STS 100 Science, Technology, and Society Finals 2024 PDF

STS 100 - SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY (2024) FINALS TRANSES Ma’am Nicefora Tubera decades and continuation. OUTLINE I. II. III. IV. V. Climate Change Food Insecurity Weapons of Mass Destruction Medical Ethics Nanotechnology I. CLIMATE CHANGE OBJECTIVES The students will be able to: State the me...

STS 100 - SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY (2024) FINALS TRANSES Ma’am Nicefora Tubera decades and continuation. OUTLINE I. II. III. IV. V. Climate Change Food Insecurity Weapons of Mass Destruction Medical Ethics Nanotechnology I. CLIMATE CHANGE OBJECTIVES The students will be able to: State the meaning of climate change, global warming, and greenhouse effect; Identify the cause of climate change; Describe the impact of climate change to the society and environment; and State the possible solution to minimize the implication of climate change. Is a change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns when that change lasts for an extended period of time. And it already had observable effects on the environment: ○ Glaciers have shrunk ○ Plant and animal ranges have shifted ○ Trees are flowering sooner ○ Global temperature rise ○ More intense heat waves ○ Water acidification ○ And Extreme events One manifestation of climate change Refers to the increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s near-surface air and oceans in recent Refers to recent warming and implies a human influence Mining Wrong practices in agriculture (like burning of crop) Illegal logging Burning of fossil fuel Deforestation Too much car that emits carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide And producing industrial waste. Those are believed to be the sources of greenhouse gases that in the long run cause the climate change. THE GREENHOUSE GASES AND EFFECT CLIMATE CHANGE projected CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE CLIMATE CHANGE its Small amounts of heat trapping gases such as water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), ozone (O3), methane (CH4), and chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs) play a key role in determining the Earth’s average temperature and thus its climates. Together, these gases are known as greenhouse gases. They allow light, infrared radiation, and some ultraviolet radiation from the sun to pass through the troposphere. The earth's surface the absorbs much of this solar energy and degrade it to longer wave infrared radiation (that is heat), which then rises into the troposphere, some of this heat escapes into space, some is absorbed by molecules of greenhouse gases, warming the air. This natural trapping of heat in the troposphere is called greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect first proposed by Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius BUMATAY, CO, DUKA, LINDO, OLARTE, TABANAO, TENORIO BSN-2N 1 in 1896, has been confirmed by numerous laboratory experiments and atmospheric measurements. Significance: the earth would be a cold and lifeless planet with an average surface temperature of -18 C Measured atmospheric levels of certain greenhouse gases - CO2, CFCs, methane, and nitrous oxide have risen substantially in recent decades - caused by human activities: burning fossil fuels, agriculture, deforestation, and use of CFCs. leaking air conditioners and refrigerators, evaporation of industrial solvents. NITROUS OXIDE CONCENTRATION Nitrous oxide can trap heat in the troposphere and deplete ozone in the stratosphere. It is released from nylon production, burning of biomass and nitrogen fertilizers in soil, livestock wastes. CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION Carbon dioxide is responsible for 50-60% of the global warming from greenhouse gases produced by human activities since pre-industrial times. The main sources refossil fuel burning: coal, oil and natural gas (75%) and land clearing and burning (25%). Carbon dioxide (CO2) is nevertheless the main driver of the greenhouse effect. Because of this the layer of greenhouse gas is getting thicker, which is in turn making the Earth warmer. What is the scientific consensus about future global warming and its effects? CHLOROFLUOROCARBON Contribute to global warming in the troposphere and deplete ozone in the stratosphere. The main sources are leaking air conditioners and refrigerators, evaporation of industrial solvents. According to IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) the earth's mean surface temperature will rise 1- 3 5 °C between 1990 and 2100. The northern hemisphere should warm more and faster than the southern hemisphere because the latter has more heat absorbing ocean than the land and because water cools more slowly than land METHANE CONCENTRATION Contribute to Methane is produced when anaerobic bacteria break down organic matter in moist places that lack oxygen. These areas include swamps and other natural wetlands, rice paddies and landfills, intestinal tract of cattle, sheep, and termites. Global warming in the troposphere and deplete ozone in the stratosphere. The main sources are SOME POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF A WARM WORLD: Changes in food production; reduce water supplies Change in the makeup and location of many world's forests. Can cause massive wild fires Reduction in biodiversity due to loss of habitat; destroying the coral reefs BUMATAY, CO, DUKA, LINDO, OLARTE, TABANAO, TENORIO BSN-2N 2 Water in the oceans would expand and lead to rise in sea level. Warming at the poles caused ice sheets and glaciers to melt, the global sea level would rise far more; melting of polar ice caps Weather extremes are expected to increase in number and severity Poses threats to human health, affects the respiratory tract increasing air pollution in winter months. Drought Lead to a growing number of environment refugees. Causing social disorder and political instability. would require developed countries to cut greenhouse emissions by the average of 0.2% below 1990 levels between 2008-2012; allow emission trading, in which a country that beats its target goal for reducing greenhouse gas emissions can sell its excess reductions to countries that failed to meet their reduction goals; allow forested countries to get a break in their quotas because trees absorb carbon dioxide; allow penalties for countries that violate the treaty, to be determined later. HOW CAN WE LOWER DOWN THE POSSIBLE OUTCOME OF GLOBAL WARMING? Get involved - cut fossil fuel use in half Improve energy efficiency; switch off light when not in use Shift to renewable energy resources Reduce deforestation Use sustainable agriculture Slow population growth Remove carbon dioxide from smoke stack and vehicle emissions Plant and tend trees; green your community Trim production of industrial waste; encourage practices of 3R's Full implementation of laws concerning conservation of the environment and the planet Earth. What has been done to greenhouse gas emissions: reduce In 1922 Earth summit in Rio de Janeiro, 106 nations approved a Convention on Climate Change, in which developed countries committed themselves to reducing their emission of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. In December 1997 representatives of 160 nations met in Kyoto, Japan to negotiate a new treaty to help slow global warming. The resulting treaty BUMATAY, CO, DUKA, LINDO, OLARTE, TABANAO, TENORIO BSN-2N 3 II. FOOD INSECURITY It refers to the state of being without consistent access to an adequate quantity of affordable access to food. AVAILABILITY Stability of the other three dimensions over time. Philippines “Food Hunger” MALNUTRITION Imbalances of macro/micronutrients intake of POVERTY Cause of hunger, lack of adequate, and proper nutrition What is being done? DepEd (Department of Education) ○ Feeding programs in schools ○ Bill seeking ban of soft drinks in schools DSWD (Department of Social Welfare and Development) ○ Feeding programs in schools ○ Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program DOH (Department of Health) ○ Sangkap Pinoy Seal Program Operation Timbang NNC (National Nutrional Council) ○ Philippine Plan of Action for Nutrition NFA (National Food Authority) ○ Ensuring Food Security of the Philippines NCP (Nutrion Center Philippines) ○ Nutri-Pan Eskwelahan 8.8 million families consider they are food insecure Rice and corn in their diet UNCERTAINTY The way the body makes the most of various nutrients in food. STABILITY Between Chronic and Transitory Seasonal Fluctuation Cropping Patterns Labour Demand Disease HUNGER This is the economic and physical access. UTILIZATION “Supply Side” of Food Security ACCESS SEASONAL FOOD INSECURITY The ability to acquire suitable foods in freely satisfactory ways is limited INSUFFICIENCY Perception of Malnutrition 2200 calories a day 8.8 million American families suffer food insecurity DURATION OF FOOD INSECURITY CHRONIC FOOD INSECURITY Long term or persistent Access to education and productive sources TRANSITORY FOOD INSECURITY of the Short-term and temporary Intervention BUMATAY, CO, DUKA, LINDO, OLARTE, TABANAO, TENORIO BSN-2N 4 NGO’S (Non-Governmental Organization) LGU’S (Local Government Unit) ADDITIONAL NOTES “Central African Republic is the Hungriest Country in the World” (Global Hunger Index, 2017) BUMATAY, CO, DUKA, LINDO, OLARTE, TABANAO, TENORIO BSN-2N 5 III. WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION NUCLEAR WEAPON Device that is designed to be used in fighting an enemy of war to cause bodily harm to another Defend oneself from attackers WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION Used to describe different kinds of weapons with two important characteristics: ○ The ability to produce large-scale destruction ○ They do not choose who they want to attack which affects usually the civilians WEAPON MAKING A part of a country’s activity An art and craft A symbol of strength and power of a country Used as a defense Undergoes evolution RADIOLOGICAL Nuclear Weapons Chemical Warfare Agents Biological Warfare Agents FOUR KINDS OF WMD I. Weapon that uses harmful biological agent (pathogenic microorganism / neurotoxin / virus / bacteria) to cause death or disease on a large scale CHEMICAL Weapon containing any of several chemical compounds like chlorine gas, mustard gas, of which some are toxic agents, that are intended to kill, injure, or incapacitate an enemy. SMALL POX Caused by Variola Virus Speaks through direct contact with an infected person’s skin or bodily fluids, air in closed, confined areas, and contaminated snail mail. Classified as Category A biological weapon by The Center For Disease Control and Prevention due to its high mortality rate and easily transmitted through the air. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS BIOLOGICAL Devices that spread dangerous radioactive materials that is wrapped around a conventional explosive to spread toxic radiation. BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION THREE TYPES OF WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION (Laura Reed) Weapon combining materials with a radiological conventional explosive device. Considered as the greatest weapons of mass destruction ever created FISSION, or REACTION. high fevers body aches rash (develops from fluid-filled bumps and when healed it produces scabs to permanent, pitted scars) ANTIDOTE Isolate the patient until all scabs have fallen off (304 weeks after rash onset) to prevent transmission of the virus Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance to avoid dehydration Give medications for fever and pain Give food rich in nutrition Skin lesions should be properly treated Monitor complications and treat them immediately BUMATAY, CO, DUKA, LINDO, OLARTE, TABANAO, TENORIO BSN-2N 6 Vaccination to prevent severe transmission of smallpox and in case of death Corpse should be cremated Health workers: should wear protective clothing, face mask, gloves and these should be properly disposed or sterilized Pregnant woman: should not receive smallpox vaccination Women should be advised against becoming pregnant for 4 weeks after smallpox vaccination II. One of the deadliest and most feared agent of biological weapon Caused by a bacteria called Bacillus Antracis (found naturally in some animals in low levels but when its spores are inhaled by humans, it becomes deadly) Fever Malaise Fatigue Coughing Internal bleeding Blood poisoning Meningitis ANTIDOTE Large doses of intravenous and oral antibiotics (such as fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin), doxycycline, erythromycin, vancomycin, or penicillin) III. EBOLA VIRUS A killer virus that cause hemorrhagic fevers marked by severe bleeding Hit the news in the late 1970s Spread through Zaire and Sudan, killing hundreds. Got its name from the EBOLA RIVER (near one of the villages in the Democratic Republic of Congo where the disease was first discovered) Infects others through direct contact with blood or other bodily secretions. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS ANTHRAX SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Between 2-21 days Headache Muscle ache Sore throat Weakness Diarrhea Vomiting Some: internal and external bleeding 60 and 90 percent dies after 7 to 16 days while some patients recover better than others ANTIDOTE No cure for Ebola Only proper medical management such as avoiding people who are exposed to it and maintain balance of fluids and electrolytes and oxygen Blood transfusion and treatment for other infections IV. PLAGUE Also called Black Death Killed half of the population of Europe in the 14th century Caused by a bacterium Yersinia Pestis, which was transmitted to humans by infected rats Exists in two main straints Bubonic ○ spreads by bites from infected fleas ○ can be transmitted from person to person through contact with infected bodily fluids. ○ named for the swollen glands, or buboes, around the groin, armpit, and neck that is accompanied by fever, chills, headache, and exhaustion. Pneumonic ○ less common and spreads through the air by coughs, sneezes, and face-to-face contact. BUMATAY, CO, DUKA, LINDO, OLARTE, TABANAO, TENORIO BSN-2N 7 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS VI. Symptoms of Bubonic occur within 2 or 3 days and last between 1 and 6 days; 70 percent die within the first 24 hours if not treated. Symptoms of Pneumonic high fever, cough, bloody mucus, difficulty breathing. ANTIDOTE Antibiotics (for bubonic plague) Patients are advised to hospitalized in isolation. V. be SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Fever Chills Headache Diarrhea Muscle aches Joint pain Dry cough Progressive weakness Pneumonia can be developed If left untreated: respiratory failure, shock and death can follow ANTIDOTE Not transferred between human hosts but can be spread very rapidly between animal hosts and humans or when used in aerosol form Easily treated with Antibiotics or prevented with a vaccine Caused by a bacteria Clostridium Botulinum that contains deadly botulinum toxin Colorless and odorless in air Spores are found in fruits, vegetables, and seafood Considered harmless but when they begin to grow, they produce deadly toxin. Humans are exposed to the toxin through the consumption of contaminated foods SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS TULAREMIA Also called Rabbit Fever Caused by the bacterium Francisella Tularensis One of the most infectious bacteria on Earth. Humans can become infected through bites of tick and deer fly, skin contact with infected animals, drinking contaminated water, and inhalation of contaminated aerosols or agricultural dusts BOTULINUM TOXIN Blurred vision Vomiting Difficulty swallowing ANTIDOTE Antitoxin drugs (to prevent the disorder from worsening, but recovery still takes many weeks) VII. RICE BLAST A kind of crop disease Caused by the fungus Pyricularia Oryzae (also known as Magnaporthe grisea) Makes leaves of plants that were exposed to the fungus develop grayish lesions with buildup of thousands of fungal spores Does not kill instantly, but low food production could lead to severe hunger in poorer counties, as well as loses In income. ANTIDOTE Develop fungus resistant plant varieties Do not use excessive fertilizer Irrigate the soil regularly Plant early Use Silicon fertilizers (calcium silicate) as alternative fertilizer they BUMATAY, CO, DUKA, LINDO, OLARTE, TABANAO, TENORIO BSN-2N 8 help can be applied to soils that can help reduce blast Apply appropriate fungicide to infected plants VIII. RINDERPEST A German name A pest caused by a virus similar to Measles. Affects mostly cattle and other ruminant animals such as goats, bison, and giraffes. Highly contagious disease, characterized with fever, loss of appetite, dysentery, and inflammation of the mucus membranes. Condition gets serious for 6 to 10 days after exposure until the animal suffers dehydration. ANTIDOTE There is no known treatment Animals exposed to it are required to be isolated and slaughtered Vaccination can be administered if directed by the authorities Proper disposal of dead animals and contaminated material Maintain cleanliness and proper sanitation of cattle farms Using disinfectants like Sodium hypochlorite (a 3% household bleach can kill RPV virus) IX. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Fever Muscle pain NIPAH VIRUS Caused by the Nipah Virus in 1999 Resulted to an outbreak in Nipah region of Malaysia (infected 265; killing 105) Virus naturally occurs in fruit bats May be spread through close physical contact or contaminated body fluids. Lasts 6 to10 days Classified as Category C biological weapon Limited to supportive care CHEMICAL WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION ANTIDOTE Encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) SEVERE CASES: drowsiness, disorientation, convulsions, ultimately Composed of toxic chemical contained in a bomb that can cause death, injury, temporary incapacitation or sensory irritation through chemical action Chemical Weapons of Mass Destruction are controlled and affected by: ○ Freshness ○ Purity ○ Weather conditions ○ Wind direction ○ Means of dissemination ○ Other factors They are called: nerve agents, blister agents, choking agents = all of them can irritate the eyes, lungs or skin. Effects: ○ Immediate failure of the respiratory or nervous system ○ Skin irritation ○ Headaches ○ Heart palpitations ○ Respiratory difficulty ○ Vomiting ○ Convulsions Forms: Liquids, Vapors, Gases, Aerosols I. NIPAH VIRUS Also called GB colorless, odorless nerve gas considered an organophosphate chemical, a potent pesticide tasteless, odorless, colorless liquid that has no odor in its pure form BUMATAY, CO, DUKA, LINDO, OLARTE, TABANAO, TENORIO BSN-2N 9 which was developed in Germany by Gerhard Schrader in 1938. Can evaporate into a vapor (gas) and spread into the environment Highly poisonous chemical that kills because it interferes with signaling within the nervous system by suffocation. ANTIDOTE Exposure to Atropine and Pralidoxime for nerve agent against toxicity. II. SOMAN A combination of Sarin and Lewisite, an effective blistering agent More expensive to produce than sarin Colorless liquid, becomes dark brown if aged Tasteless but has been variously described as having a sweet, musty, fruity, spicy, or nutty smell. More deadly than sarin and tabun Considered a volatile substance effective mainly through inhalation. III. O-ethyl S-diisopropyl aminomethyl methylphosphonothiolate Brownish in liquid form Vapors are odorless A very toxic nerve gas, an extremely toxic chemical agent Used as a nerve gas which causes convulsions, loss of consciousness, paralysis and failure of the respiratory system leading to death. 100 times more deadly than sarin Ranaji Ghosh – first synthesized VX; a chemist working for Imperial Chemical Industries in Britain. Atropine and Pralidoxime Injected sedative/antiepil eptic such as diazepam IV. Discovered by a German chemist, Gerhard Schrader, sometime in 1937. Colorless or brownish liquid, and odorless as a vapor. Classified as an organophosphate and originally intended to be used as a pesticides Considered among the easiest of nerve gases to manufacture Can be mixed with water Can be used to poison water or food and it can be inhaled when released into the air SIGNS OF EXPOSURE: visual disturbance, runny nose, chest tightness, nausea, vomiting, and convulsions. LARGE DOSE EXPOSURE: can lead to loss of consciousness, convulsions, paralysis, and respiratory failure, which can lead to death. ANTIDOTE Administration Pralidoxime VX ANTIDOTE TABUN V. of Atropine and ZYKLON B Poison gas invented in Germany by Fritz Haver A type of hydrogen cyanide used by the Nazis to kill war victims inside gas chamber during World War II. Colorless vapor at normal temperatures with a smell like bitter almonds. Hydrogen Cyanides – has high toxicity and in sufficient concentrations rapidly leads to death. ANTIDOTE Amyl nitrite Sodium nitrite Sodium thiosulfate VI. MUSTARD AGENTS First used near the end of World War I. BUMATAY, CO, DUKA, LINDO, OLARTE, TABANAO, TENORIO BSN-2N 10 Exposure to it cause severe eye and lung damage. Chemical compound is often called “blister agents” because their injuries usually resemble burns or blisters. Sulfur Mustard – commonly known as Mustard Gas have the ability to form large blisters on exposed skin and in the lungs; sometimes smells like garlic, onions, or mustard and sometimes has no odor. Mustard Gas – exposure can cayuse 2nd and 3rd degree chemical burns. FISSION WEAPONS FUSION WEAPONS ANTIDOTE No antidote for mustard exposure The best thing to do is to avoid it by leaving the area immediately where the sulfur mustard is present Go to a higher ground, because sulfur mustard being heavier than air, will settle in low-lying areas. Atoms are split The core of a fission bomb is made of either Plutonium, or highly enriched Uranium. During fission, when the heavy nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei, extra neutrons are released. If these neutrons are absorbed by other nuclei, they can, in turn, also releasing neutrons and setting off what is known as a Chain Reaction. Often known as hydrogen bombs — deuterium and tritium Two isotopes of hydrogen are fused together to create heavier atoms. Can only happen at extremely high temperatures and pressure. There is no theoretical limit to the explosive force of a fusion weapon. CHEMICAL WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS CHEMICAL WEAPON BLAST Just like conventional bombs Meant to cause extreme damage through an explosion that releases a large amount of energy in a short period of time. Explosion is created by changing the atoms themselves, either by splitting them or fusing them together to create new atoms that release tremendous heat. Some countries all over the world possess about 30,00 nuclear weapons Since 1945, no nuclear weapon has been used in a conflict although possession of them is a symbol of strength and prestige and can be used during diplomatic bargaining. Refers to the very fast release of energy in an explosion producing a shock wave equivalent to several thousand pounds of pressure per square inch (psi), devastating force that can break most objects on earth. DIRECT NUCLEAR RADIATION A form of energy with a combination of heat and light. The light produced by a nuclear explosion can be seen from hundreds of miles away, so intense that it can make sand explode, blind people many miles away, ignite flammable materials at large distances, and burn human skin. THERMAL RADIATION TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTION THAT CAN BE USED TO MAKE NUCLEAR WEAPONS Releases several forms of radiations such as gamma, alpha and beta particles. BUMATAY, CO, DUKA, LINDO, OLARTE, TABANAO, TENORIO BSN-2N 11 Gamma Rays and Neutrons – can easily penetrate or pass through solid objects and can be deadly Beta and Alpha Particles – are generally less dangerous, having much shorter ranges – several meters and several centimeters, respectively. THERMAL RADIATION Consists of large number of particles, which are propelled upward in the blast and becomes irradiated, or contaminated with radiation during the explosion. The rising and descending debris forms the mushroom cloud that follow a nuclear explosion. EFFECTS OF RADIATION ON HUMANS Affect the cells Death Cancer Glow in the dark Eye cataract Infertility Hair loss RADIOLOGICAL WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION “dirty bombs” weapons of mass disruption not mass destruction made by combining radioactive material with conventional explosives They are more intended to spread terror rather than mass killings. BUMATAY, CO, DUKA, LINDO, OLARTE, TABANAO, TENORIO BSN-2N 12 Medical Ethics include Roe V. Wade in 1973 and the development of Hemodialysis in the 1960s. IV. MEDICAL ETHICS LEARNING OBJECTIVES The students will be able to: State the meaning of Medical Ethics: Describe the development of Medical Ethics and its importance to society: Identify different Doctrines in Medical Ethics; and Understand the importance and implications of medical ethics in the development of science and technology. Historically, Western medical ethics maybe traced to quidelines on the duty of physicians in antiquity, such as the Hippocratic Oath, and early Christian teachings. The first code of medical ethics, Formula Comitis Archiatrorum, was published in the 5th century, during the reign of the Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great. In the medieval and early modern period, the field is indebted to Islamic scholarship such as Ishaq in Ali al-Ruhawi (who wrote the Conduct of a Physician, the first book dedicated to medical ethics), Avicenna's Canon of Medicine and Muhammad in Zakariya ar-Razi (known as Rhazes in the West), Jewish thinkers such as Maimonides, Roman Catholic scholastic thinkers such as Thomas Aquinas, and the case-oriented analysis (casuistry) of Catholic moral theology. These intellectual traditions continue in Catholic, Islamic and Jewish medical ethics. By the 18th and 19th centuries, medical ethics emerge as a more self-conscious discourse. In England, Thomas Percival, a physician and author, crafted the first modern code of medical ethics. He drew up a pamphlet with the code in 1794 and wrote an expanded version in 1803, in which he coined expressions "medical ethics" and "medical jurisprudence" However, there are see Percival's guidelines that relate to physician consultations as being excessively protective of the home physician's reputation. Jeffrey Berlant is one such critique who considers Percival's codes of physician consultations as THE HISTORY OF MEDICAL ETHICS AND ITS IMPACT TO THE SOCIETY Medical ethics, it is referred to a system of a moral principles that apply values to the practice of clinical medicine and in scientific research. It also allows for people, regardless of race, gender, or religion to be guaranteed quality and principled care. This applies to both the living and nonliving, such as medical research on cadavers. It is also known as health care ethics or as biomedical ethics applied to the fields of medicine and healthcare. The term medical ethics first dates back to 1803, when English author and physician Thomas Percival published a document describing the requirements and expectations of medical professionals within medical facilities. The Code of Ethics was then adopted in 1847, relying heavily on Percival's words. The Hippocratic Oath discusses basic principles for medical professionals. This document dates back to the fifth century BC. Both The Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and The Nuremberg Code (1947) are two well-known and well respected documents contributing to medical ethics. Other important markings in the history of BUMATAY, CO, DUKA, LINDO, OLARTE, TABANAO, TENORIO BSN-2N 13 being an early example of the anti-competitive, "guild"-like nature of the physician community. In 1815, the Apothecaries Act was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It introduced compulsory apprenticeship and formal qualifications for the apothecaries of the day under the license of the Society of Apothecaries. This was the beginning of regulation of the medical profession in the UK. always in the saying "The treatment was success, but the patient died." In real clinical practice there are many treatments that carry some risks of harm. MEDICAL ETHICS DOCTRINES AUTONOMY It refers to the rights of an individual to self- determination in a way that the patient has the right to refuse or even to choose their treatment. This is to respect the individual's ability to decide about his or her personal matters freely and to indicate that a person is in here healthy mind and body. For instance, in a case of a progression of many terminal diseases such as dementia, the person will be characterized by loss of autonomy in various manners to make self- determination. This terminal disease attacks the brain and affects the ability to make judgments, then eventually can induce memory loss and cause a decrease in rational thinking. A Registered Clinical Psychologist and a Registered Medical Doctor Psychiatrist may be involved to support decision. BENEFICENCE it refers to actions that promote wellbeing of others and to serve to the best interest of patients and their families. For instance, the practitioner should act to the best of his knowledge and capability to serve to the best interest of his or her patient. Some scholars in the field of Medicine argue about this principle that this is the only fundamental principle of medical ethics and also argue that healing should be the only purpose of medicine. Because of this actions like euthanasia and other invasive procedures are severely an ethical. Take active steps to promote and benefit the welfare of the client, client’s support system, and, when appropriate, others. NON-MALEFICENCE it refers by the phrase, "first, do not harm." Many practitioners in the medical field consider that this principle should be the primary consideration not to harm your patient, than to do them good. As For instance, some passionate medical practitioners are prone to using treatments that they believe will do well without having a strict evaluation to ensure they do no harm to the patients. The physician should go no further to prescribe medications that they know to be harmful unless she or he knows that the medication is unknown to be harmful, at the very least. The physician should explain thoroughly the medications he or she prescribing and also that the patient understands the risk and benefits. JUSTICE It refers to the equality and fairness in treating the patient. For instance, the practitioner should always treat his or her patient in BUMATAY, CO, DUKA, LINDO, OLARTE, TABANAO, TENORIO BSN-2N 14 independence and in honest conscience in providing healthcare, deciding fairly of who gets what treatment regardless of the status of the patient in life, whether belonging to a highly privileged or the least privileged. Treat the client and client’s support system fairly and without any malice, bias, or prejudice. When two medical doctrines are in conflict, it will definitely result to ethical dilemma or crisis. Sometimes when conflict cannot result to a good solution, a dilemma in medical ethics will surely exist and even in the values of the medical community. Conflict can also arise between health care providers or among a patient's family members when they cannot agree. Examples are the principles of autonomy versus beneficence like when patients refuse to blood transfusion considering it will save life but against their religion. Other Doctrines that are sometimes discussed include the following: RESPECT FOR PERSONS It refers to every sick person having the right to be treated with pride and dignity. For instance, all of us as human beings, whether in the medical setting or not, a patient and his family, and the person treating the patient which may or may not be the doctor, has the right to be treated in full honesty at all times. DOUBLE EFFECT It refers to 2 types of principles but which produce a single action. It is regarded as the combined effect of beneficence and non- maleficence. For instance, a common example of this is when a physician orders morphine or any other analgesic for his or her patient. The medication can have a beneficial effect in alleviating the pain while at the same time produces the effect of difficulty in breathing through the deactivation of the respiratory system. BUMATAY, CO, DUKA, LINDO, OLARTE, TABANAO, TENORIO BSN-2N 15 which are effective as stain-resistant textiles. V. NANOTECHNOLOGY ETYMOLOGY Greek: Nano meaning little old man or dwarf. NANOSCIENCE Is the study and application of extremely small things and can be used across all the other science fields, such as chemistry, biology, physics, material science, and engineering. Timeline 1959 - Dr. Richard P. Feynman presented the first ever concept of nanotechnology. He was a Nobel priced-winning American physicist. Known foe his contributions in Quantum physics, quantum electrodynamics, particle physics, as well as quantum computing and nanotechnology. 1974 - Norio Taniguchi had invented the term Nano-technology at the University of Tokvo. He described is as a process which involves separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials by one atom or one molecule. IMPORTANT DEVICES THAT HELP DEVELOP NANOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY NANOMEDICINE 1992 - He used the term "molecular nanotechnology" or "molecular manufacturing" to distinguish his ideas from other scientists. 2000 - commercial applications of nanotechnology began to increase such as the use of silver nanoparticles as an antibacterial agent, nanoparticle-based cosmetics in transparent sunscreens, and carbon nanotubes clothing material An application of nanotechnology in the field of medicine which deals with creating tiny machines to help prevent and treat diseases of the human body. These includes activity monitors, chemotherapy, pacemakers, biochips, OTC tests, insulin pumps, nebulizers, needleless injectors, hearing aids, medical flow sensors and blood pressure, glucose monitoring, and drug delivery systems. ELECTRONICS 1981 - Kim Eric Drexler published a paper about basic concepts in nanotechnology. Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) Scanning Tunneling Microscopes (STM) Carbon Nanotubes Nanoelectronics is the application of nanotechnology to help develop electronic devices to nanoscale and be able to reduce their weight and power consumption, improved display screens on electronic devices to increasing density of memory chips. ENVIRONMENT Nanoelectronics is presently being used to solve pollution problems in the environment. CONSUMER PRODUCTS Nanoelectronics is already into consumer products used everyday like cloth and cosmetic products. BUMATAY, CO, DUKA, LINDO, OLARTE, TABANAO, TENORIO BSN-2N 16 SPORTING GOODS Sporting goods have been improved by nanotechnology IMPACT OR NANOTECHNOLOGY TO HUMANS Health National Security Social Interaction Cultural BUMATAY, CO, DUKA, LINDO, OLARTE, TABANAO, TENORIO BSN-2N 17