Muscles for Sport PDF

# The Most Important Muscles and Muscle Groups for Sport ## 2nd Unit: The Most Important Muscles and Muscle Groups **The muscles used in the pictures are labelled with their latin names** **Abbreviations:** M. = _Musculus_ (singular); Mm. = _Musculi_ (plural) **Image 62:** The human skeletal mus...

# The Most Important Muscles and Muscle Groups for Sport ## 2nd Unit: The Most Important Muscles and Muscle Groups **The muscles used in the pictures are labelled with their latin names** **Abbreviations:** M. = _Musculus_ (singular); Mm. = _Musculi_ (plural) **Image 62:** The human skeletal muscles (cf. page 137, page 142) **Image 63:** The abdominal and the most important back muscles from left to right: - Straight Abdominal Muscle - External Oblique Abdominal Muscle - Internal Oblique Abdominal Muscle - Transverse Abdominal Muscle - Back Extensor **Important shoulder joint muscles** - The most important shoulder joint muscle on the front of the body is the **big pectoral muscle**(M. pectoralis major). - The most important shoulder joint muscle on the back of the body is the **broad back muscle** (M. latissimus dorsi). - Both of these muscles have both dynamic and static functions. - The **trapezius muscle** (M. trapezius) and **deltoid muscle** (M. deltoideus) are also important for shoulder function. - The trapezius muscles support, warm and rotate the shoulder joint and prevent the upper arm bone from dislocating. - The deltoid muscle, which rests over the shoulder joint, is involved in all movements of the upper arm, especially elevation and rotation. **Important arm muscles** - The **triceps brachii muscle** (M. triceps brachii) plays a key role in all arm extension movements, for example in push-ups or throwing things. - The **biceps brachii muscle** (M. biceps brachii) is the main flexor of the arm. #### The rotator cuff The rotator cuff is formed by four important muscles around the shoulder joint. It is crucial for shoulder stability, prevents the arm from slipping out and contributes to rotation and elevation. - **Supraspinatus muscle** - **Infraspinatus muscle** - **Teres minor muscle** - **Subscapularis muscle** - **Brachioradialis muscle** (M. brachioradialis) - **Brachial muscle** (M. brachioradialis) **Image 64:** The trapezius muscle, the big pectoral muscle and the deltoid muscle and the broad back muscle . **Image 65:** The rotator cuff, arm flexor and arm extensor **Important leg muscles ** - **Hip flexors**: - The **iliopsoas** is the main hip flexor muscle. It is responsible for the hip joint. - **Hip extensors**: - The **gluteus maximus muscle** (M. gluteus maximus) is the most important muscle involved in hip extension. - The **hamstrings muscle** (Mm. ischiocrurales) are also important for hip extension. - **Knee extensors**: - The **quadriceps femoris muscle** (M. quadriceps femoris) Is responsible for straightening of the knee, such as when kicking a ball or standing up. The **rectus femoris muscle** (M. rectus femoris), **vastus lateralis muscle** (M. vastus lateralis), **vastus medialis muscle** (M. vastus medialis) and **vastus intermedius muscle** (M. vastus intermedius) are part of this muscle group.. - **Knee flexors**: - The **hamstrings muscle** (Mm. ischiocrurales) are a group of three muscles - The **biceps femoris muscle** (M. biceps femoris), **semitendinosus muscle** (M. semitendinosus) and **semimembranosus muscle** (M. semimembranosus) - that are involved in bending the knee. - **Adductors**: - The **adductor magnus muscle** (M. adductor magnus), **adductor longus muscle** (M. adductor longus) and **adductor brevis muscle** (M. adductor brevis) are responsible for bringing the legs closer together. - **Abductors**: - The **gluteus medius muscle** (M. gluteus medius) is responsible for moving the leg away from the body. - **Thigh flexors**: - The **rectus femoris muscle** (M. rectus femoris) is part of the quadriceps femoris muscle group and is involved in straightening of the knee and bending of the hip.. . - **Ankle flexors**: - The **tibialis anterior muscle** (M. tibialis anterior). is responsible the raising of the foot towards the shin. - **Ankle extensors**: - The **gastrocnemius muscle** (M. gastrocnemius) and **soleus muscle** (M. soleus) are responsible for pointing the foot. **Image 66:** The Iliopsoas muscle, the quadriceps femoris muscle (without the rectus femoris muscle) and the rectus femoris muscle. **Important ankle and toe muscles** - **Ankle flexors**: - The **tibialis anterior muscle** (M. tibialis anterior), **flexor hallucis longus muscle** (M. flexor hallucis longus), **flexor digitorum longus muscle** (M. flexor digitorum longus) are all involved in pulling the toes up towards the shin. - **Ankle extensors**: - The **gastrocnemius muscle** (M. gastrocnemius) and **soleus muscle** (M. soleus) are responsible for pointing the toes. - The **peroneus longus muscle** (M. peroneus longus), and **peroneus brevis muscle** (M. peroneus brevis) are also involved in bending the foot outwards. **Image 67:** The gluteus maximus muscle (right) and the gluteus medius muscle (left). The different parts of the ischiocrurales muscle: the biceps brachii muscle (right), the semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscles (left). The adductor magnus muscle (right) and the adductor longus muscle (left). **Image 68:** The ankle flexor. The triceps surae muscle **Image 69:** The simultaneous stretching and contraction of the ischiocrural muscles and the gastrocnemius muscle (left). The simultaneous stretching and contraction of the rectus femoris muscle (right) when starting or when taking a step.