Biodiversity and GMOs PowerPoint PDF

Biodiversi Chapter 3 ty Genetically& Modified Organisms Prepared by: (GMO) Ms. Rosean A. Batas & Mr. Michael Sabellon Instructors Learning Objectives At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: Determine the interrel...

Biodiversi Chapter 3 ty Genetically& Modified Organisms Prepared by: (GMO) Ms. Rosean A. Batas & Mr. Michael Sabellon Instructors Learning Objectives At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: Determine the interrelatedness of society, environment, and health; Explain the process of genetic engineering; Discuss different implications, issues and impact of GMOs  Introduction The World Wide Fund for Nature and Zoological Society of London reported an annual decrease in wildlife by 2%. Major cause is human population which has doubted in number since 1960 to 7.4 billion. Marco Lambertini, the General Director of WWF International described that the disappearance of wildlife is at an unprecedented rate. Mass extinction is described as the disappearance of species at a rate of 1,000 faster than Disappearance of species in a certain environment causes an imbalance in the ecosystem, producing more chaotic changes that harm the entire ecosystem. (Inquirer.net,2016) BIO DIVERSITY means “life” means “variety”  Whatis isall -Biodiversity theBiodiversity? different kinds of life you’ll find in one area, the variety of animals, plants, fungi and even microorganisms like bacteria that make up our natural word.  TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY Ecosystem Diversity Genetic Diversity Species Diversity  ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY This refers to variation among groups pf organisms in terrestrial and aquatic environments.  SPECIES DIVERSITY This denotes about variety of species within a community.  GENETIC DIVERSITY This pertains to variation in genes contained by an organism. Let’s Think About This! Why biodiversit y is important?  Why Each is species it important? and organisms work together in ecosystems, to maintain balance and support life. Biodiversity supports everything in nature that we need to survive: food, clean water, medicine and  What is an Ecosystem? An ecosystem is a geographic area where plants, animals and other organisms as well as the weather and landscapes , work/ interact together to form a bubble of life.  What is an Ecosystem? Contains of biotic or living things and abiotic or non living things. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Defined as the vast variety of life forms in the entire Earth. Enhances ecosystem productivity where species no matter how small, all have Exampl  e: A number of plant species means greater variety of crops  Greater species diversity ensures natural sustainability for all life forms  Healthy ecosystems can better withstand and recover from variety of disasters.  Ecosystem services 1. Protection of water resources 2. Soils formation and protection 3. Nutrient storage and recycling 4. Pollution breakdown and absorption 5. Contribution to climate stability 6. Maintenance of ecosystems 7. Recovery from unpredictable event  CHANGES IN BIODIVERSITY Changes to biodiversity can have severe and unpredictable effects on the health of all living things, including human beings. Example: Clearing of land may reduce plants and other organisms and if disasters occurs , no one could withstand and preserved the ecosystems anymore  THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY 1. Habitat loss and destruction 2. Alterations in ecosystem composition 3. Over-exploitation 4. Pollution and contamination 5. Global climate change -Consequences of biodiversity loss -Nutritional Impact of Biodiversity *Biodiversity is a vital element of a human being’s nutrition because of its influence to food production. (WHO) *-Health, Biology, and Biodiversty  ENVIRONMENT-RELATED ILLNESSES  changes in biodiversity will banish all this contribution and will expose human beings to different kinds of diseases.  According to research, loss in biodiversity affects human health, such as mental health ailments, depression, Parkinson's disease, heart disease, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, diabetes, obesity, occupational injuries, dysentery, arthritis and malaria  Let’s Practice! 1. What are small ways that you think would promote safekeeping our biodiversity? 2. What do you think are the common human activities that can harm biodiversity? 3. What would be the consequences if these human activities might be stopped and prohibited?  Activity Concept Mapping. List down several concepts that the society or human beings benefit from biodiversity. On the other circle, enumerate the different challenges and disadvantages that biodiversity suffers as we work our way to acquire the benefits. On the space where the two circles meet, list down possible ways and strategies on how we could acquire these benefits and needs without compromising the growth process of biodiversity GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS: SCIENCE, HEALTH, AND POLITICS  In 1951, genetic engineering was coined by Jack Williamson, author of the science fiction novel Dragon’s Island.  Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)  Term used for an organism created through genetic engineering.  GMO as an organism, either plant, animal, or microorganism, in which the genetic material (DNA) has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating or natural recombination. (WHO, 2014)  GMOs in Food and Agricultural Industries 1. Pest resistance  Genetically modified plants to resist certain pests. Bt Corn  GMOs in Food and Agricultural Industries 2. Virus resistance  Genetically modified plants to resist certain viruses. Ex. GM Papaya or Rainbow papaya  GMOs in Food and Agricultural Industries 3. Herbicide tolerance  Genetically modified plants to tolerate herbicide. Ex. Roundup ready soybean  GMOs in Food and Agricultural Industries 4. Fortification  Genetically modified plants fortified with certain minerals. Ex. Golden rice  GMOs in Food and Agricultural Industries 5. Cosmetic preservation  Genetically modified plants resist natural discoloration Ex. Arctic Apple  GMOs in Food and Agricultural Industries 6. Increase growth rate  Genetically modified organism that has higher yield in growth than normal species. Ex. AquAdvantage salmon  GMOs in Non-Food Crops and Microorganisms 1. Flower production  Modified color and extended vase life of flowers Ex. Blue Roses  GMOs in Non-Food Crops and Microorganisms 2. Paper production  Modified characteristics of trees for higher yield of paper production Ex. Poplar trees  GMOs in Non-Food Crops and Microorganisms 3. Pharmaceutical productions  Modified plants to produce pharmaceutical products. Periwinkle plants  GMOs in Non-Food Crops and Microorganisms 4. Bioremediation  Use of modified plants that can resist in the bioremediation of polluted sites.  Ex. Shrub tobacco  GMOs in Non-Food Crops and Microorganisms 5. Enzyme and drug production  Use of modified microorganisms that can produce enzymes for food processing and medicines. CGTase  GMOs in Non-Food Crops and Microorganisms 6. GMOs in the medical field  Genetic engineering is playing a significant role from diagnosis to treatment of human-dreaded diseases. Humulin  Benefits of GMOs  Higher efficiency in farming  Increase in harvest  Control in fertility  Increase in food processing  Improvement of desirable characteristics  Nutritional and pharmaceutical enhancement  Reduce the use of fertilizer and pesticides  Potential Risks of GMOs 1. Since genetic engineering is still a young branch of science, there are inadequate studies on the effects of GMOs to humans and the environment.  Potential Risks of GMOs 2. Genetic engineering promotes mutation in organisms which the long term effect is still unknown,  Potential Risks of GMOs 3. Human consumption of GMOs might have the following effects:  More allergic reactions  Gene mutation  Antibiotic resistance  Nutritional value Potential Environmental Risks Caused by GMOs 1. Risk in gene flow 2. Emergence of new forms of resistance and secondary pests and weed problems 3. Recombination of Virus and Bacteria to produce new pathogens  Other direct and indirect Environmental Risks Caused by GMOs 1. Direct environmental risks are:  Introduction of the GMOs in the natural environment may cause disruption of the natural communities through competition or interference;  Other direct and indirect Environmental Risks Caused by GMOs  The possibility of unexpected behavior of the GMOs in the environment if it escapes its intended use and may post threats or become pest.  Other direct and indirect Environmental Risks Caused by GMOs  May cause harmful effects to ecosystem processes if GMOs interfere with the natural biochemical cycles  Persistence of GMO genes after its harvest which may cause negative impacts to the consumer of GMO products.  Other direct and indirect Environmental Risks Caused by GMOs 2. Indirect environmental risks are:  Alteration of agricultural practices like managing negative impacts of GMOs to the environment such as evolution of insects, pests, and weeds that became resistant to GMOs crops  Other direct and indirect Environmental Risks Caused by GMOs  May have impacts to biodiversity caused by the alteration in agricultural practices;  May have varied environmental impacts due to GMOs interaction and release in the natural environment. Potential Human Health Risks Caused by GMOs  Consumption of GMOs may have adverse effects since it is not naturally or organically produced.  Consumption of GMOs may alter the balance of existing microorganisms in the human digestive system Potential Human Health Risks Caused by GMOs  Production of toxins may be detrimental to human health;  Production of allergens may have adverse effects on humans. Potential Risks that raise major concern are:  Human Genome Project (HGP)  Mutation of genetically engineered microorganisms  Cloning  GMOs in Philippine Context  The GMO concern started in the 1990s with the creation of the National Committee on Biosafety of the Philippines (NCBP) through Executive Order No. 430 of 1990. GMOs in Philippine Context  In 2002, the Department of Agriculture release Administrative Order No. 8, the guideline for the importation and release into the environment of GM plants and plant product.  GMOs in Philippine Context  The Philippines was marked to be the first country in Asia to approved commercial cultivation of GMOs when GM corn planting was approved in 2002 (Serapio and Dela Cruz, 2016)  GMOs in Philippine Context  In 2004, the Philippines was classified by International Service for acquisition of agri- biotech applications  Sen. Juan Flavier, authored a bill on the mandatory labelling of food and food products with GMOs.  GMOs in Philippine Context  In 2006, Philippines became part of the Cartegana Protocol on Biosafety  Executive Order No. 514 was issued to address the biosafety requirements. GMOs in Philippine Context  GMOs in Philippine Context  In March 7, 2016, five government agencies namely, the DOST, Department of Agriculture, DENR, DOH, DILG, passed a Joint Department Circular No. 1, s. 2016 on rules and regulations for the research and development, handling and use, transboundary movement. References: cloning - Google Zoeken. (n.d.). https://www.google.com/search?q=cloning Serafica, J.P.J, Pawilen, G.T, Caslib, B.N, Alata, E.J.P (2018). “Science, Technology and Society” Thank You!