STATS 1 PDF

STAT 203 STATISTICAL M1: INTRO TO STATISTICAL CONCEPTS ANALYSIS with SOFTWARE APPLICATION RUMEL ANGELO T. ALFARO P U P 1  COURSE OUTCOME & TOPICS Where we’re going…...

STAT 203 STATISTICAL M1: INTRO TO STATISTICAL CONCEPTS ANALYSIS with SOFTWARE APPLICATION RUMEL ANGELO T. ALFARO P U P 1  COURSE OUTCOME & TOPICS Where we’re going… Topics STAT 203 Introduce the field of statistics and Definitions and Terminology (1.1) its different terminologies STATISTICAL Demonstrate how statistics applies Role of Statistics in Business (1.2) ANALYSIS with to business SOFTWARE Statistical Methodology (1.3) APPLICATION Introduce the language and methodology of statistics and the Qualitative and Quantitative Variables (1.4) key elements of any statistical problem Discrete and Continuous Variables (1.5) Differentiate different variable types Levels of Measurement (1.6) Identify the different levels of measurement P U P 2  WHAT IS STATISTICS? STAT 203 Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, summarizing, and analyzing data to draw conclusions or answer questions. In addition, STATISTICAL statistics is about providing a measure of confidence in any ANALYSIS with conclusions. SOFTWARE APPLICATION The DIKW diagram will show you how we are transforming data in developed decisions and practices. P U P 3  THE DIKW DIAGRAM STAT 203 I better stop the car! STATISTICAL ANALYSIS with The traffic light that SOFTWARE I am driving towards has turned red APPLICATION South facing traffic light on cor. Teresa St. and Old Sta. Mesa St. turned red Red, Circle, Stoplight, South, Streets P U P Source: Cannas et al., 2019 4  ROLES OF STATISTICS IN BUSINESS STAT 203 Business analytics refers to methodologies (e.g., statistical methods) that extract useful information from data in order to make better business STATISTICAL decisions. ANALYSIS with Statistical thinking involves applying rational thought and the science of SOFTWARE statistics to critically assess data and inferences. Fundamental to the thought APPLICATION process is that variation exists in populations and process data. What happened? Why did it happen? What will happen? How will we make P U P it happen? 5  DESCRIPTIVE & INFERENTIAL STATISTICS Data can be used in different ways. The body of knowledge called STAT 203 statistics is sometimes divided into two main areas, depending on how data are used. The two areas are the Descriptive statistics and STATISTICAL Inferential statistics. ANALYSIS with SOFTWARE 1. Descriptive statistics is used to summarize or describe the important APPLICATION characteristics of a known set of population data. 2. Inferential statistics involves the use of sample data to make inferences about a population. It goes beyond mere description. P U P 6  DESCRIPTIVE & INFERENTIAL STATISTICS Indicate whether each of the following statements is a descriptive or inferential STAT 203 statistics: 1. Last school year, the ages of students at PUP Senior High School STATISTICAL are 15 to 18 years old. ANALYSIS with 2. A politician wants to determine the total number of votes his SOFTWARE rival obtained in the past election based on his copies of the tally APPLICATION sheet of electoral returns. 3. A recent study showed that eating garlic can lower blood pressure. 4. A survey says that 1 out of 50 Filipinos is a member of a fitness center. P U P 7  SETS IN STATISTICS Universe is the set of all entities under study. Universe: Entire Human Species STAT 203 Population is the set of all possible values of the variable. It is Population: ALL Filipinos the complete collection of elements (scores, people, Variable: Smokers STATISTICAL measurements, and so on) to be studied. The collection is ANALYSIS with complete in the sense that it includes all subjects to be studied. SOFTWARE An individual is a person or object that is a member of the APPLICATION population being studied. A variable is a characteristic or attribute that can assume different values. Sample is a sub-collection of elements drawn from a population. Sample: 500 Filipino Smokers Individual: A Filipino Smoker P U P 8  PARAMETER & STATISTIC STAT 203 Parameter is a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a population. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS with Statistic is a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a SOFTWARE sample. APPLICATION Measurement Parameter Statistic Mean 𝜇 𝑋ത Standard Deviation 𝜎 𝑠 Variance 𝜎2 𝑠2 P U P 9  STATISTICAL METHODOLOGY STAT 203 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS with Collect the information Organize and Identify the research Draw conclusion from SOFTWARE objective needed to answer the questions. summarize the information the information. APPLICATION A researcher must This step is vital to the Descriptive statistics allows In this step the information determine the question(s) statistical process, because if the researcher to collected from the he or she wants answered. the data are not obtain an overview of the sample is generalized to the The question(s) collected correctly, the data and can help population. must clearly identify the conclusions drawn are determine the type of Inferential statistics uses population that is to be meaningless. Do not statistical methods the methods that takes studied. Identify the research overlook the importance researcher should use. results obtained from a objective. of appropriate data sample, extends them collection. to the population, and P U P measures the reliability of the result. 10  QUALITATIVE & QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES STAT 203 Data can be classified as qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative variables are variables that can be placed into distinct STATISTICAL categories, according to some characteristic or attribute. For example, if ANALYSIS with subjects are classified according to gender (male or female), then the variable SOFTWARE gender is qualitative. Other examples of qualitative variables are religious APPLICATION preference and geographic locations. Quantitative variables are numerical and can be ordered or ranked. For example, the variable age is numerical, and people can be ranked in order according to the value of their ages. Other examples of quantitative variables are heights, weights, and body temperatures. P U P 11  QUALITATIVE & QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES STAT 203 Classify whether the following variables is either qualitative or quantitative: 1. Number of bicycles sold in 1 year by a large sporting goods store. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS with 2. Colors of baseball caps in a store. SOFTWARE 3. Time it takes to cut a lawn. APPLICATION 4. Capacity in cubic feet of six truck beds. 5. Classification of children in a day care center (infant, toddler, preschool). 6. Weights of fish caught in Pasig River. 7. Marital status of faculty members in a large university. P U P 12  DISCRETE & CONTINUOUS VARIABLES STAT 203 Quantitative variables may be further classified into: A discrete variable is a quantitative variable that either a finite number of STATISTICAL possible values or a countable number of possible values. If you count to get ANALYSIS with the value of a quantitative variable, it is discrete. SOFTWARE APPLICATION A continuous variable is a quantitative variable that has an infinite number of possible values that are not countable. If you measure to get the value of a quantitative variable, it is continuous. P U P 13  DISCRETE & CONTINUOUS VARIABLES STAT 203 Classify each as discrete or continuous variable: 1. Number of doughnuts sold each week by Dunkin Donuts. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS with 2. Water temperatures of six swimming pools on a given day. SOFTWARE 3. Weights of cats in a pet shelter. APPLICATION 4. Lifetime (in hours) of 12 flashlight batteries. 5. Number of cheeseburgers sold each day by a hamburger stand at PUP P U P 14  LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT Ratio Data Ratio level of measurement is the interval level modified to include the inherent STAT 203 zero starting point. For values at this level, differences and ratios are meaningful. STATISTICAL Interval Data ANALYSIS with Interval level of measurement is like the ordinal level, with the additional property SOFTWARE that meaningful amounts of differences between data can be determined. However, there is no inherent (natural) zero starting point. APPLICATION Ordinal Data Ordinal level of measurement involves data that maybe arranged in some order, but differences between data values either cannot be determined or are meaningless. Nominal Data Nominal level of measurement is characterized by data that consist of names, labels, or categories only. The data cannot be arranged in an ordering scheme. P U P 15  LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT Classify each as nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio-level data: STAT 203 1. Student number 2. Manufacturing order of a group of computers STATISTICAL 3. A rating, on a scale of 1-10 on a job performance ANALYSIS with 4. IQ of a student SOFTWARE APPLICATION 5. Salary of an employee 6. Final grade (1.00, 1.25, 1.75,..., 5.0) 7. Weight of boxers in a match 8. Cars described as subcompact, compact, medium or full-size. 9. Personality type (introverted, shy, friendly or assertive) 10. One person is 25 miles ahead of another in a race P U P 16  STAT 203 STATISTICAL QUESTIONS? ANALYSIS with SOFTWARE APPLICATION You may reach at the ff channels during Consultation Hours: Google Classroom Microsoft Teams P U P 17