Stellar.pptx

PH YSI CAL SCI E NCE KARLA JOY TIANGSON- GABRILLO S u b j e c t Te a c h e r P E R I O D I C TA B L E O F ELEME NTS HEAVY LIGHT BIG BANG NUCLEOSYN THESIS BIG BANG THEORY BIG BANG It THEORY is the idea that the universe began as just a single point of infinite denseness and heat, then expanded and st...

PH YSI CAL SCI E NCE KARLA JOY TIANGSON- GABRILLO S u b j e c t Te a c h e r P E R I O D I C TA B L E O F ELEME NTS HEAVY LIGHT BIG BANG NUCLEOSYN THESIS BIG BANG THEORY BIG BANG It THEORY is the idea that the universe began as just a single point of infinite denseness and heat, then expanded and stretched to grow as it is right now – and it is still stretching! GEORGES LEMAÎTRE BIG BANG IS AN EXPANSION NOT AN EXPLOSION Protons and neutrons were created after the Big Bang. PROTONS a positively charged elementary particle NEUTRONS a neutral(no charge) elementary particle BIG BANG NUCLEOSYN THESIS Z X Y CHEMI CAL ELEME ATOMIC MASS/ MASS NUMBER Z X Y Z X Y ATOMIC NUMBER ATOMIC MASS/MASS NUMBER total number of protons and neutrons ATOMIC NUMBER number of proton(s) Z X Y proto n neutro n + = proton 2 1 𝐻 neutron DEUTERON proto n neutro n + deutero n = neutro n + = proton 2 1 𝐻 3 1 DEUTERON 𝐻 neutron TRITON triton proton + = proton 4 2 𝐻𝑒 neutron HELIUM triton proton + = 4 2 𝐻𝑒 triton Helium + 7 3 = proton HELIUM 𝐿𝑖 LITHIU M neutron Helium44 𝐻𝑒 2 Helium33 + 2 𝐻𝑒 7 4 = 𝐵𝑒 BERRYLIU M Helium44 𝐻𝑒 2 Helium33 + 2 𝐻𝑒 deutero n = 𝐵𝑒 proton + 7 4 BERRYLIU M Main-Branch Proton-Proton Chain Hydrogen, Helium, Lithium, and Beryllium are the very first elements formed in the universe. These light elements were formed through Big Bang Nucleosynthesis. P E R I O D I C TA B L E O F ELEME NTS HEAVY LIGHT STELLAR NUCLEOSYN THESIS NEBULA vast cloud of gas and dust CARINA NEBULA captured by JAMES WEBB TELESCOPE (NASA) SOUTHERN RING NEBULA PROTO A contracting mass of STAR gas which represents an early stage in the formation of a star before nucleosynthesis has begun. NUCLEAR FUSION The process by which multiple nuclei joined together to form a heavier nucleus. STELLAR NUCLEOSYNTHESIS The process by which elements are formed within the stars as a result of nuclear fusion. The energy from the nuclear fusion blows the contents of the star out but instead of being rejected the contents of the star are held by gravity. MAIN SEQUENCE STAGE LIKE OUR SUN!! Hydrogen shell Heliu m core 100 MILLION KELVIN! RED GIANT TRIPLE ALPHA PROCESS This process/reaction involves the fusion of three(3) Helium-4 atoms. = + 4 2 𝐻𝑒 4 2 𝐻𝑒 8 4 𝐵𝑒 TRIPLE ALPHA PROCESS This process/reaction involves the fusion of three(3) Helium-4 atoms. = + 8 4 𝐵𝑒 4 2 𝐻𝑒 12 6 𝐶 ALPHA LADDER PROCESS This process undergo series of nucleosynthesis steps resulting to the transformation of the combination of an alpha particle(Helium) with another nucleus into heavier elements that have even atomic number. ALPHA LADDER PROCESS E L E ME NTS H E AV IE R TH A N I RO N AR E F OR ME D D U R ING S U P E R NOVA l m ow m e a s di t o s um st ar s PROTO STAR MAIN SEQUENC E STAGE RED GIANT 1NEBU LA hi g hsta mas rs s PROTO STAR MAIN SEQUENC E STAGE RED 4 SUPER GIANT PLANE 2 TARY NEBUL A SUPERNO VA 3WHITE DWARF very highmass stars 5 NEUTRON STAR 6 BLACK high-mass HOLE stars HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ATOMIC MODEL 1808 JOHN DALTON proposed the theory of atom 1897 JJ THOMPSON d i s c o v e re d e l e c t ro n 1911 ERNEST RUTHERFORD discovered nucleus and protons 1911 ERNEST RUTHERFORD discovered nucleus and protons 1932 JAMES CHADWICK discovered neutron H E N RY M O S E L E Y p r o v e d that the major properties of an element are determined b y t h e a t o m i c n u m b e r. Fast forward to S c i e n1900s… tists discovered nuclear reaction to synthesize new elements in the laboratory 1937 CA RLO P E R RI E R & E MI L IO SE GR E d is c o v e re d e l em e nt 2 974 3 TE CH 97 NE TIU1M 𝑛 + 𝐻 𝑀𝑜 𝑇𝑐 + 2 0 1 42 43 D e u t e r o nM o l y b d e n um 1940D A L E CORSON, KENNETH ROSS MACKENZIE, EMILIO SEGRE discovered element 85 C YC LO T R O N A s t a t i n e It is a circular machine that accelerates particles or nuclei to collide them with 1940D A L E 209 83 𝐵𝑖 Bismuth CORSON, KENNETH ROSS MACKENZIE, EMILIO SEGRE discovered element 85 A s t a t i n e 1 4 211 +2 𝐻𝑒 Helium 85 𝐴𝑡 +20𝑛 1940P H I L I P ABELSON, EDWIN MCMILL AN discovered s uUr N a nI iU um e l e m e n t fi9r3s t NTrEaPn T M element 238 92 𝑈 Uranium 1 0 + 𝑛 239 93 𝑁𝑝 + 0 −1  1940 Element 61(Promethium) & 8 7 ( Fr a n c i u m ) w a s discovered through s t u d y o f r a d i o a c t i v i t y. 1940 S E A B O R G , MCMILLAN, K E N N E DY , WA H L synthesized element 94 P LU T O N I U M Bombardment of Uranium with deuterons in a cyclotron. Element 95 Americium was synthesized by neutron capture. Element 96(Curium), 9 7 ( B e r ke l i u m ) , 98(Californium), 101(Mendelevium) was synthesized through alpha particle bombardment in Element 99(Einstenium) & 1 0 0 ( Fe r m i u m ) w a s discovered in the debri of hydrogen bomb explosion. Elements heavier than 103 are considered superheavy elements.