Standard First Aid & CPR ‘C’ Fall 2024 Student Version PDF

STANDARD FIRST AID & CPR ‘C’ & AED Training D. Wright OLP Session FALL 2024 TIMELINE: (FALL 2024) 12 - 14 Periods Final Written Test - end of week 2 “Secondary Emergencies” Presentations (Dates TBA … beginning week 2) Ongoing performance assessments...

STANDARD FIRST AID & CPR ‘C’ & AED Training D. Wright OLP Session FALL 2024 TIMELINE: (FALL 2024) 12 - 14 Periods Final Written Test - end of week 2 “Secondary Emergencies” Presentations (Dates TBA … beginning week 2) Ongoing performance assessments, as well as a summative evaluation Certification processed by end of May? Goals of First Aid: Preserve Life Prevent Further Injury Promote Recovery First Aiders: 1st Aider: ⚪Anyone who provides care to an injured or ill individual First Aid & the Law The Good Samaritan Act protects volunteer first aiders from liability for damages allegedly caused by their 1st aid assistance. 3 THINGS TO DO: 1. Identify yourself as a 1st aider & obtain consent 2. Use reasonable skill & care up to your level of training 3. Do not abandon a person once 1st aid is started The Rescue Process: Responding to an Emergency: Scene Assessment Primary Emergencies Secondary Emergencies Prevention of Disease: Self-Protection is very important – take care of yourself first!!! Types of Barrier Devices: ⚪Gloves ⚪Face shield (with one-way valve) ⚪Pocket Mask Wash hands after treatment Prevention of Disease: Using Barrier Devices:  SCENE ASSESSMENT Scene Assessment: Ask Yourself… Is it safe? (For you? For the victim?) What happened? (Mechanism of Injury) Who is here? (Victims? Bystanders?) Scene Assessment: Scene Assessment: Scene Assessment: Scene Assessment: What do I do? Call for help (EMS or bystanders?) Remove hazards Make a choice if there are multiple victims Prevent movement if you suspect spinal injury Make contact with the victim Manage bystanders Scene Assessment: LET’S PRACTICE: ⚪Get in groups of 3 or 4 ⚪1 group member is the 1st aider… head out into the hall!  PRIMARY EMERGENCIE S PRIMARY EMERGENCIES: Life-threatening injuries, involving breathing and circulation We must treat these injuries first, then move on to secondary emergencies Primary Assessment: Priorities: A irway B reathing C irculation D efibrillation Anatomy & Physiology:  Primary Assessment: Level of Consciousness: First step is to establish LOC verbally or with gentle contact. If unresponsive, call EMS! Primary Assessment: Level of Consciousness: A Alert? V Verbal? P Pain-receptive? U Unresponsive? Scene Assessment: LET’S PRACTICE: ⚪Get in groups of 3 ⚪1 group member is the 1st aider… head out into the hall! ⚪The others… see me for scenario! Primary Assessment: Priorities: So, after assessing the A ssess area scene, we A wake (LOC) determine LOC If unconscious, A mbulance we call EMS A irway So… it’s actually: B reathing C irculation D efibrillation Primary Assessment: Primary Assessment progression: A irway B reathing C irculation D efibrillation Primary Assessment: Primary Assessment progression: A irway (open airway – head tilt chin lift) B reathing C irculation D efibrillation Primary Assessment: Primary Assessment progression: A irway B reathing (look for normal breathing - 5 sec) C irculation D efibrillation Practice Time! Primary Assessment: Primary Assessment progression: A irway B reathing (if not … start CPR!) C irculation D efibrillation Primary Assessment: Primary Assessment progression: A irway B reathing C irculation (30 compressions, 2 breaths) D efibrillation Primary Assessment: Primary Assessment progression: A irway B reathing C irculation D efibrillation (You will be trained soon!) Primary Assessment: DECISION FLOW CHART: Conscious? No… Call EMS Yes Open Airway Assess Vitals (ABC’s) Check Breathing Yes… Breathing Start 2CPR! If Not … Give Breaths 3030 Compressions, Chest Compressions2 Assess Vitals (ABC’s) Breaths (Circulation) (Circulation) (CPR) Recovery Position CPR: Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation: For unconscious, non-breathing victims Involves 30 chest compressions paired with 2 breaths Head-tilt chin lift to open airway Compressions in centre chest, 5cm in depth minimum 🡪 “Push hard, push fast!” Pinch nose, 1 sec. breaths Practice Time!  CPR: 2 Rescuers: If 2 first-aiders are on the scene together, one gives compressions the other breaths Switch is initiated by the compresser, who finishes compressions & then moves to give the 2 breaths If another first-aider arrives on scene, they begin as compresser Or… can take turns (switch every 5 cycles?) Practice Time! CPR – Child & Infant CHILD: (1-8 years old) INFANT: (Less than 1 year) Differences: If alone, call EMS after 5 cycles Depth of compressions min. of 4-5cm or 1/3 depth of chest Infant… just a ‘puff’ for breaths Infant… just 2 fingers for compressions Practice Time! CPR – Drowning IF YOU ARE TREATING A DROWNING VICTIM …. Differences: Start with 2 breaths first. If still unresponsive, start CPR (30 compressions, 2 breaths) Practice Time! AIRWAY Emergencies: Causes & Precautions Partial vs. Complete Obstruction Signs & Symptoms AIRWAY Emergencies: Incomplete Obstruction: Partially blocked airway (can they cough?) Your Job: ⚪Introduce yourself & ask if you can help ⚪Encourage coughing & stand by! AIRWAY Emergencies: Complete Obstruction: Completely blocked airway (can’t cough!) Your Job: ⚪Introduce yourself & ask if you can help ⚪Give back blows & abdominal thrusts!  AIRWAY Emergencies: Complete Obstruction: ✔ Alternating Techniques: More than one technique may be needed in removing a severe obstruction. Use back blows, abdominal thrusts, chest thrusts ✔ Conscious choking (adult, child) Perform alternating back blows & abdominal thrusts 5 back blows - Bend victim over, near parallel to the ground - Support victim with one arm across their chest - With other arm apply 5 back blows, between the shoulder blades 5 abdominal thrusts (chest thrusts for pregnant or obese) AIRWAY Emergencies: Abdominal Thrusts: Stand behind victim Landmark from top of hips to middle of belly Make a fist & grasp with other hand Thrust in and up Repeat until cleared Practice Time! AIRWAY Emergencies: UNCONSCIOUS: If victim falls unconscious, lay them down, open mouth & check for foreign matter – sweep it out! Check breathing for 5 sec. If no breath, start CPR! (30:2), checking for foreign matter after each set of compressions! After compressions, give 2 breaths. If breath does not go in, readjust and try again. If 2nd breath doesn’t go in, continue compressions Practice Time! AIRWAY Emergencies: EXCEPTIONS: Pregnant & Obese = standing chest compressions Alone = edge of chair, desk, etc. Infants… Chest Compressions! AIRWAY Emergencies: Complete Obstruction: INFANT!!! Completely blocked airway (can’t cough!) Your Job: Practice Time! ⚪ Introduce yourself to parent & ask if you can help ⚪ Give 5 back blows & 5 chest thrusts! AIRWAY Emergencies: Asthma: ⚪Have victim lean slightly forward onto an object ⚪Assist with medication (inhaler) ⚪Pursed-lip exhale Hyperventilation: ⚪Can result in unconsciousness ⚪Comfort & reassure victim CIRCULATORY Emergencies: ANGINA: Poor circulation to the heart HEART ATTACK: Blockage of a coronary artery Symptoms: shortness of breath, flushed & sweating, pain & tightness in chest / shoulder, anxiety, confusion, shock, weak rapid pulse, pain in arm / neck / back / jaw, nausea, dizziness, fatigue, denial Could be life-threatening … call EMS! CIRCULATORY Emergencies: ANGINA: Poor circulation to the heart HEART ATTACK: Blockage of a coronary artery Treatment: Phone EMS Semi-sitting position, loosen clothing Help victim take medication: ⚪ Angina 🡪 Nitroglycerin ⚪ Heart Attack 🡪 ASA (2 children’s or 1 adult) CIRCULATORY Emergencies: STROKE: A blockage of a blood vessel in the brain Symptoms: Weakness / numbness / tingling of face, facial droop, slurred speech, vision problems, sudden severe headache, dizziness, decrease in LOC Could be life-threatening … call EMS! CIRCULATORY Emergencies: STROKE: A blockage of a blood vessel in the brain Treatment: Phone EMS Maintain open airway Assess ABC’s Semi-sitting or recovery position (with affected side up) CIRCULATORY Emergencies: SHOCK: A depression of the body’s circulation Symptoms: Pale, cool, clammy skin Weakness, restlessness Anxiety, confusion Weak, rapid pulse Shallow, rapid breathing Cyanosis of lips & nails CIRCULATORY Emergencies: SHOCK: A depression of the body’s circulation Treatment: W armth A BC’s R est & Reassurance T reatment S emi-prone position PRIMARY EMERGENCIES: LET’S PRACTICE: ⚪Get in groups of 3 ⚪1 group member is the 1st aider… head out into the hall! ⚪The others… see me for scenario! That’s it for Primary Emergencies!!! PRIMARY EMERGENCIES: LET’S PRACTICE: (Choking) Groups of 3, 1 in hall, group chooses scenario: ⚪ conscious choking adult, partial obstruction, turning to complete obstruction ⚪ conscious, choking adult, going unconscious, complete obstruction ⚪ conscious & pregnant, choking adult, going unconscious, breath doesn’t go in ⚪ infant partial obstruction, turning to complete obstruction ⚪ conscious & obese, choking adult, going unconscious ⚪ unconscious, not breathing, breath doesn’t go in PRIMARY EMERGENCIES: LET’S PRACTICE: (Resp. & Circ.) Groups of 3, 1 in hall, group chooses scenario: (always treat for shock!) ⚪ hyperventilation ⚪ asthma attack, with puffer ⚪ heart attack, conscious ⚪ heart attack, conscious, going unconscious, no breathing ⚪ angina attack, with medication ⚪ stroke, conscious  PRIMARY EMERGENCIES – Evaluation WE ARE HERE!!! AED Training Priorities: A irway B reathing C irculation D efibrillation AED Training AED Training (con’t) AED Training (con’t) An Automated External Defibrillator (AED) is a small portable device that analyzes the heart’s rhythm and prompts the user to deliver a shock if needed. AEDs are specially designed for easy use by “first responders”, those who typically arrive first on the scene of a medical emergency. Sudden cardiac arrest can happen anywhere, anytime to people of all ages. A lifesaving shock of electricity must be delivered quickly to restore the heart’s normal rhythm and pump blood throughout the body. Defibrillation is the only effective treatment for sudden cardiac arrest caused by ventricular fibrillation. In Canada 35,000 to 40,000 people die each year from sudden cardiac arrest. Two of every three of these deaths occur outside the hospital. The Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada says the use of an AED within the first 8 minutes of collapse increases survival rates. AED programs have shown that survival rates can rise to 30% or more when an AED program is in place. Each minute of defibrillation delay reduces survival by 10%. AED Training (con’t) The best results for defibrillation occur in the first 3 minutes measured from the moment the victim collapses to when the defibrillation shock is delivered. On average it takes EMS teams an average of 6 to 12 minutes to arrive. That’s why having an AED readily accessible wherever groups of people gather makes good preventative sense. Unfortunately not every emergency vehicle carries a defibrillator, the only device that can treat sudden cardiac arrest. This almost requires that an AED unit be on-site anywhere groups of people gather and that trained responders are available. Office towers, golf courses, high-rise buildings, community centers, airports, casinos, manufacturing plants, schools, and shopping malls are all being equipped with AEDs. public access to AEDs, which has the potential to be the greatest signal advance in the treatment for sudden cardiac arrest since the development of CPR. AED Training Instructional Video: ⚪ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8w-f9e9HTB4 Considerations: ⚪For use with all non-breathing victims ⚪Be sure the area is dry and safe ⚪Cut off clothing and bra ⚪Shave area if needed  AED Training Treatment Instructions: ⚪ Turn on and follow prompts ⚪ Stick pads as shown on diagram ⚪ Plug in pads ⚪ Follow prompts ⚪ Be sure to clear the area if shocking is advised no one touching the victim and everyone is aware shock is coming! Practice Time! SECONDARY EMERGENCIE S Secondary Emergencies: Secondary Emergencies… injuries that are not related to ABC’s may not be immediately life-threatening but could become life-threatening! Secondary Emergencies: GROUP PRESENTATIONS: In a group of 2 or 3, you are going to research & teach the class about a secondary emergency. You will be given an information package and are to summarize & present this info. Your presentation should include: Description of ailment / health problem & causes Signs & Symptoms Treatment Practical Activities (Practice) The order for choice of topic to be drawn. Secondary Emergencies: GROUP PRESENTATIONS: MON TUES WED Dec 2 Dec 3 Dec 4 ✔Burns (Aaron, Bowie) Seizures (Swales, ⮚Head Injury (Grat, WIll) Seb) ✔Heat Injuries (Egan, ⮚Facial Injuries (Elliott, Chloe) Diabetes (Jocelyn, Jaire) Kasey) ✔Anaphylaxis (Lane, ⮚Bone & Joint Injuries Brynne, Swetha) Abdom. & Chest Inj. (Charlotte, Ava) (Sully, Finley) ✔Opioid Overdose ⮚Suspected Spinal (George, Dawson) Poisoning & (Marlo, Alannah) Stings / Bites (Olivia, Brynn) Secondary Assessment: THREE MAIN STEPS: 1.Check Vital Signs (ABC’s) 2.Head-to-Toe Examination 3.History 🡪 Incident & Victim Secondary Assessment: 1. Check Vital Signs: 1. LOC 2. Breathing 3. Pulse 4. Skin Condition 5. Pupils Secondary Assessment: 2. Head-to-Toe Examination: Systematic check of the body Use firm pressure to find injury or abnormality Looking for… Bumps, bruises, blood, fluids, deformity, mobility, pain, alert bracelets, distal circulation, distal sensation Secondary Assessment: 3. History 🡪 Incident & Victim: Record as much as possible: Incident: Victim: ⚪What & How? ⚪Victim’s name? ⚪Any pain? ⚪Happened before? ⚪Injuries? ⚪Medications? ⚪Vital signs? ⚪Allergies? BLEEDING: Two Types: Internal Bleeding Inside the body External Bleeding Outside the body Internal Bleeding: Cause: Major trauma or impact (accident, fall, etc.) Symptoms: Short of breath, skin discoloration, tender rigid abdomen, swelling, shock, etc. Treatment: Phone EMS Treat for shock External Bleeding: Types: Abrasion, contusion, incision, avulsion, laceration, puncture, embedded objects, amputation. Can be venous or arterial External Bleeding: Treatment: ⚪R est ⚪E levation ⚪D irect pressure *** Wash with soap & water Use sterile bandages, apply additional ones on top of old ones External Bleeding: Embedded Objects: Leave object in place Apply pressure around object External Bleeding: Amputations: Call EMS & control bleeding Partial: ⚪return part to normal position & RED Complete: ⚪Recover parts & wrap in moist guaze ⚪Seal in a container & place container in ice ⚪Transport amputated part with the victim External Bleeding: Bandaging: Apply sterile dressing to the wound Use bandages to apply pressure (Δ bandage, tensor, gauze roll, tape, or others!) Practice Time! Bone & Joint Injuries: Parts of Joint: Bones, ligaments, muscles, tendons, cartilage, etc. Types of Injuries: Sprain, Strain, Dislocation, Fracture (Closed or Open) Bone & Joint Injuries: Signs & Symptoms: Pain Swelling Discolouration Difficulty moving Deformity Victim may have heard a “Crack” or “Pop” Bone protruding Bone & Joint Injuries: Treatment: R est - rest the injured part I mmobilize - immobilize the injured part in a comfortable position C old - ice the injured part (15 min every hour) E levate - raise the injured part (only if it does not cause pain or discomfort) Other considerations: Check for sensation and circulation above and below the injury, call for EMS?, monitor vitals, treat for shock Bone & Joint Injuries: Immobilization Methods: 1. Victim holds injured part to their body (eg. Shoulder, arm fracture) 2. Use an arm sling (eg. hands, wrists, arms, elbows, shoulders) 3. Use the body as a splint – tie the injured part to the body (eg. Femur, fingers) 4. Splint – construct split to support injured part (eg. Tib. / fib., radius / ulna) Bone & Joint Injuries: LET’S PRACTICE: ⚪Get in groups of 3 ⚪1 group member is the 1st aider… head out into the hall! ⚪The others… see me for scenario! Critical Incident Stress: Cause: Stress of an emergency situation – can be immediate or delayed in onset Symptoms: Depression, fatigue, anxiety, sleep problems, change in lifestyle, disturbing memories, etc. Treatment: Talk about it, remind yourself that it is normal, maintain healthy lifestyle, learn about CIS, spend time with family / friends, get professional help, etc.  SECONDARY EMERGENCIES – Evaluation Scenarios