STS Reviewer PDF

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS Mesoamerican Revolution a. Olmec Civilization (1200 B.C. – 400 B.C)  First known civilization to form in Latin America CULTURE  “The Rubber People”  Inhabited in a small area about 125 by 50 km.  They developed the first written l...

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS Mesoamerican Revolution a. Olmec Civilization (1200 B.C. – 400 B.C)  First known civilization to form in Latin America CULTURE  “The Rubber People”  Inhabited in a small area about 125 by 50 km.  They developed the first written language and number system. TECHNOLOGY  Make rubber ball for ritualistic ballgame.  Built cities and acquired great wealth.  Artifacts such as jade mask and giant stone heads. THEY DID NOT PAY ATTENTION TO ASTRONOMY b. Maya Civilization (250 A.D – 900 A.D)  Now called the Yucatan Peninsula. CULTURE  Mayans are also known for measuring time using various complicated calendar systems. It is very useful for their life like planning their activities and observing religion ritual and culture celebration. TECHNOLOGY  Used tool and adapt to innovation especially in field of art such as looms for weaving cloth. ASTRONOMY  Understanding about celestial bodies, such as predicting eclipse and by using astrological cycle in planting and harvesting.  Mayan calendar.  Advanced in understanding astronomy.  Temples and pyramids at Chichen Itza which situated at the location of the sun during the spring and fall. c. Inca Civilization (1200 A.D - 1521 A.D)  Now called the Mexico City. CULTURE  “Navel of the World”  Inca culture was a very advanced civilization and was led by 13 Incas, who were in charge of governing a people divided into social classes.  TECHNOLOGY  Made advanced scientific ideas considering limitations and old civilization.  Road paved with stone (unang nakaisip gumawa ng kalsada gamit bato).  Stone buildings that surmounted/withstand earthquakes and other disasters.  Irrigation system and technique in storing waters.  First suspension bridge (hanging bridge)  Quipu system of knotted ropes to keep records that only expert can interpret.  Inca textile ASTRONOMY  Calendar with 12 months using knotted ropes (yung Quipu system). d. Aztec Civilization (1438 A.D – 1533 A.D)  Now known as Peru. CULTURE  Mandatory education.  Invention of canoe (Bangka) TECHNOLOGY  Chinampa. A form of technology used for agricultural farming where the land was divided in rectangular areas surrounded by canals. Also called as “floating garden”. ASTRONOMY  Aztec calendar. ASIA CHINA CULTURE  It is one of the ancient civilizations with substantial contributions in many areas such as in medicine, astronomy, science, mathematics, arts, philosophy and music.  Confucianism is an ethical philosophical system developed from the teaching of early Chinese rage Confucius. TECHNOLOGY  Known for traditional medicines, discovered various medical properties and uses of different plants and animals to cure human illness (practice of acupuncture.).  Develop many tools like compass, papermaking, gunpowder, printing tools, iron plough, wheelbarrow, propeller, etc. Different model of bridges, seismological detector and dry dock facilities ASTRONOMY  Chinese made a significant record on supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses, comets were recorded to understand better the heavenly bodies and their effect to the world.  Used lunar calendar and seismology so that they can prepare in times of natural calamities. INDIA CULTURE  Tried to standardize the measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy and designed a rule called mohenjo-daro.  Astronomers and mathematician Aryabhata introduce number of trigonometric functions, tables, techniques as well as algorithms of algebra.  Bragnagupta suggested that gravity was a force of attraction. TECHNOLOGY  Manufacturing iron and metallurgical works, their iron steel is considered the best in whole Roman Empire.  India is also famous in medicine (i.e. Ayurveda, it is a system of traditional medicine.) ASTRONOMY  Developed theories on configuration of universe, the spherical supporting earth, and the year of 360 days with 12 equal parts to 30 days each. PHILIPPINES PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD (900 CE to 1521)  Indigenous peoples engaged in healthy trade with various cultures and believe Animism and Shamanism. CULTURE  They have alphabet (Baybayin and Alibata), a system of writing, as a method of counting and weights and measures.  Learned to weave cotton, make glass ornaments, cultivate lowland rice and dike field of terraced TECHNOLOGY  Already engaging in activities and practices related to science forming primitive or first wave of technology.  Curative values on how to extract medicine from herbs.  Made simple tools and weapons of stone flakes and later developed method of sowing and polishing stone.  Built boat for trading purpose. The Caracoa. ASTRONOMY  Had no calendar but counted the years by the period of the moon and from one harvest to another. (baybayin buan) COLONIAL PERIOD  The Philippines was under Spanish rule for more the 300 years. CULTURE  Introduced formal educations founded by scientific institution school were established religion, reading, writing, and arithmetic.  Spanish established colleges and universities.  Instructions in English and American history lead to forming of national identity and Filipino nationalism. TECHNOLOGY  In 1871 the school of medicine and pharmacy were opened in UST.  Science was inclined in agriculture and food processing. MODERN PERIOD CULTURE  Education became stable, new curriculums were established and used.  Modern Filipino culture developed through influence from Chinese traders, Spanish conquistadors, and American rulers.  Very hospitable. TECHNOLOGY  Social innovations have played a central role in our technological transformation.  Applying technology to resolve social innovation challenges, the Philippines is looking to solve the urbanization challenges. ASTRONOMY  Continued to be well known for its typhoon forecast and scientific works in the field of meteorology, geomagnetism, and astronomy. THOMAS KUNH’S PARADIGM SHIFTS Notable Paradigm Shifts in history: Copernican Revolution, Darwin Revolution, and Freudian Revolution DARWINIAN REVOLUTION  Focused on geological change and presented a classic explanation of development over millions of years. Darwin vs. Lamarck Evolution is the adaptation of Evolution was the acquired traits of a organisms to the change of environment. species from its offspring COPERNICAN REVOLUTION  Model of heavens - GEOCENTRIC. It described as the Earth stationary at the center of the universe. Ptolemy vs. Copernicus Earth is the center of the universe. Sun is the center of the universe. FREUDIAN REVOLUTION  Unconscious Realm Concept Freud vs. Jung Emphasis on the unconscious, sexuality, Collective unconscious, spirituality, and and aggression. the quest for personal meaning. HUMAN FLOURISHING  Eudaimonia, literally “good spirited,” is a term coined by renowned Greek philosopher Aristotle (385-323 BC) to describe the pinnacle of happiness that is attainable by humans. This has often been translated into “human flourishing” in literature, arguably likening human to flowers achieving their full bloom.  In Nicomachean Ethics, human flourishing arises as a result of: phronesis, friendship, wealth, and power. Acquiring these qualities will surely bring happiness.  The natural function of a thing is determined by its natural end.  Eudaimonia is a property of one’s life when considered as a whole.  Flourishing is the highest good of human endeavours it is success as a human being. VERIFICATION THEORY VS. FALSIFICATION THEORY V:  earliest that distinguishes philosophy and science  proposes that a discipline is a science if it can be confirmed or interpreted in the event of an alternative hypothesis being accepted  theory only takes into account to those results which measurable and experiments which are repeatable. F:  as long as an ideology is not even proven to be false and can be explain a phenomenon over alternate theories  accept the said ideology HUMAN CONDITION The human condition is all the characteristics and key events that compose the essentials of human existence, including, birth, growth, emotion, aspiration, conflict, and morality. AS A LITERARY TERM, HUMAN CONDITION IS TYPICALLY USED IN THE CONTEXT OF AMBIGUOUS SUBJECTS SUCH AS THE MEANING OF LIFE OR MORAL CONCERNS. “HUMAN CONDITION ARISES FROM THE EXISTENCE OF GOOD AND EVIL” GOOD LIFE  In ancient Greece, long before the word “science” has been coined, the need to understand the world and reality was guaranteed with the need to understand the self and the good life.  For Plato, understanding the things in the world runs parallel with truly understanding what will make the soul flourish. In an attempt to understand the external world and himself, man must also seek to understand himself.  For Plato, this can only be explained by postulating two aspects or worlds of reality: o In the world of matter, things are changing and impermanent. o In the world of forms, the entities are only copies of the ideal and the models, and the forms are the only real entities.  Ultimate whatness  Aristotle claims that happiness is the be-all and end-all of everything that we do. We may not realize it but the end goal of everything that we do is happiness. SOCIOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHIES THAT HELP IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE 1. Materialism. Matter is what makes us happy. 2. Hedonism. Acquiring pleasure. Life is limited. hedonistic mantra: “EAT, DRINK, AND BE MERRY FOR TOMORROW WE DIE.” 3. Stoicism. Apathetic/apathy. stoic mantra: “EXPECT THE WORST” 4. Theism. Communion with God. Theist mantra: “HAPPINESS CANNOT BE FOUND IN THIS LIFE. HAPPINESS EXIST IN THE AFTER LIFE, TOGETHER WITH GOD” 5. Humanism. Freedom of a man to carve his own destiny. Humanist mantra: “MAN IS THE CAPTAIN OF HIS OWN SHIP.”  easy ways of communication  technological advancement in terms of medicine, transportation, food products, etc.  it continuously satisfies human minds