standard precautions.pptx

STANDARD PRECAUTIONS TO PREVENT & CONTROL INFECTIONS WHAT ARE STANDARD (UNIVERSAL) PRECAUTIONS? Standard precaution are control guidelines designed to protect workers from exposure to Diseases spread by Blood and other Body fluids (CDC) STANDARD (UNIVERSAL) PRECAUTIONS “Precautions to protect ag...

STANDARD PRECAUTIONS TO PREVENT & CONTROL INFECTIONS WHAT ARE STANDARD (UNIVERSAL) PRECAUTIONS? Standard precaution are control guidelines designed to protect workers from exposure to Diseases spread by Blood and other Body fluids (CDC) STANDARD (UNIVERSAL) PRECAUTIONS “Precautions to protect against exposure must be taken when there is any potential for exposure to bodily fluids. It is assumed that all bodily fluids have the potential to transmit disease” The Standard Precaution Rule: Treat all human blood, bodily fluids and other potentially infectious materials as if they are infectious. WHY STANDARD (UNIVERSAL) HEALTH PRECAUTIONS? The concept of Standard (universal) Health Precautions emphasizes that all our patients should be treated as though they have potential blood CDC born infections, ()and can infect the caring health care workers HOW INFECTIONS OCCUR? Infectious Susceptible Agent Host Means of Entry Reservoir Means of Exit Mode of Transmission Chain of HOW EXPOSURES OCCUR? ➢ Most common: needle sticks injuries ➢ Cuts from other contaminated sharps (scalpels, broken glass, etc.) ➢ Splashes of blood into mucous membranes (for example, the eye, nose, mouth) or broken skin (cut or abraded) with contaminated blood ➢ Contamination where clothes soaked by blood HOW EXPOSURES OCCUR TO BLOOD BORNE PATHOGENS? By blood from someone who is infected with the virus getting into someone else's body: ➢ Needle stick injuries ➢ Damaged or cut skin including bites ➢ Sharing needles, syringes, razors & tooth brushes ➢ Mother to baby around the time of birth ➢ Through unprotected sexual intercourse ➢ By tattooing, body piercing or acupuncture if instruments are not properly sterilised WHICH HUMAN MATERIALS/TISSUES ARE CONSIDERED HIGHLY INFECTIOUS? ➢ Blood ➢ Blood stained body fluids ➢ Semen ➢ Vaginal secretions ➢ Tissues ● CSF, amniotic, pericardial, pleural fluids WHICH HUMAN MATERIALS/TISSUES ARE LESS LIKELY TO CONTAIN PATHOGENS? Body fluids less likely to contain pathogens: ➢ Tears ➢ Nasal secretions ➢ Sweat ➢ Saliva present) (more likely if blood Blood borne viruses CANNOT be caught from: coughing, sneezing ➢ shared use of facilities such as toilets, water fountains or telephones ➢ sharing glasses, plates and cutlery ➢ shaking hands ➢ swimming in a pool ➢ if blood or body fluids fall onto intact skin N.B: For infection to spread, Infected blood (body fluid) needs to enter body ➢ BBV’S - RISK OF TRANSMISSION Estimated risk from person ➢ infected Hepatitis B positive - 1 in 3 source -1 in 30 ➢ Hepatitis C positive - 1 in source 300 ➢ HIV Occupational risk (HCW) of acquiring BBV post exposure: ➢ HIV 0.37% ➢ HBV 20(Alder 40% 1997) STANDARD PRECAUTIONS • Apply standard precautions to all patients regardless of their diagnosis, and to all contaminated equipment and materials • Use judgment in determining which protective barriers are STANDARD PRECAUTIONS • Applied to Blood, Blood Products, Body fluids and Excreta • To avoid exposure to bloodborne pathogens (e.g. HBV, HCV & HIV) STANDARD PRECAUTIONS 1. 2. Hands Hygiene Use Personal protective equipments (PPE) ● Glove ● s ● Gown ● s ● Masks Eye 3. Discard needles and other sharps in the sharp containers which are located as close as possible to the area of use. Don't recap needles, If any ,use the Scoop method (one hand method). USING “ SCOOP METHOD’’ 4. CLEANING SPILLS (e.g. Blood & body fluids) ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Wear gloves and other PPE Absorb: Wipe up the spill with an absorbent towel.Clean with detergent. 10= 1 volume+9 water Apply disinfectant to volumes) the contact time 5-10min. contaminated area using sodium Absorb CloroxClorox and wash hypochlorite( 1: with water. HAND HYGIENE ➢ Hand washing ➢ Alcohol-based Hand Rub ➢ Use of gloves does NOT replace hand washing. ➢ Gloves must be changed inbetween patients. HAND WASHING ➢ When ➢ If to wash your hands : hands are visibly dirty . ➢ Soiled hands withblood or body fluids. ➢ After contact with: blood ,body fluids, secretions or mucus WHEN TO WASH YOUR HANDS? ▪ After contact with intact or nonintact skin. ▪ After handling items potentially contaminated (equipments) ▪ In-between patients . ▪ After removing gloves. ▪ After using bathroom. WHEN TO WASH HANDS ➢ Before direct contact with patient. ➢ Before donning (sterile) gloves. ➢ Before preparing or handling medications. ➢ Before handling clean WHEN TO USE ALCOHOLBASED HAND RUB If hands are NOT visibly soiled alcohol rub could be used instead of hand washing. • If hand are visibly soiled (contaminated) ,they should be washed first. • PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE): ▪ ▪ ▪ Gloves donning & removal Other PPE donning & removal Donning & removal of N95/FFP3 mask STANDARD PRECAUTIONS MEANS OF TRANSMISSION Five Main Routes ❑ Common Vehicle (Food, blood) ❑ Vector-borne ❑ Droplet ❑ Airborne ❑ Contact Direct Contact ❑ Indirect Contact (Objects) ❑ CONTACT PRECAUTIONS ➢ For protection against skin-to-skin contact and physical transfer of microorganisms to a host from a source e.g. : ● Discharging wound ● MRSA ● VRE Precaution Details: ● Private room ● Handwashing ● Glove changes ▪ Should SHARP CONTAINERS be easily accessible ▪ At or below the level of the eyes ▪ Kept away from the pathways ▪ Not to be kept on the grounds. ▪ Should Not be overfilled more than 3/4 full. ▪ Never to be shake to get more space ➢ ACCIDENTS AND exposed to blood or other infectious or INJURIES hazardous If you are potentially materials, follow these steps: ● If you experience a needlestick or sharps injury, immediately wash needlesticks or cuts with soap and water. ● Splashes to the nose, mouth, or skin should be flushed with water. ● Irrigate eyes using eyewash, for 10 to 15 minutes. ● Report the incident to your supervisor SUMMARY ➢ Treat all human blood, bodily fluids and other potentially infectious materials as if they are infectious ➢ There are 3 major Blood-borne pathogens: Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and HIV. ➢ The most common mode of transmission of pathogens is the hands