Science, Technology & Society Prelims PDF

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY 1st Year - 1st Semester | Prelims STS Hunted buffalo, bison, wild goats, reindeer, and SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION THROUGHOUT THE...

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY 1st Year - 1st Semester | Prelims STS Hunted buffalo, bison, wild goats, reindeer, and SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION THROUGHOUT THE other animals, depending on where they lived HISTORY OF MANKIND Survived by hunting and gathering Gathered wild nuts, berries, fruits, wild grains, THE EMERGENCE OF TECHNOLOGY and green plants. It makes difficult and complicated tasks easier. Fished along rivers and coastal areas Developments in this field are not just products Current research indicates that ⅔ of the energy of one-time thought process. was derived from animal sources. Brought about by gradual improvements to Paleo Diet (caveman diet) - heavy on protein earlier works from different time periods and low in carbs KEY HISTORICAL TRANSITIONS Designation of tasks within groups 1. Paleolithic Period Men - hunting 2. Neolithic Period Women - gathering 3. Rise of Ancient Civilizations ○ Stayed close to camp, often close to a 4. Industrial Revolution body of water 5. The Anthropocene ○ They looked after the children and searched nearby wood and meadows THE HUMAN ORIGINS for berries, nuts, and grains 6 to 4 MYA Everyone worked to find food Refers to the remarkable and sudden Some scientists believe that equity existed emergence of language, consciousness, and between Paleolithic men and women. culture in our species, Homo sapiens Men and women worked together to find food Historians call the early period of human for themselves and their children, thus the history as Stone Age emergence of first family The first human emerged from Africa, and lived simultaneously with other hominid First tools made by humans species Technology tools and methods to perform Large complex brains provide the capacity to tasks were first used by Paleolithic people make and use tools Sticks, stones and tree branches - served as tools PALEOLITHIC AGE Flint - hard, sedimentary crystalline form of the 2.5 MYA - 8000 BC mineral quartz The earliest part of this period was the ○ Paleolithic people learned that by Paleolithic Age or the Old Stone Age hitting flint with another hard stone, the flint would take into pieces Surviving the Paleolithic Age ○ Pieces had very sharp edges that could Nomadic group of people be used for cutting Traveled in groups, or bands, of about 20 or 30 ○ Flint technology was a major members breakthrough for early people VIVIT, KATHLEEN CLAIRE A. 1A-MT | Faculty of Pharmacy  Spears, bows and arrows - made killing large ○ Brush - used twigs and their fingertips animals easier to apply paint to the rock walls Spears and fish hooks - increased the number of fish caught NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION Sharp-edged tools - to cut up plants and dig 10,200 BC and ending between 4500 and roots 2000 BC Scraping tools - to clean animal hides, which they used for clothing and shelter First Agricultural Revolution By the end of the Paleolithic Age, people were The wide-scale transition from a lifestyle of making smaller and sharper tools hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and Bone needles - needles from animal bones settlement used to make nets and baskets and to sew The Neolithic was a period in the hides together for clothing development of human technology. Shelter Neolithic Society Paleolithic humans learned to make their own People lived in small tribes composed of shelters families. Tents and huts - made of animal skins, brush, The domestication of large animals resulted and wood in a dramatic increase in social inequality Ice and snow - In very cold climates, people Headed by a charismatic leader of tribal made shelters from ice and snow groups Many lives in caves The growth of agriculture made permanent houses possible Fire Mud brick houses and stilt-houses settlements The first use of fire by humans in the were also common Paleolithic Age Animal skins - were used to make clothing Provided: Reliance upon the foods produced from ○ Warmth cultivated lands ○ Cooked Food Encouraged the growth of settlements ○ Meat that was smoked by fire could be Production of surplus crop yields stored Generating Fire: Growth of Agriculture ○ Certain stone, iron pyrite, gave off Surpluses could be stored and traded sparks when struck against another Agricultural life afforded securities rock Sedentary farming populations grew faster than nomadic Communication and Arts Development of spoken language Neolithic Technology ○ Constantly growing and changing Neolithic Artifacts - bracelets, axe heads, Transfer of knowledge chisels, and polishing tools Cave Paintings Neolithic stone artifacts are by definition ○ Paint - crushed yellow, black, and red polished rocks and combined them with animal Skilled manufacturers of a range of other types fat to make their paints of stone tools and ornaments, including projectile points, beads, and statues VIVIT, KATHLEEN CLAIRE A. 1A-MT | Faculty of Pharmacy  Polished Axe - allowed forest clearance in a Bound books or Codex large scale Roman Architecture Roman Numerals RISE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS Emergence of science and technology on THE MIDDLE “DARK” AGES diverse usage 476 AD to 14000s ○ Transportation and navigation Middle Ages - Term for western Europe during ○ Communication Postclassical Era (A.P. World History’s 3rd time ○ Weapons and armors period) ○ Conservation of life Middle ages began with the fall of the Roman ○ Engineering empire ○ Architecture Also referred to as the Dark Ages “The West” - Western Europe, but later SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION included America 4500 BC to 1900 BC Cuneiform - handwriting Problems that rose during the “Dark Ages” Urak City Lack of central government Irrigation and Dikes Widespreas diseases (plagues) Sailboats Long religous wars Wheel Little to no access to education The Plow Slow technological or cultural development EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION Inventions 3100 BC to 332 BC Printing Press Paper or papyrus Microscope Ink Telescope Hieroglyphics War weapons Cosmetics and wig Water clock or Clepsydra THE RENAISSANCE 14th to 17th century CHINESE CIVILIZATION Bridge between the middle ages and modern 1600 BC to 221 BC history that started as a cultural movement in Silk Italy, it later spread towards the rest of Europe Tea production Great wall of China Gunpowder GREEK CIVILIZATION 800 BC to 140 BC Alarm Clock Water mill ROMAN CIVILIZATION 753 BC to 476 AD Newspaper VIVIT, KATHLEEN CLAIRE A. 1A-MT | Faculty of Pharmacy  MODERN HISTORY AND THE INDUSTRIAL Invention of Machine Tools REVOLUTION Invention of first machine tools 1700s to 1900s These included the screw-cutting lathe, The Industrial revolution Period (1870 - 1900s) cylinder boring machine, and the milling of time when the face of industry changed machine. dramatically Lasting impact on the economies of the world Use of Chemistry and the lives of the person The large-scale production of chemicals was Introduction of Inventions that made the life of an important development during the Industrial people easier Revolution. Sulphuric Acid - The production of sulfuric INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION acid was pioneered by the Englishman John Roebuck in 1746 Cotton gin Production of fertilizers, detergents, dyes, Increased productivity of removing seed from explosives, drugs, and other chemicals cotton Germany - took world leadership in the Invented by Eli Whitney chemical industry during the industrial industry The advancement of the textile industry was a ○ Aspiring chemists flocked to German key development in the industrial revolution. universities during this period Factory System Invention of Cement The use of machines and an “assembly-line” Portland Cement - Patented by Joseph approach Aspdin in 1824, a British bricklayer turned The first that employed the factory system builder. Large gains in productivity occurred in spinning The process involves sintering a mixture of and weaving of textile clay and limestone to about 1400 C, then grinding it into a fine powder which is then Steam Engine mixed with water, sand, and gravel to produce Created by James Watt in 1775 cement Made locomotives and many of the textile machines possible Agricultural Machines Plough - Joseph Foljambe’s Rotherham Coal Mining Plough in 1730 was the first commercially Process of extracting coal from the ground successful iron plough Coal is valued for its energy content Threshing Machine - Invented by Andrew Industrialization increased the demand Meikle in 1784, displaced hand threshing with significantly a flail, a laborious job that took about one-quarter of agricultural labor Charcoal The substitution of coal for charcoal greatly Tin Can lowered the fuel cost of iron production. Patented by Peter Durand in 1810, a British The charcoal-powered steam engine enabled a merchant. large increase in iron production. It would have an incalculable impact on food preservation and transportation right up to the present day VIVIT, KATHLEEN CLAIRE A. 1A-MT | Faculty of Pharmacy  Commercial Canning Factory - John Hall This allowed people to listen to music and Bryan Dorkin opened the very first anywhere commercial canning factory in 1813 Airplane Internal Combustion Engine Brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright created Invented by Jean Lenoir in 1858 the first airplane in 1903 A heat engine where the combustion of a fuel Within a few decades, planes had changed the occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a face of personal and business travel and had combustion chamber that is an integral part of dramatically altered warfare the working fluid flow circuit Eventually used in mass transportation. THE ANTHROPOCENE (PRESENT) Electricity THE RISE OF THE HUMAN EMPIRE The development of electricity as a source of The era in which human activity has been the power had been done by an international dominant influence on climate and the collection of scientists, including Benjamin environment. Franklin, Alessandro Volta, and Michael Scientists in the Soviet Union appear to have Faraday used the term “Anthropocene" as early as the 1960s to refer to the Quaternary, the most Automobile recent geological period. Invented by Henry Ford, one of the most The term was widely popularized in 2000 by imperative inventors of the Industrial revolution atmospheric chemist Paul J. Crutzen, who It enabled people to go wherever they wanted regards the influence of human behavior on whenever they wanted. Earth's atmosphere in recent centuries as so The automobile modernize the transportation significant as to constitute a new geological industry entirely. time. Camera ISSUES THAT HAVE IDENTIFIED THE Beginning in 1814, Joseph Nicephore Niepce ANTHROPOCENE the first person to ever take a photograph. Nuclear Weapons Warfares have left their mark on geology Telephone The first nuclear weapon was detonated on Alexander Graham Bell created the July 16, 1945 in New Mexico telephone in 1876 The telephone further improved Fossil Fuels communications and eventually led to the Burning fossil fuels marks the Anthropocene various communications devices used today. Age Current rates of carbon emission are thought Phonograph to be higher than at any time in the last 65 Thomas Edison created the phonograph in million years 1877 Prior to the creation of the phonograph, the only option for entertainment was for live musicians or actors to perform. VIVIT, KATHLEEN CLAIRE A. 1A-MT | Faculty of Pharmacy  We have transformed more than 50 % of Earth’s land area for our own purposes. Deforestation, farming, drilling, mining, landfills, dam- building and coastal reclamation are all having widespread effects on sedimentary processes. Disrupting how layers of rock are laid down, which will be detectable thousands of years in the future. Use of Fertilizers Our attempt to feed an increasing population will leave clear indicators, too. Levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in soils have doubled in the last century because of our increased use of fertilizers We produce 23.5 million tons of phosphorus a year Human activity had the biggest impact on the nitrogen cycle for 2.5 billion years. Global Warming Unusually rapid increase in Earth’s average surface temperature over the past century primarily due to the greenhouse gases released as people burn fossil fuels. Plastic Use Rate of temperature increase has nearly Plastics, initially developed in the 1900s, have doubled in the last 50 years. grown rapidly since the 1950s, and we now Average global sea levels are higher than at produce 500 million tons a year. any point in the past 115,000 years and are Sediments containing plastics will be a clear rising rapidly, which may also be detectable in sign of the Anthropocene. future. 6th Mass Extinction The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species. Mass extinctions sparked by massive global changes mark the Anthropocene period. THE DARK SIDE OF TECHNOLOGY Technology is a mostly positive endeavor, Changed Geology except for some troubling and unnerving Every time we destroy a patch of rainforest, possibilities Michio Kaku refers to as this changes the future of Earth’s geology “wildcards.” VIVIT, KATHLEEN CLAIRE A. 1A-MT | Faculty of Pharmacy  The unanticipated uses of technology and science threaten to turn happy futuristic dreams into nightmares. “There are dangers, but only dangers if people don’t understand where technology is taking us - Michio Kaku VIVIT, KATHLEEN CLAIRE A. 1A-MT | Faculty of Pharmacy  PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE THREE BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY MEANING OF PHILOSOPHY METAPHYSICS Philosophy means "love of wisdom." What is the nature of reality It is made up of two Greek words, philo, One of the key concepts of understanding meaning love, and sophos, meaning wisdom philosophy Concerned with reality and existence WHY WE NEED PHILOSOPHY Asks: What is the nature of reality? Philosophy helps teachers to reflect on key issues and concepts in education. Ontology usually through such questions as: What is the nature of existence? ○ What is being educated? ○ What is the good life? Cosmology ○ What is knowledge? Origin and organization of the universe ○ What is the nature of learning? ○ And what is teaching? EPISTEMOLOGY PHILOSOPHERS - Philosophers think about What is the nature of knowledge the meaning of things and interpretation of that Raises questions about the nature of meaning. knowledge Logic is a key dimension to epistemology SCIENCE PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS ETHICAL Deductive the study of values in human behavior or the General to specific study of moral problems: ○ the rightness and wrongness of actions Inductive ○ the kinds of things which are good or Specific facts to generalization desirable ○ whether actions are blameworthy or AXIOLOGY OR ETHICS praiseworthy. What is the nature of values EPISTEMOLOGICAL Ethics is the study of knowledge. In particular, Study of human conduct and examines moral epistemology focuses on how we come to values acquire knowledge and what types of limits there are to our knowledge. In other words, Aesthetics how do we know what is true? It is sense values beauty, nature, and aesthetic experience vs. reason. experience (often associated with music, art, literature, dance theater and other fine arts) METAPHYSICAL the study of what is really real. Metaphysics THE SCIENCES deals with the so-called first principles of the Science is based on facts natural order and "the ultimate generalizations ○ Mathematics - theories and axionms available to the human intellect.”; laws, ○ Physics - measurement causation, explanation ○ Biology - structure and function ○ Psychology ○ Social science VIVIT, KATHLEEN CLAIRE A. 1A-MT | Faculty of Pharmacy  correlational evidence (i.e. an inverse INDUCTIVISM correlation between the age of the Inductivism proposes and rests on a common sediments and the percentages of understanding of the laws of the universe; present –day species) provides support there are laws of nature, uniformities that for evolution theory (conclusion). govern these laws. Facts are observable, and that theories should FALSIFICATIONISM be derived from these facts by observation. Also rejects the context of discovery. ○ Observation using the senses. Confirmation of the hypothesis is not enough. ○ Seeing is believing. ○ No specific number of confirmations will Observable facts are objective. make any hypothesis true. A body of science must be falsifiable. HYPOTHETICO-DEDUCTIVISM The notion of scientific progress for the Rejects the context of discovery. falsificationist rests on the premise that Hypothetico-deductivism asserts that “facts” scientific theories are tentative. are not always observable. ○ Facts have come to scientists not by CONJECTURE AND REFUTATION observation but rather by accident, Science must continue to progress through an through dreams, visions and open quest to put existing theories to the test, preexisting theories. allowing preconceived notions of “facts,” Rejects the notion that facts are neutral and whatever they may be, up to scientific objective. criticism and refutation. Theories are confirmed, not proven, yet every ○ Thomas Kuhn famously published The instance that lends support corroborates the Structures of Scientific Revolutions in theory 1962, a publication that brought Example: The Research of Charles Lyell previous theories in the history and Darwinism vs Creationism philosophy of science into a whole new If….organisms changed over time (evolution context. theory), and…a record of organisms living in ○ Coined the term “paradigm.” the past is examined in the fossil record (planned test), then…the younger, higher rock layers should contain more fossils of “Normal science vs revolutionary science” present-day species than the older, lower rock It is in this period of revolutionary science that layers (expected result). theories are checked, previously held On the other hand formulations are re-analyzed and positvle ○ If…. organisms were created by an act refutations are generated, for a new paradigm, of God and have not changed since or paradigm shift to occur creation (special creation theory), Solving problems is scientific progress then… the younger, higher rock layers should contain the same number of present-day species as the older, lower rock layers (expected result). And… as SCIENTIFIC METHOD can be seen in the previous table, there Ask a question - problem is an increasing trend as stated by the Define problem statement - research evolution theory. Therefore… Lyell’s Construct the hypothesis - hypothesize VIVIT, KATHLEEN CLAIRE A. 1A-MT | Faculty of Pharmacy  Test the hypothesis - experiment RELIABILITY Collect the data - analyze Reliability refers to how consistently a method Report the result - interpret measures something. If the same result can be consistently achieved by using the same TYPES OF DATA methods under the same circumstances, the QUANTITATIVE DATA measurement is considered reliable. Numerical values ○ How many TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY (ACROSS TIME) ○ How much The consistency of a measure across time. ○ How often Do you get the same results when your repeat Laboratory and field experimentations, rating the experiment? scales, closed survey questions such as yes or no which can have numerical categories INTERNAL CONSISTENCY (ACROSS ITEMS) Statistics help turn quantitative data into useful The consistency of the measurement itself. information that are crucial for decision making Do you get the same results from different Scientifically objective and rational parts of an experiment that are designed to Example survey question measure the same thing? ○ “Why do you prefer to use cloth masks vs surgical masks? Choose only 1.” INTERRATER RELIABILITY (ACROSS a. Environmentally friendly RESEARCHERS) b. Cost-effective The consistency of a measure across raters c. Fashionable or observers. d. Reusable Do you get the same results when different e. It’s the only mask available people conduct the same experiment? near me. VALIDITY QUALITATIVE DATA Validity refers to how accurately a method Categorical variables measures what it is intended to measure. If ○ What type research has high validity, that means it ○ From where produces results that correspond to real ○ Qualities properties, characteristics, and variations in the Diary accounts, in-depth interviews, physical or social world. documents, focus groups, case study Note: High reliability is one indicator that a research, and ethnography, open-ended measurement is valid. If a method is not surveys reliable, it probably isn’t valid. provide a deep understandings of how people perceive their social realities, and in FACE VALIDITY consequence, how they act within the social the extent to which a measurement method world appears “on its face” to measure the construct Example survey question: of interest. E.g. IQ test ○ “Why do you prefer to use cloth masks vs surgical masks?” CONSTRUCT VALIDITY used to ensure that the measure is actual measure what it is intended to measure (i.e. VIVIT, KATHLEEN CLAIRE A. 1A-MT | Faculty of Pharmacy  the construct), and not other variables. E.g. self-esteem questionnaire CONTENT VALIDITY The extent to which the measurement covers all aspects of the concepts being measured. E.g. Comprehension test CRITERION VALIDITY The extent to which the result of a measure corresponds to other valid measures of the same concept. E.g. survey DISCRIMINANT VALIDITY the extent to which scores on a measure are not correlated with measures of variables that are conceptually distinct. E.g. Self-esteem CRAAP Currency ○ Is the information current Relevance ○ Is the information important Authority ○ Who is the author/publisher/sponsor of the news Accuracy ○ Is the information supported by evidence? Does the author cite credible sources? Is the information verifiable in other places Purpose ○ What is the purpose of this news VIVIT, KATHLEEN CLAIRE A. 1A-MT | Faculty of Pharmacy  Established several agencies and PART 2.1 organizations HUMAN ADVANCEMENT THROUGH SCIENCE AND ○ Philippine Coconut Research Institute TECHNOLOGY ○ Philippine Textile Research Institute ○ Philippine Atomic Energy Commission SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND NATION BUILDING (Philippine Nuclear Institute) ○ Philippine Council for Agricultural PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD Research (Philippine Council for Herbal medicines were used to treat illness Agriculture, Writing, numerical measurement, and calendar ○ Aquatic and Natural Resources systems were used for trading Research and Development Farming, fishing, mining, and weaving were ○ Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical first livelihood skills developed - Banawe rice and Astronomical Services terraces Administration (PAGASA) ○ Philippine National Oil Company COLONIAL PERIOD ○ Plant Breeding Institute Spanish Occupation ○ International Rice Research Institute Formal education institutions were developed (IRRI) Scientific organizations were launched ○ Bureau of Plant Industry Medicine and biology were taught in different ○ National Committee on Geological educational and training institutions Sciences Natives were trained to use innovative ○ National Academy of Science and approaches in farming Technology (NAST) Engineering was introduced and developed as well President Corazon Aquino National Science and Technology Authority American Occupation ○ Renamed as Department of Science institutions for science and technology were and Technology (DOST) recognized Laboratorio Municipal - replaced by Bureau President Fidel Ramos of Government Laboratories and was 3000 competent scientists changed to Bureau of Science “Doctor to the Barrio” made healthcare The National Research Council of the accessible in the far-flung areas of the country. Philippines was established in 1933 The National Program for Gifted Filipino Developments were focused on agriculture, Children in Science and Technology was medicine, pharmacy, food processing, and created for high School Students forestry Number of laws and statutes were mandated The Bureau of Science was replaced by the ○ RA8349: Magna Carta for Scientist Institute of Science in 1946 Engineers, Researchers, and other Science and Technology Personnel in POST-COLONIAL PERIOD Government President Ferdinand Marcos ○ RA7687: Science and Technology Mandated DEC (DepEd) to promote science Scholarship Act of 1994 courses in public high schools. ○ RA7459: Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act VIVIT, KATHLEEN CLAIRE A. 1A-MT | Faculty of Pharmacy  ○ RA8293: the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines Adverse Impacts 1. Depletion of earth’s natural resources President Joseph Estrada 2. Generation of wastes RA8749: Clean Air Act of 1999 3. People became too dependent on science and RA8792: Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 technology Implementation of cost-effective irrigation technologies and providing basic health care PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS services for those who could not afford them Salamander amphibious Tricycle ○ Atoy Llave President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Salt Lamp Filipinnovation - Philippines as an innovation ○ Sustainable alternative lighting hub in Asia ○ Aisa Mijeno RA9367: Biofuels Act Medical Incubator RA10601: Agriculture and Fisheries ○ Dr. Fe del Mundo Mechanization (AfMech) Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap ○ Dengue prevention President Benigno Aquino III Erythromycin National scientists ○ Abelardo Aguilar ○ Gavino C. Trono – Marine Biology ○ Streptomyces eythreus ○ Angel C. Alcala – Biological Science Mole Remover ○ Ramon C. Barba – Horticulture ○ Rolando Dela Cruz ○ Edgardo D. Gomez – Marine Biology ○ Annacardium Occidentale Jeepneys President Rodrigo Duterte ○ One of the most recognizable national S&T sector is seen to be a priority based symbols budget on the budget for research and ○ Leonardo Sarao development (R&D) Banana Ketchup Philippine Space Technology Program ○ Maria Orosa ○ Diwata-2 in 2018 ○ Mashed banana, sugar, vinegar, and ○ Diwata-1 in 2016 spices Importance of disaster preparedness TECHNOLOGY AND THE FUTURE OF HUMANITY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES AND THE ENVIRONMENT RELATIONSHIP OF TECHNOLOGY AND Contributions HUMANITY 1. Mechanization of farming Humans are inherently technological beings or 2. Water pumps and sprinklers help in managing tool users. the damaging effects of extreme heat caused Technology has become a central part of the by climate change. human condition 3. Production of genetically modified crops and fertilizers TECHNOLOGICAL INFLUENCE ON SOCIETY 4. Improved transportation Modern technology has changed the way 5. Improved communication people interact. 6. Ways of learning has also changed VIVIT, KATHLEEN CLAIRE A. 1A-MT | Faculty of Pharmacy  There is huge value and significant drawbacks to technology ADVANCEMENTS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANTAGES Efficiency Time Communication Jobs Education Transportation Synthetic Biology Creation Defined as the design and construction of new biological parts, devices, and systems and the BIOTECHNOLOGY re-design of existing, natural biological The use of living organisms in any form for the systems for useful purposes. ? Engineer’s approach to biology MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY Coronavirus testing basics Gives scientists molecular tools for obtaining a Diagnostic Test - show if you have an active better understanding of the structure and coronavirus infection and should take steps to function of genes in living organisms quarantine or isolate yourself from others. ○ molecular tests, such as RT-PCR tests, Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) that detect the virus’s genetic material Pros ○ antigen tests that detect specific ○ Increased crop yield pest resistance proteins on the surface of the virus. Cons Antibody Test - looks for antibodies that are ○ Growing concern with how GMOs may made by your immune system in response to a affect consumers’ health and the threat, such as a specific virus. Antibodies can environment help fight infections. Antibodies can take ○ Concerns on human rights several days or weeks to develop after you ○ Accident in genetically engineering a have an infection and may stay in your blood virus or bacteria may cause a serious for several weeks or more after recovery. epidemic. Because of this, antibody tests should not be used to diagnose an active coronavirus Designer Babies infection A baby genetically engineered in vitro for specially selected traits or a baby whose genetic makeup has been altered or chosen to provide the desired genome Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis- selecting the best egg; simplest method and used since 1988 VIVIT, KATHLEEN CLAIRE A. 1A-MT | Faculty of Pharmacy  Embryonic stem cells can be cloned to produce tissues or organs to replace or repair the damaged ones. allow parents who have lost a child a chance to redress their loss using the DNA of their deceased child Issues Religious ○ “Playing God” ○ Human embryo should be left alone ○ Takes away the uniqueness of an individual NANOTECHNOLOGY Medical is a part of science and technology about the ○ Success rate 0.1%- 3% only control of matter on the atomic and molecular ○ Enucleated egg and the transferred scale - this means things that are about 100 nucleus may not be compatible nanometers across. ○ Pregnancy might fail Refers to manipulation of matter on an atomic ○ Problems during later development to subatomic scale ○ Abnormal gene expressions Australia- Prohibited human cloning; therapeutic cloning is legal Canada- prohibits: cloning human, stem cells, growing human embryos for research, buying and selling of human reproductive materials India- no specific law but has specific guidelines prohibiting human cloning; stem cell Consumer Products research is allowed Silver nanoparticles in fabric that kill bacteria Argentina- prohibits “experiments concerning making clothing odor-resistant. cloning of human cells in order to generate Skin care products that use nanoparticles to human beings” deliver vitamins deeper into the skin Lithium ion batteries that use nanoparticle- ISSUES TARGETED ON MEDICATION based electrodes powering plug-in electric Requires skill for administration & storage cars. May produce toxicity symptoms Flame retardant formed by coating the foam Difficult to maintain the stability of the drug in used in furniture with carbon nanofibers. dosage form High sophisticated technology for formulation SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS AND ETHICAL Insufficient localization of targeted systems into CONSIDERATIONS tumor cells Very costly CLONING Helps in in-depth research, like motor neuron ISSUES ON eMEDICINE AND eCONSULTATION disease. Regulatory and Industry Barriers. Physical Examination is Limited. VIVIT, KATHLEEN CLAIRE A. 1A-MT | Faculty of Pharmacy  Equipment and Technology are costly ISSUES ON NANOTECHNOLOGY Public trust and potential risks Issues of environmental impact VIVIT, KATHLEEN CLAIRE A. 1A-MT | Faculty of Pharmacy  9. Social Media PART 2.2 TECHNOLOGY AND THE FUTURE OF HUMANITY a technological tool is something that takes a human’s sense or ability and augments it and makes it more powerful THE ESSENCE OF TECHNOLOGY science and technnology: responsible for the ways society is continuously being modernized However, this omnipresence of science and technology must not overlap the basic tenets TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANTAGES Efficiency Time Communication - more accessible Jobs - more jobs related to technology Education Transportation - more options Creation - digital art, AI art DANGERS OF TECHNOLOGY lies in how humans let themselves be consumed by it humans think nature needs to be saved, whereas mother nature would remain even if humans cease to exist We must not be consumed by technology lest we lost the essence of who we are as humans SWORD OF DAMOCLES “with great fortune and power comes also great danger” TECHNOLOGIES IN A DANGEROUS MODERN WORLD 1. Terrorism 2. Environmental remediation 3. Socio-technical systems 4. Imagination of disaster 5. E-learning 6. E-commerce 7. Human Trafficking and cybersex 8. Drug trafficking VIVIT, KATHLEEN CLAIRE A. 1A-MT | Faculty of Pharmacy  the management of plant genetic resources” PART 2.3 which aims to help professionals in: ADVANCEMENTS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ○ managing ○ conserving ANTHROPOLOGY OF BIOLOGY ○ using plant genetic resources for food Nature vs Nurture and agriculture ○ Nature - naturally present ○ Nurture - how you are brought up Traditional Biotechnology “human behavior is rooted in biology rather used in food preservation and production of than culture” foods Fermentation - the process where CLONING AND GMOS microorganisms are used to produce a Biological technologies could shape the society products ○ Genomics & proteomics ○ Biotechnology including cloning, Modern Biotechnology genetic engineering, CRISPR gives scientists molecular tools for obtaining a ○ Synthetic biology better understanding of the structure and function of genes in living organisms CENTRAL DOGMA OF BIOLOGY DNA - adenine, cytosine, thymine, guanine AIMS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY RNA - adenine, cytosine, uracil, guanine Develop new precision tools and diagnostics Proteins - building blocks of life (from DNA) Speed up breeding gains and efficiency DNA - transcription - RNA - translation - Develop pest and disease-resistant crops PROTEIN Combat salinity, drought, and problems of agriculture GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS Enhance the nutritional quality of food Genomics Increase crop varieties and choice deals with the DNA sequence of organization, Reduce inputs and production costs function, and evolution of genes Increase profits Proteomics SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY aims to identify all the proteins in a cell or defined as the design and construction of new organism including any posttranslational biological parts, devices, and systems and the modified forms, as well as their cellular re-design of existing, natural biological localization, function and interactions systems for useful purposes Engineer’s approach to biology BIOTECHNOLOGY uses biological systems, living organisms, or Genetic Engineering derivatives thereof, to make or modify products a technique that allows genes and DNA to be or processes for a specific use. transferred from one source to another The use of living organisms in any form for the convenience of life. The Biodiversity International has released a module titled “Law and Policy of relevance to VIVIT, KATHLEEN CLAIRE A. 1A-MT | Faculty of Pharmacy Living Modified Organisms (LMOs) / Genetically ○ Humulin - first GMO-based drug Modified Organisms (GMOs) approved by the Food and Drugs obtaining a better understanding of the Administration (FDA), this type of structure and function of genes in living insulin produced using genetically organisms engineered E.coli bacteria. ○ bovine somatotropin (bST) - FDA Modern Biotechnology approved metabolic protein hormone Gives scientists molecular tools for obtaining a used to increase milk production in better understanding of the structure and dairy cows for commercial use. function in living organisms ○ Flavr Savr - FDA approved tomato for sale on grocery stores which delays its CLONING ripening effect and gives it a longer process by which identical copies of an shelf life compared with natural organism are made. tomatoes. The copy, or clone, possesses the same ○ Bt potatoes and corn, roundup ready genetic material as the original organism. soybeans Cloning can occur naturally through asexual ○ Golden Rice - developed in the reproduction, wherein a single organism Philippines to address vitamin A creates a genetically identical copy of itself. deficiency, which is a public health issue in Asian countries where rice is a GENETIC ENGINEERING staple food crop. Variety of Oryza sativa differs from cloning in keyways. genetically modified to biosynthesize Whereas cloning produces genetically exact beta-carotene, a precursor of Vitamin copies of organisms, genetic engineering A, in the edible parts of rice. refers to processes in which scientists ○ Bt toxins in the blood of pregnant manipulate genes to create purposefully women in eastern Quebec different versions of organisms—and, in some ○ Yorkshire pig - genetically modified to cases, entirely new living things. produce offspring that produce the Geneticists have even introduced genes from enzyme phytase in their saliva to digest one species to another. plant phosphorus, unlike that of normal pigs. GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS (GMOS) Pros MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES: TARGETED ○ Increased crop yield MEDICATIONS ○ Pest resistance Cons C.R.I.S.P.R. TECHNOLOGY ○ Growing concern with how GMOs may Means Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short affect consumers’ health and the Palindromic Repeats environment shorthand for CRISPR-CaS9 ○ Concerns on human rights CRISPR=DNA snippets of viruses in a ○ Accident in genetically engineering a bacterial DNA (new DNA becomes part of their virus or bacteria may cause a serious own) epidemic. CaS 9- enzyme that acts like a pair of Examples molecular scissors, capable of cutting strands of DNA. VIVIT, KATHLEEN CLAIRE A. 1A-MT | Faculty of Pharmacy  Genetic engineering tool that uses a CRISPR The first baby realized from this fertilization sequence of DNA and its associated protein method was born in 1978 (Cas9) to edit the base pairs of a gene. Adapted from the natural defense mechanisms of bacteria and archaea Foil attacks by viruses and other foreign bodies by chopping up and destroying the DNA of a foreign invader Enable scientists to repair genetic defects (genetic diseases) or use genetically modified human cells as therapies. 3 PARENT BABY Human offspring produced from the genetic material of one man and two women through the use of assisted reproductive technologies, specifically mitochondrial manipulation (or replacement) technologies and three-person in vitro fertilization 7 Diseases that can be cured by CRISPR 1. Cancer 2. Blood disorders 3. Blindness 4. AIDS 5. Cystic fibrosis 6. Muscular dystrophy 7. Huntington’s disease DESIGNER BABIES A baby genetically engineered in vitro for specially selected traits or a baby whose genetic makeup has been altered or chosen to provide the desired genome CORONA TESTING BASICS Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis- selecting According to US Food and Drug the best egg; simplest method and used since Administration, 1988 Types of Tests IN VITRO FERTILIZATION PROCESS There are two different types of tests – Used as a remedy for infertility, a woman’s egg diagnostic tests and antibody tests. cells are combined with a man’s sperm cells Diagnostic test outside the uterus. The fertilized egg is then ○ show if you have an active coronavirus implanted in the woman’s uterus and, if infection and should take steps to successful begins the pregnancy cycle. VIVIT, KATHLEEN CLAIRE A. 1A-MT | Faculty of Pharmacy  quarantine or isolate yourself from Different Types of Coronavirus Tests others. molecular tests, such as RT-PCR tests, that detect the virus’s genetic material antigen tests that detect specific proteins on the surface of the virus. Antibody test ○ looks for antibodies that are made by your immune system in response to a threat, such as a specific virus. TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND INTERNET Antibodies can help fight infections. TELECOMMUNICATIONS Antibodies can take several days or Communications weeks to develop after you have an Latin word communication infection and may stay in your blood for Social process of information exchange, several weeks or more after recovery. covers the human need for direct contact and Because of this, antibody tests should mutual understanding not be used to diagnose an active coronavirus infection. Telecommunications tele means distance Molecular Test (Nucleic Acid Detection) created by Edouard Estaunie in 1904, in which he defined telecommunication as “information exchange by means of electrical signals” science and technology of communication over a distance. a technology that eliminates distance between continents, between countries, between persons. THE EVOLUTION OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS Antibody Tests (Serology) Prehistoric Era: Fires, beacons, smoke signals, communication drums, horns Man's first attempts at distance communication were extremely limited. Prehistoric man relied on fire and smoke signals as well as drum VIVIT, KATHLEEN CLAIRE A. 1A-MT | Faculty of Pharmacy  messages to encode information over a limited geographic area as they attempted to contact Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937) neighboring clans. These signals also needed He began the radio era; wireless to have very simple, predecided meanings like communication. Marconi succeeded in "safe" or "danger" or "victory" or could be used transmitting a radio signal over a few as a form of alarm system to alert prehistoric kilometers at Bologna in 1896. He successfully clans to predators or invading clans. combined technical ingenuity with commercial aptitude. Messaged carries by men, ship, and animals Spoken words or through written words (mail) Karl Braun (1897) Invented the cathode ray tube (CRT) in Europe (1790s) broadcasting of images fixed semaphore systems- information is conveyed by means of visual signals, using Phillip T. Farnsworth (1927): made history when he towers with pivoting shutters also known as demonstrated the first working television set. blades (paddles) Chaley Kline and Bill Duvall (1969) Claude Chappe (1763-1805) invented the first computer network. The first began the era of telecommunications with the data travelled between nodes of the successful operation of his optical telegraph APRANET, a predecessor of the internet. between Paris and Lilie. Martin Cooper (1973) Samuel Finley Breese Morse (1791-1872) He invented the first modern-era mobile phone. The electrical telegraph had many fathers and The first cellular phone had a maximum talk they all developed unique solutions, so that a time of 30 minutes and it took a year for the dozen different electrical telegraph systems battery to recharge. operated simultaneously in various countries. In the worldwide competition for best SMTP email (1982) technology, the writing telegraph of Morse Jonathan Postel wrote the Simple Mail roved its superiority and found worldwide use. Transfer Protocol and shifted the focus of the Internet from security to reliability using the Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) networks as relay stations to send electronic He invented the telephone. The operation of a mail to the recipient through cooperative hosts. telephone line began in 1876 in the United States. Internet (1983) On January 1, 1983, the Internet was officially Thomas Alva Edison (1877) born. ARPANET officially switched its old He invented the acoustic phonograph network control protocols (NCP) and Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857-1894) Protocol (TCP/IP) became standard. He laid the basis of radio transmission with successful experiments in 1887-1889 that Mobile satellite hand-held phones (1988) proved the existence of electromagnetic The first canopy of 64 satellites was put into radiation and its similarity to the behavior of place by a company called Iridium in 1998. light. They also produced the first hand-held satellite VIVIT, KATHLEEN CLAIRE A. 1A-MT | Faculty of Pharmacy  phones, which were smaller and less cumbersome than the earlier "bag" phones. This revolutionized mobile telecommunications and would lead to the modern smartphone. Tim Barners-Lee (1989) a British scientist at CERN, who invented the World Wide Web (WWW). The web was originally conceived and developed to meet the demand for automatic information sharing between scientists in universities and institutes around the world. VIVIT, KATHLEEN CLAIRE A. 1A-MT | Faculty of Pharmacy  PART 2.4 Difficult to maintain the stability of the drug in SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS AND ETHICAL dosage form CONSIDERATIONS High sophisticated technology for formulation Insufficient localization of targeted systems into CLONING tumor cells Homosexual and sterile couples to have Very costly biological offspring. Helps in in-depth research, like motor neuron ISSUES OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND disease. INTERNET Embryonic stem cells can be cloned to Communication breakdown produce tissues or organs to replace or repair Cyber bullying the damaged ones. Scammers or hackers allow parents who have lost a child a chance to Privacy redress their loss using the DNA of their Identity theft deceased child Data tracking Health and fitness ISSUES Dark web RELIGIOUS Terrorism and crime “playing God” Fake news Human embryo should be left alone Takes away the uniqueness of an individual MEDICAL Success rate 0.1%-3% only Enucleated egg and the transferred nucleus may not be compatible Pregnancy might fail Problems during later development Abnormal gene expressions COUNTRIES Australia - Prohibited human cloning; therapeutic cloning is legal Canada - prohibits: cloning human, stem cells, growing human embryos for research, buying and selling of human reproductive materials India - no specific law but has specific guidelines prohibiting human cloning; stem cell research is allowed Argentina - prohibits “experiments concerning cloning of human cells in order to generate human beings” ISSUES OF TARGETED MEDICATIONS Requires skill for administration & storage May produce toxicity symptoms VIVIT, KATHLEEN CLAIRE A. 1A-MT | Faculty of Pharmacy