States of Consciousness PDF

Body Rhythms and Consciousness PSY 104 Understanding Biological Rhythms Consciousness Awareness of oneself and the environment. Biological rhythms A periodic, more or less regular fluctuation in a biological system; may or may not have psychological im...

Body Rhythms and Consciousness PSY 104 Understanding Biological Rhythms Consciousness Awareness of oneself and the environment. Biological rhythms A periodic, more or less regular fluctuation in a biological system; may or may not have psychological implications. Entrainment Biological rhythms are synchronized with external events such as changes in clock time, temperature, and daylight.  Endogenous Biological Rhythms Circadian Rhythms Occur about every 24 hours. Example:The sleep-wake cycle. Infradian Rhythms Occur less often than once a day. Examples include birds migrating, bears hibernating. Ultradian Rhythms Occur more frequently than once a day, about every 90min. Examples include stomach contractions and hormone levels. Circadian Rhythms Occur in plants, animals, insects and people. To study endogenous circadian rhythms, scientists isolate volunteers from time cues. Supraciasmatic nucleus (SCN) Located in the hypothalamus, responsible for circadian rhythms by regulating melatonin, a hormone secreted by the pineal gland. When Internal Clocks are Out of Sync Internal desynchronization A state when biological rhythms are not in phase with one another. Circadian rhythms are influenced by changes in routine. Examples include: Airplane flights across time zones. Adjusting to new work shifts. Also, illness, stress, fatigue, excitement, drugs, and mealtimes. Moods and Long-term Rhythms. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) A controversial disorder in which person experiences depression during the winter and an improvement of mood in the spring. Treatment involves phototherapy or exposure to fluorescent light. Evaluating frequency of and treatment for SAD is difficult. Menstrual Cycles and Mood Physical symptoms are common. Cramps, breast tenderness and water retention. Emotional symptoms are rare. Irritability and depression. Fewer than 5% of women have symptoms predictably. Research conclusions about “PMS” No gender differences exist in mood. There is no relation between stage of menstrual cycle and emotional symptoms. No consistent “PMS” pattern exists across menstrual cycles. Why We Sleep The exact function of sleep is uncertain but sleep appears to provide time for: the body to eliminate waste products from muscles, repair cells, strengthen the immune system, or recover abilities lost during the day. Sleep Disorders Sleep deprivation leads to decreases in physical and mental functioning. Sleep apnea Breathing briefly stops during sleep, causing the person to choke and gasp and momentarily waken. Narcolepsy A sleep disorder involving sudden and unpredictable daytime attacks of sleepiness or lapses into REM sleep. Staying up late and not allowing oneself enough sleep 2/3 of North Americans get fewer than recommended 8 hours  Realms of Sleep Stage 1. Feel self drifting on the edge of consciousness. Stage 2. Minor noises won’t disturb you. Stage 3. Breathing and pulse have slowed down. Stage 4. Deep sleep. REM. Increased eye movement, loss of muscle tone and dreaming. A typical night’s sleep for a young adult Dreams as Unconscious Wishes Freud concluded that dreams provide insight into our unconscious. Manifest content includes aspects of the dream we consciously experience and latent content includes unconscious wishes and thoughts symbolized in the dream. To understand a dream we must distinguish manifest content from latent content. Not everything in dream is symbolic. Dreams as Reflections of Current Concerns Dreams may reflect ongoing conscious issues such as concerns over relationships, work, sex or health. Dreams are more likely to contain material related to a person’s current concerns than chance would predict. Example: university students and testing Males and females appear to dream about similar issues now that lives and concerns of two sexes have become more similar. Dreams as By-product of Mental Housekeeping Unnecessary neural connections in the brain are eliminated and important ones are strengthened. The brain divides new information into “wanted” and “unwanted.” What we recall as dreams are only brief snippets from scanning and sorting that occurs during REM sleep. Dreams as Interpreted Brain Activity Activation-synthesis theory Dreaming results from the cortical synthesis and interpretation of neural signals triggered by activity in the lower part of the brain. At same time, brain regions that handle logical thought and sensation from the external world shut down. Consciousness-altering Drugs Classifying drugs The physiology of drug effects The psychology of drug effects Classifying Drugs Psychoactive drug Substance capable of influencing perception, mood, cognition, or behaviour. Types Stimulants speed up activity in the CNS. Depressants slow down activity in the CNS. Opiates relieve pain. Psychedelic drugs disrupt normal thought processes. The Physiology of Drug Effects Psychoactive drugs work by acting on brain neurotransmitters. These drugs can: increase or decrease the release of neurotransmitters, prevent reabsorption of excess neurotransmitters by the cells that have released them, block the effects of neurotransmitters on receiving cells, or bind to receptors that would ordinarily be triggered by a neurotransmitter or a neuromodulator. The Psychology of Drug Effects Reactions to psychoactive drugs depend on: Physical factors such as body weight, metabolism, initial state of emotional arousal and physical tolerance. Experience or the number of times a person has used a drug. Environmental factors such as where and with whom one is drinking. Mental set or expectations for drug’s effects. The Riddle of Hypnosis Defining hypnosis The nature of hypnosis Theories of hypnosis Defining hypnosis A procedure in which the practitioner suggests changes in the sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings or behaviour of the subject. The Nature of Hypnosis The hypnotic state is not sleep. Hypnotic responsiveness depends more on the person being hypnotized than on the skill of the hypnotist. Hypnotized people can’t be forced to do things against their will. Feats performed under hypnosis can be performed by motivated people without hypnosis. The Nature of Hypnosis Hypnosis doesn’t increase accuracy of memory. Hypnosis doesn’t produce a literal re-experiencing of long-ago events. Hypnotic suggestions have been used effectively for medical and psychological purposes. Theories of Hypnosis Dissociation theories Hypnosis is a split in consciousness in which one part of the mind operates independently of the rest of the consciousness, or During hypnosis, dissociation occurs between an executive control system in the brain (probably frontal lobes) and other brain systems involved in thinking and acting. Theories of Hypnosis Sociocognitive theories Effects of hypnosis result from interaction between social influence of the hypnotist (socio) and the abilities, beliefs and expectations of the subject (cognitive). Can explain “alien abduction” and “past-life regression.