STS MIDTERM REVIEWER PDF

Course Description LESSON 1 Science, Technology, and Society (STS) is an essential course in the General Education SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION curriculum for tertiary education. It was conceptualiz...

Course Description LESSON 1 Science, Technology, and Society (STS) is an essential course in the General Education SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION curriculum for tertiary education. It was conceptualized to develop a deep appreciation SCIENCE as an IDEA - includes ideas, theories, and critical understanding of the role of science and all available systematic explanations and and technology in the development of people observations about the natural and physical world. and the society. It deals with the interactions between science SCIENCE as an INTELLECTUAL ACTIVITY - it and technology in social, cultural, political, encompasses systematic and practical study of and economic contexts. the natural and physical world. This process of It is an interdisciplinary course whereby study involves systematic observation and students are engaged in learning a myriad of experimentation. scientific issues and technological developments. SCIENCE as a BODY OF KNOWLEDGE - it is Chapter I: General Concepts and Historical Events in a subject or a discipline, a field of study, or a body of Science, Technology, and Society knowledge that deals with the process of learning about the natural and physical world. This is what we refer to as school science. Lesson 1 - Intellectual revolutions that Defined Society Lesson 2 - Science, Technology, and SCIENCE as a PERSONAL AND SOCIAL Nation - building ACTIVITY - this explains that science is both Lesson 3 - Science Education in the knowledge and activities done by human beings to Philippines develop better understanding of the world around Lesson 4 - Indigenous Science and them. It is meant to improve life and to survive in life. technology in the Philippines it is interwoven with people's lives. Chapter II: Science, Technology, and Society and the Scientific Revolution Human Condition Human beings have embarked in scientific activities. Lesson 1 - Human Flourishing They have developed noble ideas known as Lesson 2 - Technology as a Way of philosophy. Revealing Humans also used religion to Lesson 3 - The Good Life rationalize the origin of life and all lifeless Lesson 4 - When Technology and forms. Humanity Cross Why in Europe? Chapter III: Specific Issues in Science. Technology, and Society - The idea of scientific revolution is claimed to have started in the early 16 century up to the 18 century in Europe. Lesson 1 - The Information Age - Blooming intellectual activities done in various Lesson 2 - Biodiversity and the Healthy places of learning, and the growing number of Society scholars in various fields of human interests. Lesson 3 - Genetically Modified Organisms: Science, Health, and The invention of printing press machine Politics Lesson 4 - The Nano World Scientific Revolution - was the period of enlightenment Lesson 5 - The Aspects of Gene when the developments in the fields of mathematics, Therapy physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed Lesson 6 - Climate Change the views of society about nature.  diverse that it is useful to distinguish two fields to which he made major contributions; evolutionary biology and philosophy of science Darwin provided a different framework for doing scientific activities. It is science marked by observation and experiment. Sigmund Freud He also made a significant contribution in the scientific world through the development of an important observational method to gather reliable data to study human's inner life This method is popularly known as the method of Psychoanalysis. For Freud, this method of psychoanalysis is a scientific way to study the human mind and neurotic illness. His method of psychoanalysis had a great Nicolaus Copernicus impact on the scientific way of understanding human nature. One of the Renaissance men, particularly in the field of science. CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE Knowledge about the nature of the universe had been essentially unchanged Development of Science in: since the great days of Ancient Greece. He resembled the Greek ancient Mesoamerica/ Maya civilization philosophers or thinkers. His ideas were an example of what is Mesoamerica includes the entire area of Central presently called a thought experiment. America from Southern Mexico up to the border Appointed as Canon at Frombork of South America. Cathedral in Poland. He sustained his interest in There is no doubt that the Mesoamerican region astronomy. is rich in culture and knowledge prior to the arrival of its European colonizers. Charles Darwin (evolutionary thinking) The maya civilization is one of the famous Is famous for his theory of evolution. He civilizations that lasted for approximately changed our concept of the world's creation 2,000 years. These people are known for and its evolution. their works in astronomy. Johnson (2012) described Darwin as a genius who came from a line of intellectually gifted MAYAN CIVILIZATION and wealthy family. HMS beagle on the Islands of Measuring time using Calendar systems Galapagos. Darwin published his book the Origin of Technology for growing different crops and Species in 1589. building elaborate cities using ordinary His book is considered to be one of the most machineries and tools important works of scientific literature. Writing system known as the Mayan Darwin's observational skills as a scientist were hieroglyphics extraordinary that moved beyond the realms of Skilled in mathematics plants and animals into the realms of Innovations in the field of arts humans. Understanding about celestial bodies book The Descent of Man was so impressive yet very controversial. Mesoamerica / Inca civilization Darwin's accomplishments were so  Roads paved with stones. Origins of CHINESE SCIENCE and Stone buildings that surmounted TECHNOLOGY earthquakes and other disasters. Irrigation system and technique for storing Known for traditional medicines water for their crops to grow in all types of Famous discoveries and inventions of Chinese land. civilizations were compass, papermaking, Calendar with 12 months to mark their gunpowder and printing tools religious festivals and prepare them for planting season. Chinese significant records on supernova, lunar and solar eclipses and comets, which were The first suspension bridge; carefully recorded and preserved to understand quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep better heavenly bodies and their effects to our records that only experts can interpret. world (Mayall, 1939) Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specially prized artistic achievements. CONTRIBUTIONS OF CHINA IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Mesoamerica/ Aztec Civilization The four great inventions of ancient China are the compass, gunpowder, papermaking, and 1. Mandatory education (It is an early form of printing. These four discoveries had an universal or inclusive education) enormous impact on the development of Chinese civilization. 2. Chocolates (Aztec valued the cacao beans highly and made it as part of their tribute of They also invented tools like iron plough, their gods) wheelbarrow, and propeller, design for different models of bridges. 3. Antispasmodic medication (n that could prevent muscle spasm and relax muscles) Invented the first seismological detector and developed a dry dock facility 4. Chinampa (technology for agricultural farming) Acupuncture, ancient Chinese medical technique for relieving pain, curing disease, 5. Aztec calendar (plan their activities, rituals and improving general health. and planting season) made significant advances in science, 6. Invention of the canoe (light narrow boat) technology, mathematics, and astronomy. The first recorded observations of comets, Development of Science in Asia solar eclipses, and supernovae were made in China. Asia is the biggest continent in the world and the home of many ancient civilizations. It is a host to many Silk road, a great trade route linking China to cultural, economic, scientific, and political activities of other Roman Empire where it allowed all ages. transport and exchange of goods in these regions India Is one of the ancient civilizations with Manufacturing iron and in metallurgical substantial contributions in many areas of life works. like medicine, astronomy, science, mathematics, arts, philosophy, and music, Famous in medicine (Ayurveda, a system of among others. traditional medicine that originated in ancient India before 2500 BC, Is still practiced as a form Chinese civilizations have greatly influenced of alternative medicine. many of its neighbor countries like Korea, Notable in the field of astronomy. Japan, Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, Mathematics Cambodia, Myanmar, and other countries that belong to the old silk Road. Middle East The great structures of the Egyptian pyramids and the early dams built to divert Father of optics (Intromission theory of water from the Nile river are some proofs of light) their advanced civilization Arabic Numeral system (originally came from India) LESSON 2 Father of Chemistry - Jabir ibn Hayyan Science, Technology and Nation – Building Medicine There are numerous Muslim scholars who made What is science and technology in nation Building? significant contributions in the field of social Science and technology hold the key to the sciences. The decline of this golden age of istam progress and development of any nation. started in the 11 to 13 century due to the conquest of the Mongol's whereby libraries, Technology plays a fundamental role in wealth observatories, and other learning Institutions creation, improvement of the quality of life, real were destroyed. economic growth and transformation in society The word “algebra” comes from the Arabic How does “Science and Technology” contribute to word “al-jabr” which means “restoring nation building? balance” in an equation. Science and technology have played a crucial role in the development of the Philippines as Development of Science in Africa a nation. Throughout its history, the Philippines has been influenced by different Africa is blessed with natural and mineral cultures and colonial powers, each leaving resources. Science also emerged In the part of its mark on the country’s scientific and the planet long before the Europeans colonized technological development. it. The history of science and mathematics show that similar to other ancient civilizations Brief Historical Background of Science and in Africa are knowledge producers, too. Technology in the Philippines Astronomy was famous in the African In pre- Spanish Philippines, scientific knowledge region. is observed in the way of planting their crops to provide them food and taking care of the They used three types of calendars: Lunar animals to help with their daily tasks and for calendar, Stellar calendar, and Solar calendar food production. The ancient Egyptian civilization has It is also used in observing and interpreting contributed immensely and made significant the movement of heavenly bodies to advances in the field of astronomy, predict seasons and climates. mathematics, and medicine. They used science in preparing the soil for For example, the development of geometry agricultural purposes. was a product of necessity to preserve the layout and ownership of farmlands of the The Banaue rice terraces are among the Egyptlans Iiving along the Nile river. sophisticated products of engineering by pre- Spanish era Filipinos. The rules 08 geometry were developed and used to build rectilinear structures, the post of Technology is used by the people in lintel architecture of Egypt. building houses, irrigations, and developing tools that they can use in everyday life. Those early science activities in Egypt were developed to improve the quality of life of the They developed tools for planting, hunting, Egyptians especially in building their early cooking, and fishing for fighting their enemies homes and cities. during war or tribal conflicts and transportation.  The different archeological artifacts Created more public hospitals than the discovered in different parts of the country former colonial master. also prove that the metal age also had significant influence on the lives if early The mineral resources of the country were Filipinos. also explored during the American times The sophisticated designs of gold and silver Transportation and communication systems jewelry, ceramics, and metal tools have helped were improved, though not accessible in the development of different tools. throughout the country. Filipinos’ Life During the Spanish Colonization They have more influence in the development of science and technology Filipinos replicated technology brought by the in the Philippines compared to the Spaniards using indigenous materials. Spaniards. Medicine and advanced science were introduced in formal colleges and They did everything to “Americanize” the universities. Philippines. Galleon Trade was supplied by merchants largely from port of Fujian who traveled to In basic education, science education focuses Manila to sell cloth and other valuable on nature studies and science and sanitation commodities until it became a subject formally known as “Science” Galleon trade has brought additional technology and development in the Research was done to control malaria, cholera, Philippines tuberculosis and other tropical diseases. From 1565 to 1815 the galleon trade The desire of the Americans to develop the contributed to the change of culture, human resources of the Philippines to serve language and environment for both their own interests is, somehow beneficial in Philippines and Mexico. the country School focuses on understanding different The protestant church missions in different concepts related to the human body, plants, places in the country also brought hospitals animals and heavenly bodies. and schools to far-flung areas. Medicine and advanced science were introduced in formal colleges and World War II universities established by the Catholic orders. It has destabilized the development of the country in many ways. The Philippines being one of the centers of Institutions and public facilities were global trade in Southeast Asia during that turned into ashes, houses were burned, time, was considered to be one of the most and many lives were destroyed. developed places in the region The country has a difficult time rebuilding Filipinos’ Life During the Americans Colonization itself from the ruins of the war. The human spirit to survive and to rebuild the country They established the public education may be strong but the capacity of the system country to bring back what was destroyed was limited. Improved the engineering work and the The reparation funds focused on building health conditions of the people. some institutions and public facilities like They established a modern research schools, hospitals and transportation university, the University of the Philippines. systems.  The reparation money from Japan was national center for marine science, fisheries, and other also concentrated on building highways related sciences. The College of Fisheries and Ocean and in providing technological training Sciences of the University of the Philippines Visayas is at and human resource development in the the forefront of fisheries education in the country. country. University of the Philippines – Manila – is the center The New Republic of excellence and has produced many researchers, doctors, health professionals, and scientists in the It has explored the use of ODA or Overseas area of medical and public health. Development Allocations from different scientific productivity and technological capabilities. Human University of the Philippines – Diliman – also has resource development is at the heart of these efforts established a national science and engineering focusing on producing more engineers, scientists, complex to develop more research and produce more technology experts, doctors, and other professionals in scientists and engineers in the country. the country. Government Policies on Science and Technology Influences in the development of Science and Technology in the Philippines The Philippine government introduced and implemented several programs, projects, and Goal: Prepare the whole country and its people to policies to boost the area of science and meet the demands of a technologically driven world technology. and capacitate the people to love in a world driven by science. The goal is to prepare the whole country and its people to meet the demands of a technologically driven world and capacitate the The Impact people to live in a world driven by science. Improving the quality of science education still remains The Department of Science and Technology (DOST) a big challenge in the country. School science from sought the expertise of the National Research basic education to graduate education is improving Council of the Philippines (NCRP) to consult various slowly, and there are only a few students enrolling in sectors in the society to study how the Philippines can science and technology courses. prepare itself in meeting the ASEAN Goals. There are many other areas and fields that the The NCRP is expected to recommend policies and country is looking forward to embark various programs that will improve the competitiveness of research and projects. The following are some of the Philippines in the ASEAN regio them. Use of alternative and safe energy sources. Harnessing mineral resources Finding cures for various diseases and illnesses. Climate change and global warming. Increasing food production Preservation of natural resources Coping with natural disasters and calamities Infrastructure development The University of the Philippines – Los Bańos is a science paradise for agriculture, forestry, plant and animal science, and veterinary science. It has produced numerous scientists and various research in the fields mentioned. University of the Philippines – Visayas – is also a