STS-LESSON-1.pdf

SCIENCE Fire was the most important discovery and invention of man in the Stone age. The use of fire led to various ways of preparing and co...

SCIENCE Fire was the most important discovery and invention of man in the Stone age. The use of fire led to various ways of preparing and cooking food and Latin word – Scientia means "knowledge” inventions of suitable food containers and utensils. Discovery of facts and relationships and then tries to create theories that make sense of these facts and relationships. 2. BRONZE AGE The pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world following a systematic methodology based on evidence. period of mining and metallurgy (The Science Council) first period in which metal was used The methodical examination of the physical and natural world's structure man began the smelting copper and alloying with tin or arsenic to make and behavior through experimentation, observation, and the testing of bronze tools and weapons. theories against gathered data weapons such as sword, axes, plows, locks, and chariot. bronze was harder and more durable than other metals available at the TECHNOLOGY time, thus providing civilizations to gain technological advantage Greek – techno means “method or system” The human attempt to apply scientific discoveries to create goods, 3. IRON AGE equipment, or machines that can benefit people and improve the world A period of time when the dominant tool making material was iron. A material product as result of scientific inquiry. Iron age technology is characterized by the production of tools and The application of knowledge in solving scientific and practical problem weaponry using ferrous metallurgy or iron working that will help humans to survive and improve their lives (Aldea, K.K., et al., 2022) Iron brought significant changes to daily life in ancient society from the way people grew crops to the way they fought wars SOCIETY ANCIENT TIMES An organized collection of people who have come together for political, religious, social, cultural, scientific, patriotic, or other reasons First civilization emerged independent of one another along fertile river of Tigris-Euphrates, Nile, and Yangtze river. People of each civilization developed a unique way of life, religion, form SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY of government, language and system of writing, arts, crafts, and advances in Science, Technology, and Society (STS) are also referred to as Science and science and technology such as astronomy, agriculture, medicine, Technology Studies. mathematics, engineering, and architecture. It is the study of how social, political, and cultural values affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how these, in return, affect Sumerian Civilization Science and Technology Development society. The Sumerian were the first to produce writing system called cuneiform STS deals with: (consist of pictograms or drawings representing actual things). problems with the relationships between scientific and technological The Sumerian clay tablet contains the historical information and culture innovations and society; of their civilization. directions and the risks of science and technology The potters’ wheel is a mechanical device that the Sumerians had Early humans were curious about their nature. invented shortly after 3500 B.C. as practical method of moving heavy objects from one location to another. They observed and started to record happenings in their environment to look for answers. Sumerians started using sail boats, needed water transportation for travel and trade. These steps allowed them to analyze and organized information which led to the understanding of science. Sumerians were considered as one of the first astronomers. Using these organized information, they started the primitive technology, Sumerians were also recognized for building the foundations of logic, which paved the way to the birth of technology. mathematics, engineering, architecture, agriculture, transportation, and medicine Sumerians also used sexagesimal system of counting in units of 60 which PRE-HISTORIC TIMES served as the basis of 360 degrees circle and the 60 minute hour. 1. STONE AGE They also developed systematized technique of farming: seed plow and Ancient humans were able to discover and invent tools from stones/rocks irrigation and convert wool from sheep made into textiles, then mastered the such as: arts of bleaching and dyeing. Flint, Chert, Basalt, Sandstone These tools developed gradually from single to all-purpose tools to highly Babylonian Civilization Science and Technology Development specialized types of tools for: Hammurabi Law serves as rule and standards which maintain a period of ✓ Cutting ✓ Chopping ✓ Scraping ✓ Sawing stability in this region. Stone tools were shaped/chipped/flaked to create flake, blades, hand axes, The Code consisted of 282 laws, with punishments that varied based on spears, darts, arrows, and other projectile weapons. social status (slaves, free men, and property owners). Wood, bone, shell, antler, and other materials were widely used as well. Hammurabi Law Other inventions also appeared such as needles and thread, skin clothing, 1. The death penalty for falsely accusing another person of a capital crime. harpoon, spear thrower, and special fishing equipment. 2. The death penalty for anyone who stole from a temple and for anyone who received stolen goods from a temple. 3. The death penalty for anyone who helped an enslaved person escape the Streets were drained and water and sewer facilities were available for city. upper class through clay pipes. constructed the famous “Hanging Gardens of Babylon” (one of the 7 Houses were built from sandstone, gypsum, or limestone often had flat wonders of the world) roof Even today we only have reports by writers who never actually saw the They are also into agriculture (crop and animal production). alleged world wonder, which is said to have been built around 600 B.C. and They also practiced polyculture. destroyed by an earthquake. The are also known to have a varied healthy diet that resulted in the Although no certain traces of the Hanging Gardens have been found, a healthy growth of their population. German archaeologist, Robert Koldewey, did uncover a series of foundation chambers and vaults in the northeastern corner of the palace at Babylon Greek Civilization Science and Technology Development The Babylonians are also famous for building the Isthar Gate or Ishtar Gate. Greece is known as the cradle of western civilization. Kept at Pergamon Museum in Berlin, Germany. Part of the Gate is on They gifted the world with important discoveries and inventions. public display, and part is kept in storage. Their contribution is the foundation of Olympic games (776 BC) The Babylonians contributed to the development of science and technology in the field of: irrigation system of canals flanked by earthen dikes, system of book keeping, double entry accounting, drew up multiplication and division tables and making calculations using geometry, make accurate predictions of solar and lunar eclipses and other astronomical phenomena. Egyptian Civilization Science and Technology Development Egyptians learned to heat metal ore (copper, gold, and bronze) and made developed astrolabe weapons, pottery, and utensils. established theatre, water clock, Greek fire (a flaming liquid used to Early Egyptians learned how to make glass (glass-blowing) destroy fleet of soldiers), levers, crane, water mill, catapult, and Archimedes screws used for lifting materials upwards. Wrote with ink and brushes on paper made of papyrus or other aquatic grasses developed a technique of surveying and mathematics Egyptians’ writing were in a form of pictorial symbols knows as Greek produced many philosophers like Hippocrates, Aristotle, hieroglyphics (Greek word for sacred carving). Archimedes, and Theophrastus. Their knowledge of human anatomy, physiology, surgery, and medicinal plants enabled them to master the art and science of embalming their dead. Roman Civilization Science and Technology Development They created a calendar based on the phases of the moon, consisting of 29 Romans used water power and windmills for making milled grain products and ½ days. (ex. Flour), sawing timber, and crushing ore. They were the first to divide the day into 24 hours. Romans exploited wood and coal for heating. They calculated the time by means of water clock. They constructed numerous aqueducts to supply water, dams, bridges, and Their interest in Astronomy was focused on the stars and early calendar amphitheaters. was based on the appearance and disappearance of the star Sirius. They studies astronomy, astrology, geography, and other sciences and used Agriculture was supported by extensive irrigation system and planted sundials to tell time and even created portable versions. wheat and barley. They also used tools for measuring, manual drills, and metal spikes. Build houses made of sun dried mud bricks. Advanced glass blowing techniques to create window glass, hanging glass Pyramids are monumental evidence of the scientific expertise and oil lamps, and other objects made of glass. technical skills in geometry, engineering, architecture, and labor Rome’s military benefited from technological improvements to weapon management. shields, armors, and other items. Their contributions were crucial to future They also build ships and construction of canals, dikes, ditches with outlet generations and have helped us to collect the knowledge we have today. system. They also raised different livestock and manufactured soaps, creams, oils, MEDIEVAL TIMES perfumes, and eye makeup.  Medieval times, Middle ages, and Dark ages generally refer to the same period of time from 500 to 1500 AD (1000 years). It covers the time Cretan (Minoan) Civilization Science and Technology Development from the fall of the Roman Empire to the rise of the Ottoman Empire. Minoans were mercantile people engaged in overseas trade of tin, alloyed  Europe experienced an intellectual revitalization, especially with regard of tin with copper, wine, oil, jewelry, and highly crafted works. to the investigation of the natural word and major technological advances. Minoans built the first major ship for the purpose of trading  Agricultural innovations comprise of heavy wheeled plough, three- They made sophisticated carved statues, ceramics, frescoes, jewels, and field crop rotation system, horse collar, stirrup, horseshoe Artesian inscription which revealed these knowledge of mathematics, engineering, well, and wheelbarrow were developed. and architecture that were applied scientifically and artistically  Military technology includes the counterweight trebuchet for hurling huge stones to very long distance; longbow and steel crossbow for They constructed a well drainage system, public halls, courtyards, and hunting and weapon; complete full plate armor for body protection religious shrines. and the skills involved in working metal.  Other inventions consists of vertical windmills, spectacles, mirrors, or theories. The systematic experimentation was slowly accepted by the mechanical clocks, hourglass, greatly improved water mills, scientific community. spinning wheel, blast furnace.  Scientific revolution led to the inventions of microscope, barometer,  Emergence of the first universities that trained middle class in theology, thermometer, and telescope. These instruments helped in the creation medicine, and law later on modern universities such as Oxford and of new intellectual knowledge such as: magnetism, electricity, Cambridge established during this time in England Heliocentric theory, elliptical orbit or celestial body, discovery of  A crisis happened during the Late Middle Ages with the Black Death planets and moons. that wiped out so many lives and affected the entire system. It brought sudden end to the previous period of massive scientific change. The plague killed 25-50% of the people in Europe, especially in the crowded The Scientific Revolution gave emphasis on the following theories: condition of the towns, where the heart of innovations laid. 1. Heliocentric theory of Nicolaus Copernicus. Symptoms: 2. The planets travel around the Sun in elliptical orbits, one focus of the Blood and pus seeped out of strange swellings, which were followed by a ellipse being occupied by the Sun of Kepler. host of other unpleasant symptoms— fever, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, 3. A planet moves in its orbit in such a manner that a line drawn from the terrible aches and pains—and then, in short order, death. planet to the Sun always sweeps out equal areas in equal times of Kepler.  Quarantine was introduced by the Republic of Ragusa (Croatia) to 4. The square of the period in which a planet orbits the Sun is proportional prevent the spreading of diseases like the Black Death. Venice began to the cube of its mean distance from the Sun of Kepler. quarantines, then practice spread around in Europe. 5. There are innumerable stars invisible to the naked eye, sunspots, phases of Venus, and Moons of Jupiter of Galileo. RENAISSANCE TIMES 6. The observation of minute living things that cannot be seen by the naked  The Renaissance was a time of creativity and rebirth of cultural and eye of Leeuwenhoek. intellectual pursuits centered in Italy during 1300s before spreading 7. The Law of Inertia states that if the vector sum of the forces acting on an throughout Europe. object is zero, then the object will remain at rest or remain moving at  The Renaissance produced a golden age with great advances in art, constant velocity of Newton. literature, science, geography, astronomy, chemistry, physics, mathematics, manufacturing, anatomy, and engineering, but most 8. The Law of Acceleration states that a net force on an object will importantly, it produced a new concept of how people thought of accelerate it – that is, change its velocity. The acceleration will be themselves and the world around them. proportional to the magnitude of the force and in the same direction as the  The most important technological innovation of the time was the force of Newton. invention of the printing press by Johann Gutenberg, it began 9. The Law of Interaction states that an object experiences a force because printing the Bible in every language. This invention led to higher it is interacting with some other objects. The force that object 1 exerts on literacy rate among people, and helped with the spread of Renaissance object 2 must be of the same magnitude but in the opposite direction as the ideas which gave birth to the invention of newspaper. force that object 2 exerts on object 1 in Newton.  Some important Renaissance technologies include both innovations and improvements on existing techniques and branches of science: mining 10. The Law of Universal Gravitation states that the pull of the Earth on and metallurgy: blast furnace, finery forge, slitting mill, arquebus, objects at its surface is its pull of gravity of Newton. firearms, musket, the inventions of nautical compass, mariner’s astrolabe, dry dock, and floating dock.  Alchemy refers to the transformation of other base substances such as Science and Technology during the Industrial Revolution Sulphur, or copper into gold and to discover a cure for disease and ways  Industrial Revolution was the transition to new technological processes of extending life. in Europe-Great Britain, and United States that took place during 1750-  In Medicine with an increase in experimental investigation, principally 1900. It is a historical period where the pace of change and innovation in the field of dissection and body examination thus advancing the appeared to speed up and the merger of technology with industry knowledge of human anatomy occurred.  Andreas Vesalius who described the anatomy of the brain and other  This lead to technical innovations of an array of new tools and machines. organs gave birth to Neurology. An outstanding feature of the Industrial Revolution has been the  William Harvey provided refined and complete description of the advance in POWER TECHNOLOGY. It was the most profound circulatory system and few effective drugs existed beyond opium and revolution in human history because of its sweeping impact on people’s quinine. daily lives. The following are some key inventions and innovations served to shape MODERN TIMES virtually every existing sector of human activity along Industrial lines. Science and Technology during the Scientific Revolution 1. The Energy and the power of wind and water during the early period of the Industrial Revolution, most industrial power was supplied by water  The scientific revolution was the appearance of modern science during and wind using waterwheel, windmills, and water turbine. The most popular the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, energy source was water power since it was used for grinding grain and astronomy, biology, and chemistry took place during the 16th and 17th other types of mill work during preindustrial Europe. centuries which transformed views of society and nature.  It began in Europe towards the end of the Renaissance period, 2. The Steam power or Steam engine was first installed for purpose of influencing the intellectual social movement known as the pumping water out of coal mines but now high-pressure engine had a high Enlightenment or ‘Age of Reason’ power making it suitable for transportation. A Watt steam engine because  During the ‘Enlightenment’, the concept of God, nature, humanity, and widely used in Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution. the notion that REASON was the most important element in our lives, 3. The discovery of Petroleum and Natural gases enhanced internal were synthesized worldview that gained wide assent in the West and that combustion engine lay in the need for a light locomotive engine. instigated revolutionary developments in art, philosophy, and politics  There were revolutionary developments that occurred, using scientific 4. The Internal combustion engine- the combustion of a fuel releases a methods sought to investigate or answer certain questions implied in the high-temperature gas, which as it expands, applies a force to a piston, framework of certain theories. moving it. Thus, combustion engines convert chemical energy into  Using experiment and observation to uncover phenomenon, discover mechanical work. The engine steered in the Industrial Age, which enabled new ideas, new inventions that began to disprove inadequate old beliefs the invention of a huge variety of machines, including modern cars and aircraft. 5. The development of electricity as a source of power preceded this 2. Electronics have been fundamental in developing innovative conjunction with steam power late in the 19th century. communications devices such as radio, intercoms, television, headphones, microphones, and laser. 6. Agriculture technology such as seed drill and plough, crop rotation system and animal husbandry bring about a substantial increase in 3. An airplane was invented by the Wright bothers, Wilbur and Orville. agricultural productivity capable of feeding a rapidly growing population It is a powered fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a with improved nutrition. jet engine or propeller. Commercial airlines are a massive industry involving the flying of tens of thousands of passengers daily. The extensive 7. The Textile industry was the dominant industry of the Industrial uses of airplanes include recreation, transportation of goods and people, Revolution in terms of employment, especially in the production of fabrics military, and research. and cotton. The boom in productivity began with a few technical devices, including the spinning jenny, spinning mule, power loom, and cotton gin. 4. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive medical test that Steam power was applied to operate these machines and other specialized physicians use to diagnose medical conditions or presence of certain disease equipment. and abnormalities or monitor treatment for a variety of conditions within the body. It uses a powerful magnetic field, radio waves or pulses, and a 8. In order to be efficient in delivering agricultural products, overland roads computer to produce detailed pictures of the inside of your body such as were improved, canals were dug to create maritime corridors between organs, soft tissues, bones, and virtually all other internal body structures. existing waterways and railroads were constructed. Wagon, automobile rail transit and the early airplane were manufactured. 5. The Internet was the work of dozens of pioneering scientists, programmers, and engineers. This technology paved the way for wireless 9. Manufacturing of chemicals such as sulphuric acid used for picking communication, which helps the users to learn news and information both (removing rust) iron and steel, explosives, bleaching solutions, sodium locally and globally. This technology, with its new features eventually carbonate, solvents, fertilizers, and medicines, including pharmaceuticals merged to become the “information superhighway” we know today. were established. 6. Optic fiber is used by many telecommunication companies to transmit 10. Metallurgy: there are more changes in the metal industries during the telephone signals, Internet communication, and cable television signals. Industrial Revolution era, it was the replacement of wood and other bio- Today, optic fiber is present in virtually every nation on the Earth, forming fuels with coal. For a given amount of heat, coal required much less labor to absolute strength of the modern communications infrastructure. mine than cutting wood and converting it to charcoal, and coal was more abundant than wood. 7. Air Conditioning System – in 1902, an engineer from New York names Willis Carrier invented the first modern air conditioning system, which sent 11. Machine tools: screw cutting lathe, cylinder boring machine and the air through water-cooled coils, it was designed to control humidity. In 1922, milling machine created a demand for metal parts used in machinery which he followed up with the invention of the centrifugal chiller. Carrier’s led to the development of several machine tools. innovation shaped 20th century America. 12. Invention of cement by heating mixture of clay and limestone wo about 8. 3D Metal Printing is one of the advances in technology that provide 1400°C, which is then mixed with water, sand, and gravel to produce instant metal fabrication. This innovation enables the ability to create large, concrete. Cement is used on a large scale in the construction of buildings. intricate metal structures on demand and therefore could revolutionize 13. In glass making, a new method of producing glass known as the manufacturing. cylinder blown sheet was invented to make window pane glass and plate 9. Genetic engineering or Generic modification is a process of modifying glass. the genetic material of a certain organism by inserting new gene into it. The 14. The discovery of atomic nucleus in 1911 and the numerous subatomic resulting new organism is called Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) particles including electron opened up the field of atomic and nuclear that shows changes in it according to the gene’s function in the body. The physics. GMOs are produced using recombinant DNA technology and cloning technology. 15. The development of biochemistry and molecular biology paved the way to the recognition of important biological processes at molecular level 10. Artificial Embryos are made from stem cells alone without using egg and the discovery of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), a molecule that carries or sperm cells. It is a breakthrough that will open new possibilities for the genetic material of the living things. understanding how life comes into existence but clearly also raises vital ethical and even philosophical problems. 16. Modern medicine has profited this explosion of knowledge in biology and biochemistry which led to the development of new methods of treating diseases ranging from production of penicillin, insulin, and a vast array of drugs to pacemakers for weak hearts and implantation of artificial or donated organs. 17. In Astronomy, larger telescopes were invented and used to study the sun and the huge collection of stars called the Milky Way. Through space travel, astronomers were able to study and discover the nature of universe beyond Earth. The space age began with the launch of the first artificial satellites in 1957. A human first went into space in 1961. Since then cosmonauts and astronauts have ventured into space for further study of the universe. Science and Technology in 20th Century There are heaps of developments of science and technology during this century and it keeps on upgrading. The following are some of the remarkable invention that had major impact/s on human being: 1. The electronics industry was introduced in the early 20th century and had greatly advanced. The complex device like computers before could fill an entire room, but now it can be carried in an attaché case, and it is even included in the cell phone. The electronic computer has become one of the important tools of the modern industry. A computer is an electronic machine that accepts information, stores it, processes it according to the instructions provided by a user, and then returns the result.