughts and made a fortune doing so. Anaximander (610-546 BC) He proposed that humans evolved from lower life forms (This speculation was later vindicated by Charles Darwin)  Pythagoras (570-495 BC) Started a school dedicated to Mathematics and its application to nature. Pythagoras was credited with many mathematical and scientific discoveries. Empedocles (490-430 BC) Believed that all matter was composed of four elements: fire, air, water, and earth  Democritus (460-370 BC) First to theorize that matter is made up of “atoms” (literally means ‘uncuttable’ in Greek) Eratosthenes (276-194 BC) Accurately measured the size/circumference of the earth. He created the first map of the world Chemistry Consisted of 5 basic elements Earth, Air, Fire, Water, Aether. Hippocrates & Galen Developed the first scientific approach to anatomy and medicine They used experiments and records to heal the sick Science and Technology in Ancient Times Science and Technology in Ancient Times Sumerian are known for their contribution with the first writing system called as cuneiform. Challenge to mass produce food, they invented plowing, irrigation and dikes and wheel for farming. Throughout the existence of this civilization, their main mode of transportation was through waterways such as rivers and seas. They are also known to develop the first road. Science and Technology in Ancient Times Babylonian civilization were famous for being great builders, engineers and architects. One of major contributions is the hanging garden of Babylon which one of the seven wonders of the world. Science and Technology in Ancient Times Science and Technology in Ancient Times Science and Technology in Ancient Times  Middle Ages (5th - 14th CE) Science continued through the Roman Empire. While there were some European scientist in the middle ages, they were generally isolated and marginalized.  The Renaissance (AD 1400-1700) St. Thomas Aquinas endorsed “Natural Theology” - knowing God by studying His creation. Thinkers turning away from the Church and going back to antiquity for inspiration. Thus, there was a renaissance - a rebirth (in Greek humanism). The universe is once again a rational, comprehensible place. Science and Technology in Middle Ages  Science and Technology in Middle Ages Middle Age was also known as the Age of Exploration  Aristotle The Scholastic world-view deferred to Aristotle as the authority on Science. All motion and change are explained in terms of a thing’s “telos” or purpose. He is the smartest man who ever lived, he must have gotten it right. In the 16th century, Francis Bacon challenged this.  Francis Bacon (1561 - 1626) “Being a genius is like being able to run fast. You travel far, but unless you have a map, you’ll be lost”. He provided a “map” - the first Scientific Method. Empirical observation and experimentation. Rational analysis, mathematical modeling and deductive reasoning. Science and Technology in Modern Period Science and Technology in Modern Period Development of Modern Chemistry Modern Biology Carl Linnaeus developed the first biological taxonomy. This inspired the young Charles Darwin to become a naturalist. While traveling, Darwin saw patterns in organisms and their environments, how they interbred, etc. The competition for limited resources made him realize that only the fittest would survive to pass on their traits  Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882) Darwin’s was NOT the first theory of evolution. But he was the first to provide a mechanism for it (Natural Selection) and a mountain of data to back it up. After Mendel’s discovery of genetics was recognized, Darwinism was confirmed, and the “neo-Darwinian synthesis” cemented the theory of revolution.  Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939) Founder of psychoanalysis (clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst). Freud introduced the idea of the unconscious, divided the human mind: id, ego and super ego The Information Revolution The 4th Revolution Transformed human self-perception, the understanding of the universe, and global interactions. Represents current economic, social, and technological trends beyond the Industrial Revolution. Marks a new era of economic globalization where geography is no longer a barrier to economic activity.  New Theories and Technologies Boyle’s Theory of Gases, Laws of Electricity, Harvey’s Theory of the Circulation of the Blood The telescope, the microscope, thermometer, the printing press, gun powder, the compass  The Scientific Revolution Shift towards human reason over faith for discovering truth.Focus on Astronomy as a key field of study. Nicolaus Copernicus proposed the heliocentric (sun-centered) model of the universe. The Copernican Revolution challenged the long-standing geocentric (earth- centered) model, which was also supported by the Church.  Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642) 100 years later, Galileo improved the telescope and published his findings in support of Copernicus. Then it became undeniable, and the revolution took off. Galileo was sentenced to house arrest for life Galileo’s defense…  The Age of Enlightenment The Golden Age for “natural philosophers” (i.e., scientists). They turned away from the Aristotelian model of trying to find the ‘purpose’ of motion. Scientists started looking for laws and mechanisms in nature.  Isaac Newton (1643-1727) Epitomized the Age of Enlightenment His book Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (considered to be one of the most important books ever written) changed everything Invented Calculus Universal Laws of Science Prior to Newton, science was scattered and explained scattered phenomena His work unified disparate fields of science (celestial mechanics and terrestrial mechanics) The Universal Law of Gravitation was the first truly UNIVERSAL scientific law - applicable anywhere, no exceptions. Not applicable to quantum level, breaks down on singularities and massive objects, etc. Philippine Inventions  Philippine Inventions Fe del Mundo a pioneered pediatrician in the Philippines. In 1941, to help rural communities without electricity, she designed the bamboo incubator, a makeshift incubator that utilized two wicker laundry baskets of varying sizes. She put hot water bottles in the space between the baskets to regulate the temperature of the infants then added a hood and oxygen  Philippine Inventions Jeepney A Filipino invention, by Leonardo Salvador Sarao Sr. that was exhibited at the Philippine pavilion at the 1964 New York World's fair as a national image for the Filipinos.  Philippine Inventions Filipino physicist and engineer Gregorio Y. Zara has invented the first-ever video call in the world through television-telephone communication but neglected by the Philippine government.  Philippine Inventions Karaoke sing along system Roberto del Rosario invented his version of a karaoke machine.  Philippine Inventions Filipina scientist Aisa Mijeno when she made the Sustainable Alternative Lighting (SALt) lamp. It is an environment-friendly and sustainable alternative light source that runs on saltwater, making it suitable to those who live in coastal areas. With just two table spoons of salt and one glass of tap water, this ecologically designed lamp can run for eight hours Questions ? Next Topic: Intellectual Revolutions that Defined Society Get in Touch With Us Send us a message or visit us City of Batac, Ilocos Norte, Philippines (63) 77-600-0459 [email protected] Follow us for updates facebook.com/MMSUofficial www.mmsu.edu.ph